what is a mole?. there are 12 items in a dozen there are 144 items in a gross of any substance
TRANSCRIPT
There are 144 items in a gross of any substance
There are 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules in a mole of any substance
I’m going to need a bigger
shovel!
A mole of standard soft drink cans would cover the surface of the Earth
to a depth of over 200 miles.
If you had a mole of unpopped popcorn kernels, and spread them across the United States of America,
the country would be covered in popcorn to a depth of over 9 miles.
Example: What is the molar mass of Carbon?
Carbon’s atomic mass is……12.01
Therefore, Carbon’s molar mass is…..
12.01g
Example: What is the molar mass of Magnesium?
Magnesium’s atomic mass is……24.31
Therefore, Magnesium’s molar mass is….. 24.31g
Example: What is the molar mass of Krypton?
Krypton’s atomic mass is……83.80
Therefore, Krypton’s molar mass is…..
83.80g
Element Molar Mass Element Molar mass
Helium (He) Argon (Ar)
Chlorine (Cl)
Neon (Ne)
Sodium (Na) Phosphorus (P)
To calculate the molar mass of a compounds
• First you find the molar mass of the parts of the compound and then you add.
• If there are more than one of a type of atom in the compound, you multiply the number of atoms time the molar mass of the one atom, and then add all parts together.
What’s the molar mass of a compound
like NaCl?Molar mass of Na = 22.99
Molar mass of Cl = 35.45
So, the Molar mass of NaCl =
22.99+35.45
58.44g
What’s the molar mass of C6H12O6?
6 x 12.01 = 72.06
12 x 1.008 = 12.096
72.06+12.096+96
=180.156 g
Molar mass of C6=
Molar mass of H12= 6 x 16.00= 96Molar mass of O6=
So, the Molar mass of C6H12O6 =
Compound
Molar Mass Compound
Molar mass
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Ammonia (NH3)
Ethanol (C2H6O)
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4
)
Percent Composition
A percent is a ratio.
Sometimes we want to know how much of an element is in the compound.
Steps to determine percent composition
1. Calculate the molar mass from the formula.
2. Determine how many grams the atom of interest contributes to the compound
3. Divide the mass of the atom by the molar mass and multiply by 100 to get a percentage.
% Composition = Mass of the element in cmpd x 100 Molar Mass of cmpd
Example: Find the % of Na and Cl in NaCl
Sodium Chloride, NaClNa = 22.99g Cl = 35.45g Molar Mass = 58.44g
%Na = 22.99 x 100 58.44 =39.34 % Na
%Cl = 35.45 x 100 58.44 = 60.7% Cl
What you already know….How big is a mole? 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules
How do you determine molar mass of an atom?
It’s the same as atomic mass.
How do you determine molar mass of a molecule?
It’s the same as the sum of the atomic masses of the parts.
Chemist use moles to understand relationships between reactants and products. In the lab we don’t have a balance that measures moles. We must relate grams to the number of moles.
A Conversion is just a math equation in which you 1. START with the data and units they
give you in the problem, and then2. MULTIPLY by CONVERSION FACTORS until you have the right units at the end.
What’s a Conversion Factor?It’s a FRACTION in which the TOP
number and BOTTOM number mean the same thing but have
different units.12 eggs1 dozen
1 week7 days
3 feet1 yard
6 points1 touchdown
100 yards1 football field
1 cup8 ounces
Write 3 of your own!
How do you know which part to put on top and which part to put on
bottom?Because 12 eggs
1 dozen Is the same thing as 1 dozen12 eggs
How do you know which one to use?
RULE!!!!Use the conversion factor with the UNITS of the info they give you in the problem on the BOTTOM and
the UNITS of what you’re LOOKING FOR on the TOP!!
So, if they tell you there are 8 dozen and ask you how many eggs there are:
START with what they give you
8 dozen
MULTIPLY
X
By a conversion factor that connects eggs to dozens. How many eggs in ONE dozen?
12 eggs1 dozen
NOTE: The “dozen” in the first number and the “dozen” in the bottom of the conversion factor will cancel each other out, leaving eggs!!!
= 96 eggs
For example:How many grams are in 3 moles of
Carbon?
START with what they give you
3 moles
MULTIPLY
X
By a conversion factor that connects moles to grams. How many grams in ONE mole of hydrogen?
12.00 grams 1 mole C
NOTE: The moles in the first number and the moles in the bottom of the conversion factor will cancel each other out, leaving grams!!!
