What is AbuseWhat is Abuse

3 Criteria listed by the American 3 Criteria listed by the American Psychiatric AssociationPsychiatric Association

1.1. Pathological Use (Using Drugs for the Wrong Pathological Use (Using Drugs for the Wrong Reasons)Reasons)

2.2. Impairment of Occupational or Social Impairment of Occupational or Social FunctioningFunctioning

3.3. Last more than one monthLast more than one month

Physical vs. Psychological DependencePhysical vs. Psychological Dependence Physical dependence: Physical dependence: Caused by repeated usage that changes body chemistryCaused by repeated usage that changes body chemistry When a person who is physiologically addicted to a drug suddenly When a person who is physiologically addicted to a drug suddenly

lowers their level of usage, withdrawal sets in.lowers their level of usage, withdrawal sets in. Withdrawal is often characterized by tremors (including DT’s, Withdrawal is often characterized by tremors (including DT’s,

which stand for delirium tremens), rapid pulse rate, sweating, which stand for delirium tremens), rapid pulse rate, sweating, nausea, and elevated blood pressure.nausea, and elevated blood pressure.

Psychological dependence:Psychological dependence: A pattern of habitual or compulsive use of a drug in order to A pattern of habitual or compulsive use of a drug in order to

satisfy a psychological needsatisfy a psychological need If a person’s dependence is strictly psychological, when they lower If a person’s dependence is strictly psychological, when they lower

their usage level they don’t suffer from physical withdrawal. their usage level they don’t suffer from physical withdrawal. People who are psychologically addicted to a drug come to rely or People who are psychologically addicted to a drug come to rely or

depend on it to reduce anxiety.depend on it to reduce anxiety. Drugs like marijuana are psychologically addicting.Drugs like marijuana are psychologically addicting.

DepressantsDepressants Alcohol: Is the most commonly used depressantAlcohol: Is the most commonly used depressant

Opiates/Opioids (Opioids are synthetic forms of Opiates/Opioids (Opioids are synthetic forms of opiates)opiates)

BarbituratesBarbiturates

All of these slow the activity of All of these slow the activity of the Central Nervous System the Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal Cord)(Brain and Spinal Cord)

AlcoholAlcohol

Alcohol is associated with lower productivity, loss Alcohol is associated with lower productivity, loss of employment and downward social mobilityof employment and downward social mobility

It is America’s drug choiceIt is America’s drug choice Reduced ability to foresee negativeReduced ability to foresee negative

consequences of misbehaviorconsequences of misbehavior Less likely to follow social and personal standards Less likely to follow social and personal standards

of behaviorof behavior

Mixing Alcohol and Mixing Alcohol and BarbituratesBarbiturates

Both Alcohol and Barbiturates are CNS depressants and Both Alcohol and Barbiturates are CNS depressants and should never be used togethershould never be used together

Marilyn Monroe died at the age of 36, apparently as a result Marilyn Monroe died at the age of 36, apparently as a result of mixing the two drugsof mixing the two drugs

Today all medication that have CNS implications are clearly Today all medication that have CNS implications are clearly labeled “Do Not drink alcoholic beverages when taking this labeled “Do Not drink alcoholic beverages when taking this medication.”medication.”

Special Note: Women absorb more pure Special Note: Women absorb more pure alcohol into their bloodstreams then men alcohol into their bloodstreams then men do. They become intoxicated from one do. They become intoxicated from one drink as men become from two.drink as men become from two.

The Effects of AlcoholThe Effects of Alcohol Alcohol is a CNS depressantAlcohol is a CNS depressant

It deadens minor aches and pains, before the advent of It deadens minor aches and pains, before the advent of anesthetics, alcohol was used as a painkilleranesthetics, alcohol was used as a painkiller

It impairs cognitive functioning, this is why we make such It impairs cognitive functioning, this is why we make such poor choices when we are under the influencepoor choices when we are under the influence

It reduces coordination, about one half of all automobile It reduces coordination, about one half of all automobile accidents are alcohol relatedaccidents are alcohol related

It impairs information processing, which makes it hard for a It impairs information processing, which makes it hard for a person to remember things that happened while they are person to remember things that happened while they are drinkingdrinking

