WhatWhat exaggerateexaggerated d explorationsexplorations? ? Motivations:Motivations: Issues:Issues:- money, gold- money, gold - Economical:- Economical:- glory- glory - Huge amount of - Huge amount of - god- god gold and silvergold and silver- new routes to Asia- new routes to Asia came to Europecame to Europe

- Inflation- Inflation- Cheap raw - Cheap raw materials from materials from coloniescolonies

- market for - market for European goodsEuropean goods- Conquests and - Conquests and new coloniesnew colonies

Social issues of the Great Social issues of the Great explorationsexplorations

Merchants and trade people got richMerchants and trade people got rich Manufactures replaced guildsManufactures replaced guilds

New social classes:New social classes:Labour classLabour class capitalistscapitalists

Capitalists paCapitalists paiid taxes but they didn’t have d taxes but they didn’t have representation and rights in politics.representation and rights in politics.

The The most famous explorersmost famous explorers

Identify each of the following Identify each of the following people:people:–Prince Henry the Navigator Prince Henry the Navigator –Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama –Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan–Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus –Bartolomeu DiazBartolomeu Diaz

The Impact of the Age of Exploration: The Impact of the Age of Exploration: EuropeEurope

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange• This diffusion of This diffusion of

“Old World” and “Old World” and “New World” products “New World” products changed world history.changed world history.

Comparing guilds and manufacturesComparing guilds and manufactures

GuildGuild ManufactureManufacture1.1. Good qualityGood quality Mass productsMass products2.2. SlowSlow FastFast3.3. Skilled workSkilled work Unskilled workUnskilled work4.4. Only menOnly men Men, women, Men, women,

childrenchildren5. Entire work 5. Entire work Shared workShared work6. No competition6. No competition CompetitionCompetition

Which countries benefited the most Which countries benefited the most from explorations?from explorations?

SpainSpain PortugalPortugal

New New rivalsrivals:: EnglandEngland FranceFrance NederlandNederland

The bourgeoisie ‘ fight for political The bourgeoisie ‘ fight for political power power

Bourgeoisie: Bourgeoisie:

1.1. CapitalistsCapitalists /merchants, manufacture /merchants, manufacture owners, bankersowners, bankers

2.2. Craftsmen, tradesmen, clerks, Craftsmen, tradesmen, clerks, shopkeepersshopkeepers

1.1. ReformationReformation

2.2. EnlightenmentEnlightenment

3.3. RevolutionRevolution

Reformation- Counter reformationReformation- Counter reformation REFORMATION: REFORMATION: They protested against the Catholic Church, so They protested against the Catholic Church, so

they are called Protestants, too.they are called Protestants, too. Reformers:Reformers: Martin LutherMartin Luther John CalvinJohn Calvin Henry VIIIHenry VIII Problems with catholic church:Problems with catholic church: corruptioncorruption political conflictspolitical conflicts IndulgencesIndulgences Starting Reformation:Starting Reformation: 31st Oct 1517 Witte31st Oct 1517 Wittennberg 95 thesisberg 95 thesis

Types of ProtestantsTypes of Protestants 1. Lutherans:1. Lutherans: Martin Luther in GermanyMartin Luther in Germany The only source of truth is BibleThe only source of truth is Bible Translation of Bible, learn to read, printingTranslation of Bible, learn to read, printing Salvation comes by faith of Christ.Salvation comes by faith of Christ. 2. Calvinists:2. Calvinists: John Calvin in Switzerland John Calvin in Switzerland Predestination: Predestination: some people had been chosen by God some people had been chosen by God

for salvation. for salvation. Followers are called reformed or Calvinists or Followers are called reformed or Calvinists or

Reformats.Reformats. 3. Anglicans3. Anglicans Henry VIII.Henry VIII. in Englandin England Later: puritans, round headedLater: puritans, round headed 4. 4. HuguenotsHuguenots in France in France

Counter Reformation:

Counter Reformation:Counter Reformation: Catholic Church’s respond to ReformationCatholic Church’s respond to Reformation The main goal to stop the spread of ProtestantismThe main goal to stop the spread of Protestantism Society of Jesus Ignatius LoyolaSociety of Jesus Ignatius Loyola educationeducation missionary workmissionary work helping the peoplehelping the people InquisitionInquisition The IndexThe Index New style of Arts: BaroqueNew style of Arts: Baroque

– ““over-dramatic” over-dramatic” – The architecture, “overly decorated”.The architecture, “overly decorated”.