=36.00 g
Another example, this time a little trickier:How many grams are in 5 moles of
carbon dioxide (CO2)?
START with what they give you
5 moles CO2
MULTIPLY
X
By a conversion factor that connects moles to grams. How many grams in ONE mole of carbon dioxide?
44.01 grams 1 mole CO2
NOTE: The moles in the first number and the moles in the bottom of the conversion factor will cancel each other out, leaving grams!!!
= 220.05 g
Steps to conversions
1. Write the given.2. Draw a “times and a line”3. Write the units you were given on the bottom4. Write the units you want on top5. Fill in the conversion factor (remember 1 is
always with the mole)6. Multiply all the numbers on the top and divide it
by the numbers on the bottom.
• How many grams are there in 350 moles of iron (Fe)?
• How many grams are there in 3 moles of Lithium (Li)?
• How many grams are there in 46 moles of water (H2O)?
• How many grams are there in 12.7 moles of magnesium chloride (MgCl2)?
• A chemist needs 12.5 moles of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). How many grams does he need?
• How many grams are there in 350 moles of iron (Fe)? 19547.5 g
• How many grams are there in 3 moles of Lithium (Li)? 20.82 g
• How many grams are there in 46 moles of water (H2O)? 828.92 g
• How many grams are there in 12.7 moles of magnesium chloride (MgCl2)?
1209.04 g
• A chemist needs 12.5 moles of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). How many grams does he need? 1226 g
We could, on the other hand, give you GRAMS and ask you to find MOLES. That would be a
GRAMS TO MOLES problem.
Those problems you just finished were all “MOLES TO GRAMS ” problems because they
GAVE you moles and asked you to find grams.
For example:How many moles are in 250 grams of
Carbon?
START with what they give you
250 grams
MULTIPLY
X
By a conversion factor that connects moles to grams. How many grams in ONE mole of carbon?
1 mole C 12.00 grams
NOTE: The grams in the first number and the grams in the bottom of the conversion factor will cancel each other out, leaving moles!!!
= 20.83 moles
Another example, this time a little trickier:How many moles are in 930 grams of
carbon dioxide (CO2)?
START with what they give you
930 grams
MULTIPLY
X
By a conversion factor that connects moles to grams. How many grams in ONE mole of carbon dioxide?
1 mole CO2
44.01 gramsNOTE: The grams in the first number and the grams in the bottom of the conversion factor will cancel each other out, leaving moles!!!
= 21.13 moles
• How many moles are in 2.4 grams of sulfur (S)?
• How many moles are in 18.7 grams of argon (Ar)?
• How many moles are in 88.1 grams of potassium chloride (KCl)?
• How many moles are in 2.3 grams of nitric acid (HNO3)?
• How many moles are in 11.9 grams of calcium hydroxide - Ca(OH)2? (Don’t forget! The 2 subscript applies to the O and to the H!!)
• How many moles are in 2.4 grams of sulfur (S)? 0. 0748 mol S
• How many moles are in 18.7 grams of argon (Ar)? 0.468 mol Ar
• How many moles are in 88.1 grams of potassium chloride (KCl)? 1.18 mol
• How many moles are in 2.3 grams of nitric acid (HNO3)? 0.036 mol
• How many moles are in 11.9 grams of calcium hydroxide - Ca(OH)2? (Don’t forget! The 2 subscript applies to the O and to the H!!) 0.16 mol
Stoichiometry
• The study of quantitative relationships between reactants and products
• Balanced chemical equations relate moles of reactants to moles of product
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
• The coefficients are the mole ratio • 1 mole of N2 and 3 moles of H2 make 2 moles
of NH3
Sample Problems
2 KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
2 moles of KClO3 can produce __ moles of KCl.
4 moles of KClO3 can produce __ moles of KCl.
Theoretical Yield
• Yield = the amount of product• Goal – make as much of the product as
possible• Theoretical Yield – the most you should make
as predicted by the chemical reaction using stoichiometry: N2 + 3H2 2NH3
Actual Yield
• the amount of product actually produced in the lab
• Usually lower due to collection techniques and apparatus used
• If the amount is higher than predicted then there may be impurities in the product
Percent Yield
• Measures how well you did the lab
Percent yield = Actual yield x 100 theoretical yield
Do NowBalance the reaction
____ NaCl + ____ F2 ____ NaF + ____ Cl2
For every 2 moles of NaCl, ___ moles of NaF are produced.
For every 2 moles of NaCl, ___ moles of Cl2 are produced.
For every 4 moles of NaCl, ____ moles of NaF are produced.