Consequences of Chronic Consequences of Chronic DrinkingDrinking

Heart diseaseHeart disease

High Blood PressureHigh Blood Pressure

Brain Damage, every time a person drinks, they damage brain Brain Damage, every time a person drinks, they damage brain cells. Since the brain has millions of cells, the damage from cells. Since the brain has millions of cells, the damage from alcohol abuse may not be visible for many years. Chronic alcohol abuse may not be visible for many years. Chronic alcoholics eventually lose much of their cognitive functioning.alcoholics eventually lose much of their cognitive functioning.

Cirrhosis of the liver. Cirrhosis is actually caused by a lack of Cirrhosis of the liver. Cirrhosis is actually caused by a lack of protein in a person’s diet. Alcoholics typically have lousy diets. protein in a person’s diet. Alcoholics typically have lousy diets.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, women who drink excessively while Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, women who drink excessively while pregnant expose their babies to a variety of birth defects, such as pregnant expose their babies to a variety of birth defects, such as FAS. Babies born with this syndrome often have facial FAS. Babies born with this syndrome often have facial deformities, heart problems, mental impairments and stunted deformities, heart problems, mental impairments and stunted growth growth

Treatment of AlcoholismTreatment of Alcoholism Detoxification is the first step in treating alcoholism. This takes Detoxification is the first step in treating alcoholism. This takes

about ten days, during which time the patient with suffer all the about ten days, during which time the patient with suffer all the symptoms of withdrawalsymptoms of withdrawal

Sometime the drug Disulfuram (AKA Anabuse) is used in detox. Sometime the drug Disulfuram (AKA Anabuse) is used in detox. When the drug is mixed with alcohol, it causes sever naseau and When the drug is mixed with alcohol, it causes sever naseau and vomiting. It thus gives alcoholics a strong incentive to complete vomiting. It thus gives alcoholics a strong incentive to complete the detox process.the detox process.

Alcoholics Anonymous is perhaps the most reliable method of Alcoholics Anonymous is perhaps the most reliable method of treatment over the years. It has about a 75% effectiveness rate as treatment over the years. It has about a 75% effectiveness rate as long s the person stays with the program.long s the person stays with the program.

Other treatments include; relaxation therapy, electric shock as Other treatments include; relaxation therapy, electric shock as aversion therapy. There are even classes which show alcoholics aversion therapy. There are even classes which show alcoholics how to relate to one another without having to use alcohol.how to relate to one another without having to use alcohol.

OpiatesOpiates Opiates are usually called narcotics. They Opiates are usually called narcotics. They

are the most powerful of the CNS are the most powerful of the CNS depressants.depressants.

Opiates are derived from the poppy, which Opiates are derived from the poppy, which the Sumerians called “plant of joy” Opiates the Sumerians called “plant of joy” Opiates include opium, morphine, heroin, and include opium, morphine, heroin, and codeinecodeine

Opiates produce analgesia (pain reduction) Opiates produce analgesia (pain reduction) and euphoria (a pleasurable state and euphoria (a pleasurable state somewhere between waking and sleep)somewhere between waking and sleep)

Other NarcoticsOther Narcotics Codeine, causes depressed reflexes, drowsiness, and Codeine, causes depressed reflexes, drowsiness, and

profuse itching and scratchingprofuse itching and scratching

Demerol (Opioid) causes depressed reflexes, euphoria, poor Demerol (Opioid) causes depressed reflexes, euphoria, poor motor skills, and impaired/divided attentionmotor skills, and impaired/divided attention

Percodan/Darvon/Oxycontin (Opioids) These are also Percodan/Darvon/Oxycontin (Opioids) These are also painkillers. Oxycontin is an incredibly strong painkiller used painkillers. Oxycontin is an incredibly strong painkiller used to recover from surgical operations such as total knee to recover from surgical operations such as total knee replacment.replacment.

Methadone is a synthetic form of heroine. It is used to treat Methadone is a synthetic form of heroine. It is used to treat heroine addiction. Addicts can use methadone to slowly heroine addiction. Addicts can use methadone to slowly wean them from their dependence on heroine.wean them from their dependence on heroine.

