what is an enzyme? - mississippi...

21
What is an Enzyme? 1 Catalyst: Increases the rate of a reaction without being used up Macromolecule: Most enzymes are proteins; a few are RNAs Some enzymes require both protein and RNA (e.g., ribosome) Physical topics: Binding, inhibition, kinetics, transition states

Upload: phamdat

Post on 04-May-2018

223 views

Category:

Documents


3 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: What is an Enzyme? - Mississippi Statefitzkee.chemistry.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/ch4403/lec13-2.pdfWhat is an Enzyme? 1 ... – How does life work? – Origins of biochemical

What is an Enzyme?

1

• Catalyst: Increases the rate of a reaction without being used up

• Macromolecule:Most enzymes are proteins; a few are RNAs– Some enzymes require both protein and RNA (e.g., ribosome)

• Physical topics: Binding, inhibition, kinetics, transition states

Page 2: What is an Enzyme? - Mississippi Statefitzkee.chemistry.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/ch4403/lec13-2.pdfWhat is an Enzyme? 1 ... – How does life work? – Origins of biochemical

Enzyme Example: Acetylcholinesterase

“Acetylcholinesterase.”  Wikipedia.   2

• Hydrolysis of acetylcholine:

C

CholineMe

O‐ OH

Transition State

Page 3: What is an Enzyme? - Mississippi Statefitzkee.chemistry.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/ch4403/lec13-2.pdfWhat is an Enzyme? 1 ... – How does life work? – Origins of biochemical

What Does an Enzyme Do?

3

• Enzymes lower the activation energy by stabilizing the transition state

Reaction Coordinate

Energy

ΔG

ΔG‡ΔG‡

TransitionState

Reactants

Products

Page 4: What is an Enzyme? - Mississippi Statefitzkee.chemistry.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/ch4403/lec13-2.pdfWhat is an Enzyme? 1 ... – How does life work? – Origins of biochemical

Transition State Analogs 

4

• A good enzyme will bind the transition state:

• A good enzyme will not bind the reactants or products tightly.  Why?

C

CholineMe

O‐ OH

vs. P

RMe

O O‐

Page 5: What is an Enzyme? - Mississippi Statefitzkee.chemistry.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/ch4403/lec13-2.pdfWhat is an Enzyme? 1 ... – How does life work? – Origins of biochemical

Why Study Enzymes?

5

• Interesting:– How does life work?– Origins of biochemical processes?  (RNA world?)

• Practical:– Medical applications– Engineer better (biologically‐based) catalysts– Green technology

Page 6: What is an Enzyme? - Mississippi Statefitzkee.chemistry.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/ch4403/lec13-2.pdfWhat is an Enzyme? 1 ... – How does life work? – Origins of biochemical

Enzyme Kinetics

6

• Decomposition of H2O2:

2H2O2 2H2O + O2

• Observation for constant [catalase]:– Low [H2O2]: kinetics are first order– High [H2O2]: kinetics are zero order

• Why? (Discuss)

Page 7: What is an Enzyme? - Mississippi Statefitzkee.chemistry.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/ch4403/lec13-2.pdfWhat is an Enzyme? 1 ... – How does life work? – Origins of biochemical

Enzyme Kinetics

Tinoco, p. 403‐4. 7

H OH O catalase

Page 8: What is an Enzyme? - Mississippi Statefitzkee.chemistry.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/ch4403/lec13-2.pdfWhat is an Enzyme? 1 ... – How does life work? – Origins of biochemical

Toward a Model for Enzyme Kinetics

8

• Make some observations:– How does rate change with [H2O2], enzyme?

• Propose/change the model: The hardest part

• Test the model:– Does it agree with the observations?

• Try to disprove the model:– Collect more data!

Wash, Rinse, Repeat

Page 9: What is an Enzyme? - Mississippi Statefitzkee.chemistry.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/ch4403/lec13-2.pdfWhat is an Enzyme? 1 ... – How does life work? – Origins of biochemical

Enzyme Kinetic Data

9

• Experiment Set #1: Start with constant concentration of substrate (e.g., [H2O2]), vary [enzyme]

[produ

ct]

time

maximum product

dead time

10 nM Enzyme20 nM Enzyme30 nM Enzyme

initialslope

Page 10: What is an Enzyme? - Mississippi Statefitzkee.chemistry.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/ch4403/lec13-2.pdfWhat is an Enzyme? 1 ... – How does life work? – Origins of biochemical

Enzyme Kinetic Data

10

• Experiment Set #2: Hold [enzyme] constant, vary initial concentration of substrate: maximum initial velocity

[produ

ct]

time

dead time

1 mM Substrate5 mM Substrate10 mM Substrate…

Page 11: What is an Enzyme? - Mississippi Statefitzkee.chemistry.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/ch4403/lec13-2.pdfWhat is an Enzyme? 1 ... – How does life work? – Origins of biochemical

Collected Enzyme Kinetic Data

11

• Note the change in axes!!!• Each point on the curves represent a different experiment!