Gigantic religious works to display their faith’s Gigantic religious works to display their faith’s and to overwhelm and attract new worshippersand to overwhelm and attract new worshippers

Agreement between Catholics and Agreement between Catholics and protestantsprotestants

Peace of Augsburg 1555Peace of Augsburg 1555

„„Whose the land gives the religion.”Whose the land gives the religion.” Peace of Westphalia 1648Peace of Westphalia 1648

Ended 30 years of war between Catholics and Protestants (30 Years’ War)

Set boundaries between Catholic and Protestant countries

English Civil English Civil warwar Tudor dynasty 1485-1603Tudor dynasty 1485-1603 Stuart dynasty 1603-1688.Stuart dynasty 1603-1688. 1603-1625. James I.1603-1625. James I. Problems between James I. and the Parliament: Problems between James I. and the Parliament: AUTHORITY, MONEY, RELIGIONAUTHORITY, MONEY, RELIGION 1625-1649. Charles I.:1625-1649. Charles I.: 1628. Petition of Rights1628. Petition of Rights No taxes without Parliament, no jail without reasonNo taxes without Parliament, no jail without reason 1640 Dissolving the Parliament1640 Dissolving the Parliament 1642. the civil war broke out1642. the civil war broke out

English Civil English Civil warwarRoyalists/ CavalriesRoyalists/ Cavalries RoundheadsRoundheads

1645 Naseby Roundheads won1645 Naseby Roundheads won

1649. Charles I. WAS BEHEADED1649. Charles I. WAS BEHEADED

1650-53. Commonwealth1650-53. Commonwealth

1653-58 Cromwell Lord Protector, Military 1653-58 Cromwell Lord Protector, Military dictatordictator

1658-1660 Richard the Lord protector1658-1660 Richard the Lord protector

Great Britain was born: Great Britain was born:

EnglandEngland +Ireland++Ireland+ ScotlandScotland

Strict rules, no entertainment, art, fun.Strict rules, no entertainment, art, fun.

Restauration1660-1688.Restauration1660-1688. 1660-1685. Charles II.1660-1685. Charles II.

Merry MonarchMerry Monarch Good relationship with the ParliamentGood relationship with the Parliament Religious toleranceReligious tolerance Art, entertainment, fun allowed againArt, entertainment, fun allowed again Habeas CorpusHabeas Corpus 1685-88. James II.1685-88. James II.

Preferred Catholicism, fled to France for supportPreferred Catholicism, fled to France for support

The English chose Mary and WilliamThe English chose Mary and William

1688. Glorious Revolution1688. Glorious Revolution

Comparing absolute and constitutional monarchComparing absolute and constitutional monarch

Absolute monarch Constitutional monarch

Divine Right, power comes from God

People are sovereign, power comes from people

The king can do whatever he wants

The king can do only what the constitute allows him,

Parliament decide over everything.

The king is independent from the Parliament The king depends on the

Parliament

There is no any control over the king

The constitution is the control

AbsoAbsolutism in Francelutism in FranceLouis XIV. 1643-1715Louis XIV. 1643-1715

SunkingSunking

““L’etat, c’est moi” = “I am the state”L’etat, c’est moi” = “I am the state”Mercantilism: Jean Baptise ColbertMercantilism: Jean Baptise Colbert

– Wanted France to keep its wealth by Wanted France to keep its wealth by being self-sufficient, rather than relying being self-sufficient, rather than relying on importson imports Helped expand manufacturingHelped expand manufacturing Placed high tariff (tax) on imported goodsPlaced high tariff (tax) on imported goods Recognized importance of colonies for raw Recognized importance of colonies for raw

materials and market for French goodsmaterials and market for French goods

Controlled the Nobles:Controlled the Nobles:Increased royal authority in two ways:Increased royal authority in two ways:

– Made the nobility dependent on LouisMade the nobility dependent on Louis– Took them away from their homes so the Took them away from their homes so the

intendants had more powerintendants had more power Patronage of the ArtsPatronage of the Arts War of Spanish SuccessionWar of Spanish Succession 1700-171 1700-171

Treaty of UtrechtTreaty of Utrecht VersaillesVersailles

Peter the GreatPeter the Great1672 – 17251672 – 1725

keeping up with 400 yearskeeping up with 400 yearsThere were only three social classesThere were only three social classes::

– The BoyarsThe Boyars– The ChurchThe Church– The Serfs The Serfs The Church = Russian OrthodoxThe Church = Russian Orthodox

Westernize RussiaWesternize Russia– Had 400 years of development to catch up on.Had 400 years of development to catch up on.

Become an absolute monarch.Become an absolute monarch. The Great Northern WarThe Great Northern War 1700-1709 1700-1709 St. PetersburgSt. Petersburg

17517566 to 1763 war fought over the land in to 1763 war fought over the land in America between the English and French.America between the English and French.

SEVEN YEAR WARSEVEN YEAR WAR

No Taxation without Representation

Sam Adams and the Sons of Liberty

The Boston Massacre 1770

The Boston Tea PartyThe Boston Tea Party 1773. 1773.

First Continental Congress 1774.First Continental Congress 1774.

The birth of USAThe birth of USA

WarWar 1775-81. 1775-81.Lexington, Saratoga Winter in Valley Forge, Lexington, Saratoga Winter in Valley Forge,

YorktownYorktownThomas Jefferson

the Declaration of Independence

•signed on July 4, 1776.

unalienable rights:

•all men are created equal”

•life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”

The Treaty of Paris—1783USA became independent from Great Britain

The end of The end of the warthe war

EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Galilei, Descartes,Newton, Diderot, Galilei, Descartes,Newton, Diderot,

1. Thomas Hobbes

2. John Locke

3. Baron de Montesquieu

4. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

5. Voltaire