BarbituratesBarbiturates Calming or sedating drugsCalming or sedating drugs

They are highly addictive and can cause physiological They are highly addictive and can cause physiological

dependence and used on the street to produce euphoriadependence and used on the street to produce euphoria

Like all drugs, barbiturates have important medical value. Like all drugs, barbiturates have important medical value. Doctors prescribe the drug for a variety of reasons Doctors prescribe the drug for a variety of reasons includingincluding– block pain during surgeryblock pain during surgery– treatment of high blood pressure treatment of high blood pressure – controlling of seizurescontrolling of seizures– Sometimes prescribed for sleep disorders such as insomnia Sometimes prescribed for sleep disorders such as insomnia

(however many doctors oppose using them for insomnia (however many doctors oppose using them for insomnia because of their potential for causing addiction)because of their potential for causing addiction)

Common BarbituratesCommon Barbiturates Barbiturates and tranquilizers are Barbiturates and tranquilizers are

depressants that help calm the CNS depressants that help calm the CNS

Amobarbital, Phenobarbital, Secobarbital Amobarbital, Phenobarbital, Secobarbital are all commonly prescribed barbituratesare all commonly prescribed barbiturates

Methaqualone (Brand names: Quaalude Methaqualone (Brand names: Quaalude and Sopor; Street names: “ludes” and and Sopor; Street names: “ludes” and “soprs”) is a sedative that has effects “soprs”) is a sedative that has effects similar to those of barbituratessimilar to those of barbiturates

RohypnolRohypnol Rohypnol usually appears as a white tablet with the Rohypnol usually appears as a white tablet with the

manufactures name on it (Roche) or just RH, and is usually manufactures name on it (Roche) or just RH, and is usually mixed with a drink. It takes about effect about 10 to 15 mixed with a drink. It takes about effect about 10 to 15 minutes after ingestion.minutes after ingestion.

Is known as the “date rape drug” because it can cause Is known as the “date rape drug” because it can cause amnesia and a user to lose consciousness in occasional amnesia and a user to lose consciousness in occasional drug users. It is colorless, tasteless and dissolves very drug users. It is colorless, tasteless and dissolves very quickly.quickly.

If you’re a female and you are going to drink, you should If you’re a female and you are going to drink, you should never leave your drink unattended (In Bars or at parties) never leave your drink unattended (In Bars or at parties)

It is considered a depressantIt is considered a depressant

TranquilizersTranquilizers

Tranquilizers (depressants) used to treat such Tranquilizers (depressants) used to treat such disorders as anxiety or insomnia, they are not as disorders as anxiety or insomnia, they are not as dangerous or as toxic as barbiturates, but they dangerous or as toxic as barbiturates, but they can be very dangerous if mixed with alcoholcan be very dangerous if mixed with alcohol

The benzodiazepine family of drugs include: The benzodiazepine family of drugs include: Valium, Xanax, HalcionValium, Xanax, Halcion

These drugs act by boosting the availability of the These drugs act by boosting the availability of the neurotransmitter GABA, which reduces excess neurotransmitter GABA, which reduces excess nervous system activitynervous system activity

StimulantsStimulants

Stimulants are drugs which heighten the activity Stimulants are drugs which heighten the activity of the CNSof the CNS

Stimulants are the opposite of depressantsStimulants are the opposite of depressants

They include amphetamines, cocaine, MDMA They include amphetamines, cocaine, MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine and caffeine(ecstasy), nicotine and caffeine

Stimulants can cause psychological and physical Stimulants can cause psychological and physical dependencedependence

Methamphetamine; is a powerful Methamphetamine; is a powerful stimulant known as “crank” or speed. stimulant known as “crank” or speed. In rock form it is known as “ice”. In rock form it is known as “ice”.