Initial Rate (m

Ms‐1)

[substrate] (mM)

vmax for 30 nM

vmax for 20 nM

vmax for 10 nM

[substrate] at 

10 nM Enzyme20 nM Enzyme30 nM Enzyme

Page 12: What is an Enzyme? - Mississippi Statefitzkee.chemistry.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/ch4403/lec13-2.pdfWhat is an Enzyme? 1 ... – How does life work? – Origins of biochemical

Summary of Observations

12

• Initial velocity is proportional to [S] at low [S]

• At high [S], initial velocity approaches a maximum

• Maximum initial velocity is proportional to total enzyme concentration ([E0])

Page 13: What is an Enzyme? - Mississippi Statefitzkee.chemistry.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/ch4403/lec13-2.pdfWhat is an Enzyme? 1 ... – How does life work? – Origins of biochemical

Michaelis‐Menten Kinetic Model

13

• Irreversible: applies for initial formation of product

• Rate equations:

Page 14: What is an Enzyme? - Mississippi Statefitzkee.chemistry.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/ch4403/lec13-2.pdfWhat is an Enzyme? 1 ... – How does life work? – Origins of biochemical

Michaelis‐Menten Kinetic Model

14

• Goal: Find an expression for v0 vs. [S], [E0], see if it agrees with our observations

• Approximations:

– ES complex is at steady‐state:  0– Concentration of complex is small compared to substrate:

• You cannotmake the same assumption for [E0]!

Page 15: What is an Enzyme? - Mississippi Statefitzkee.chemistry.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/ch4403/lec13-2.pdfWhat is an Enzyme? 1 ... – How does life work? – Origins of biochemical

Derivation of MM Kinetics

15

• Rate equations:

Page 16: What is an Enzyme? - Mississippi Statefitzkee.chemistry.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/ch4403/lec13-2.pdfWhat is an Enzyme? 1 ... – How does life work? – Origins of biochemical

Derivation of MM Kinetics

16

• Result:

• As [S]  ∞, – There is a limit to the velocity (check)– The limit is proportional to the enzyme concentration (check)

• As [S]  0, – Rate is proportional to [S] at low [S] (check)

Page 17: What is an Enzyme? - Mississippi Statefitzkee.chemistry.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/ch4403/lec13-2.pdfWhat is an Enzyme? 1 ... – How does life work? – Origins of biochemical

How to Determine KM, vmax?

17

• When [S] = KM, • But the asymptote may be hard to determine!

Initial Rate (m

Ms‐1)

[substrate] (mM)

KM

vmax

vmax

Page 18: What is an Enzyme? - Mississippi Statefitzkee.chemistry.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/ch4403/lec13-2.pdfWhat is an Enzyme? 1 ... – How does life work? – Origins of biochemical

How to Determine KM, vmax?

18

• By eye: This is not usually reliable!

• Nonlinear fitting: The best method– Requires a computer to optimize parameters

• Linearize the data: Good for undergraduates– Get KM, vmax from slope, intercept of a line

Page 19: What is an Enzyme? - Mississippi Statefitzkee.chemistry.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/ch4403/lec13-2.pdfWhat is an Enzyme? 1 ... – How does life work? – Origins of biochemical

Linearizing Michaelis‐Menten

Tinoco, p. 410. 19

• Lineweaver‐Burk Plot– Plot  vs. 

– Slope: 

– Intercept: 

• Mathematical form:

Page 20: What is an Enzyme? - Mississippi Statefitzkee.chemistry.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/ch4403/lec13-2.pdfWhat is an Enzyme? 1 ... – How does life work? – Origins of biochemical

Linearizing Michaelis‐Menten

20

• Eadie‐Hofstee– Plot  vs. 

– Slope: – Intercept: 

• Mathematical form:

Page 21: What is an Enzyme? - Mississippi Statefitzkee.chemistry.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/ch4403/lec13-2.pdfWhat is an Enzyme? 1 ... – How does life work? – Origins of biochemical

Complications to Enzyme Kinetics

21

• Many models, with different parameters, can result in the same functional form as Michaelis‐Menten

• Can only detect slowest step

• Forward and reverse reactions can help, but intermediates may complicate interpretation