What Else Besides Water?

Introduction to Matter

= anything that occupies space and has mass

=easiest categorized by it’s physical states either a solid, liquid or gas

Physical States of Matter• Solids – have a definite shape and volume• Individual particles are arranged very close

together so that there is very little motion and no room for compression

• Crystalline solids – particles arranged in regular, systematic patterns (sugar, salt)

• Amorphous solids – some freedom of motion of the particles ( glass, rubber, wax)

Physical States of Matter

• Liquids – have fixed volume but variable in shape.

• Particles are not held together as rigidly as the solid state

• They can slide past one another so the sample is said to flow or be fluid

• They take on the shape of the container• Volume of sample remains constant

Physical States of Matter

• Gases – have no volume or fixed shape• Particles are not attracted to each other but

rather expand to fill any conatiner• Particles are in constant random motion and

move about independently• Distance between them is greater than in a

solid or liquid.• Can be compressed into a smaller space,

within limits

• All types of matter contain energy.• More specifically kinetic energy = the energy of

motion• How much kinetic energy is determined by the

physical state or property of the sample of matter

• The properties are a result of how the individual particles that make up the sample are arranged

How Does The Physical State Effect the Amount of Energy in a

Given Sample?

• Solid – very little kinetic energy

• Liquid - more random movement of particles so there is more energy

• Gas – particles move constantly and independently. Generally – has more energy than a solid or liquid

Conversion From One Physical State to Another

Ice to Water to Gas

Solid - below 0ºC (freezing point)

Liquid – between 0ºC and 100ºC (melting point)

Gas (steam) – converted to once it reaches 100ºC (boiling point)

Graph from Class Packet

What is Heat Energy?

• Heat is added to disrupt the rigid structure of the solid

• More energy added tight interaction of particles is broken and free to move in liquid state

• When additional energy is added the particles are freed from each other are in the gaseous state

Phase Changes as Heat Energy Increases

Properties Of MatterWhether they are solid, liquid or

gas• Physical properties– those that can be

observed or measured without changing the composition of the sample of matter.

• Chemical properties – describes the ability of a sample of matter to be converted into a different sample of matter

Physical Properties When a physical property is changes

we say it is a physical change

A physical change is a change in the form of matter but not in its chemical identity.

No new compounds are formed during a physical change.

What is a Physical change?

• When ice melts and becomes water

• What about tearing a big piece of paper into smaller pieces or chopping wood into smaller pieces?

Physical change

• Have only made the size of the sample smaller

Chemical PropertiesDescribe the ability of a sample of matter to be

converted into a different sample of matter

All of the original substance must be accounted for

Law of Conservation of Matter – matter may not be created or destroyed in a chemical transformation. This chemical change (transformation) involves the rearrangement of the atoms to form some new type(s) of matter.

Questions to ask – 1. Does it burn in air?

2. Does it decompose when heated?

3. What happens when it is placed in acid?

4. What other chemicals will the sample of matter react with and what is produced?

• Chemical changes are usually irreversible.

New compounds are formed during a chemical change

Physical and chemical properties…

• Describe a sample of matter

• In most cases is does not matter what the size of the matter is it will still have the same properties

• These properties are called intensive properties

.

Physical Properties = heavy, malleable, ductile, silvery-white color and can take and retain a magnetic field

Chemical Properties =

The rusting of iron is an example of a chemical change.

Reaction = moisture and oxygen in

the air forms a compound called an oxide

The rust has a different chemical

composition than the initial iron

Describing an Iron Nail

Burning CandleChemical or Physical Change?

Bolt in Strong AcidChemical or Physical Change?

Penny in SolutionChemical or Physical Change?

FireworksChemical or Physical Change

Crushing/GrindingChemical or Physical Change?

Cooking an eggChemical or Physical Change?

Breaking Glass

before after

Breaking GlassChemical or Physical Change?

Chopping FoodChemical or Physical Change?