It elevates pulse, blood pressure, and It elevates pulse, blood pressure, and body temperaturebody temperature

It can produce euphoria, anxiety, It can produce euphoria, anxiety, body tremors, decreased appetite, body tremors, decreased appetite, hallucinations, insomnia, and hallucinations, insomnia, and restlessnessrestlessness

How do Amphetamines Work?How do Amphetamines Work? Not found in natureNot found in nature

They activate the sympathetic branch of the autonomic They activate the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous systemnervous system

They boost levels of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine They boost levels of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine and dopamine – The increased supply of the neurotransmitters induces The increased supply of the neurotransmitters induces

to keep firing. to keep firing. – This helps maintain high levels of arousalThis helps maintain high levels of arousal

– Amphetamines produce pleasurable feelings by directly Amphetamines produce pleasurable feelings by directly stimulating brain pathwaysstimulating brain pathways

Types of AmphetaminesTypes of Amphetamines Benzdrine, Methamphetamines, DextroamphetamineBenzdrine, Methamphetamines, Dextroamphetamine

Smoking or injecting gives the strongest rushSmoking or injecting gives the strongest rush

More then a million Americans use amohetaminesMore then a million Americans use amohetamines

High doses can cause amphetamine psychosis, which has High doses can cause amphetamine psychosis, which has symptoms much like schizophrenia (hallucinations and symptoms much like schizophrenia (hallucinations and delusions)delusions)

CocaineCocaine

Stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca plantStimulant derived from the leaves of the coca plant– Produces a state of euphoriaProduces a state of euphoria– Reduces hungerReduces hunger– Deadens painDeadens pain– Bolsters confidenceBolsters confidence

Snorted, injected and ingestedSnorted, injected and ingested

Coca Cola was coined “Ideal Brain Tonic”, but has been drug free since Coca Cola was coined “Ideal Brain Tonic”, but has been drug free since 1906. It is still flavored with a non-psychoactive extract from the coca 1906. It is still flavored with a non-psychoactive extract from the coca plantplant

Cocaine is powerfully addictiveCocaine is powerfully addictive

Marijuana/HallucinogensMarijuana/Hallucinogens Derived from the Cannabis PlantDerived from the Cannabis Plant

Contains the Psychoactive chemical THC (delta-9-Contains the Psychoactive chemical THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol)tetrahydrocannabinol)

Hashish is the most potent form of the drug and is derived Hashish is the most potent form of the drug and is derived from the resin of the plant which contains a higher amount from the resin of the plant which contains a higher amount of THC.of THC.

Since marijuana alters perception especially in high doses, Since marijuana alters perception especially in high doses, it is classified as an hallucinogen.it is classified as an hallucinogen.

Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug. About 33% of Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug. About 33% of people from 12-50 admit to having used the drug at least people from 12-50 admit to having used the drug at least once.once.

– In some states doctors can prescribe it for patients In some states doctors can prescribe it for patients – undergoing chemotherapyundergoing chemotherapy– that have asthmathat have asthma– diseases that cause a loss of appetite and or weight lossdiseases that cause a loss of appetite and or weight loss

Marijuana affects a user’s motor skills and coordinationMarijuana affects a user’s motor skills and coordination

Marijuana is an amotivational drug that affects short term Marijuana is an amotivational drug that affects short term memorymemory

THC also affects parts of the brain associated with learningTHC also affects parts of the brain associated with learning

Marijuana users have a greater risk of getting lung cancerMarijuana users have a greater risk of getting lung cancer

MDMA (Ecstasy)MDMA (Ecstasy) Initially used in psychotherapy to alleviate a patient’s stress and Initially used in psychotherapy to alleviate a patient’s stress and

anxiety (to help talk about painful experiences such as rape or anxiety (to help talk about painful experiences such as rape or anxiety for being diagnosed with cancer)anxiety for being diagnosed with cancer)

– Has amphetamine like properties and is similar to speedHas amphetamine like properties and is similar to speed– A manmade drug, it produces mild hallucinations, gives user a A manmade drug, it produces mild hallucinations, gives user a

sense of well being sense of well being

Most commonly used at Rave Parties with high school and college Most commonly used at Rave Parties with high school and college aged studentsaged students

Increased Heart Rate, Blood Pressure and elevated Increased Heart Rate, Blood Pressure and elevated body temperature and dehydration. High Doses can body temperature and dehydration. High Doses can be Fatal.be Fatal.

LSD (acid)LSD (acid) LSD became very popular in the 1960’s. The drug was initially created to LSD became very popular in the 1960’s. The drug was initially created to

help schizophrenics, but this application failed.help schizophrenics, but this application failed.

Others began experimenting with LSD and found that it caused vivid Others began experimenting with LSD and found that it caused vivid colorful hallucinations that made users feel like they were expanding their colorful hallucinations that made users feel like they were expanding their consciousness. Proponents of LSD claimed that the drug helped them to consciousness. Proponents of LSD claimed that the drug helped them to make wondrous discoveries; when it wore off, however, users could not make wondrous discoveries; when it wore off, however, users could not clearly recall what these wondrous discoveries were.clearly recall what these wondrous discoveries were.

Harvard psychology professor Timothy Leary first took LSD in 1962 and Harvard psychology professor Timothy Leary first took LSD in 1962 and had what he later called “the most shattering experience of my life.” He had what he later called “the most shattering experience of my life.” He became a powerful supporter and advocate of LSD, using it to explore the became a powerful supporter and advocate of LSD, using it to explore the boundaries of psychology and psychotherapy. Most other psychologist boundaries of psychology and psychotherapy. Most other psychologist thought he lost his mind, and Harvard fired him in 1963. Still, Leary’s fame thought he lost his mind, and Harvard fired him in 1963. Still, Leary’s fame continued to grow. Coining the phrase “Tune in, turn on, and drop out,” he continued to grow. Coining the phrase “Tune in, turn on, and drop out,” he became an icon of the hippie movement in the late 1960’s. became an icon of the hippie movement in the late 1960’s.

Ken Kesey, the author of Ken Kesey, the author of One Flew Over the One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, Cuckoo’s Nest, was another advocate of LSD.was another advocate of LSD.

He once obtained an old school bus, decorated He once obtained an old school bus, decorated with psychedelic colors, and traveled through the with psychedelic colors, and traveled through the Haight-Ashbury section of San Francisco staging Haight-Ashbury section of San Francisco staging what he called the “Kool-Aid Acid Test.” For one what he called the “Kool-Aid Acid Test.” For one dollar a person could purchase a cup of kool-Aid dollar a person could purchase a cup of kool-Aid laced with LSD. Kesey acted as a kind of laced with LSD. Kesey acted as a kind of ringmaster for the whole scene, which did seem ringmaster for the whole scene, which did seem like a very odd sort of circus. Eventually, LSD like a very odd sort of circus. Eventually, LSD was declared illegal and Kesey spent time in jail was declared illegal and Kesey spent time in jail for possession.for possession.

The Effects of LSDThe Effects of LSD

Time Distortions, anxiety, panic, “Bad Trips”Time Distortions, anxiety, panic, “Bad Trips”

Physical SymptomsPhysical Symptoms– Increased Heart Rate, Blood Pressure and Body Increased Heart Rate, Blood Pressure and Body

TemperatureTemperature– Loss of AppetieLoss of Appetie– SleeplessnessSleeplessness– LSD users sometimes have flashbacks. This LSD users sometimes have flashbacks. This

can occur weeks, months or even years later can occur weeks, months or even years later without any warning.without any warning.

Other HallucinogensOther Hallucinogens Mescaline: Comes from the Cactus plantMescaline: Comes from the Cactus plant

Psilocybin: Comes from certain types of mushroomsPsilocybin: Comes from certain types of mushrooms

PCP (phencyclidine, “Angel Dust”) is an animal tranquilizer PCP (phencyclidine, “Angel Dust”) is an animal tranquilizer that can cause distortions in time and space. It may lead to that can cause distortions in time and space. It may lead to feelings of rage or paranoia.feelings of rage or paranoia.– PCP users also seem to experience a dramatic increase in PCP users also seem to experience a dramatic increase in

strength. There are reports of people being arrested and strength. There are reports of people being arrested and handcuffed, they then beak out of the cuffs- a feat which handcuffed, they then beak out of the cuffs- a feat which requires 550 pounds of pressure.requires 550 pounds of pressure.