what does it mean to be organic in earth science? popular culture? in home decorating?
TRANSCRIPT
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
What does it mean to be organic in Earth Science?
Popular culture?
In Home Decorating?
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY(CHEMISTRY DEFINITION YOU MUST KNOW!)
is the chemistry of the compounds of Carbon.
occur extensively in nature. All living things are mainly composed
of carbon. Muy importante: Carbon is able to form
four covalent bonds with other atoms and even other carbons.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANICS Solubility: are nonpolar and
tend to dissolve in nonpolar solutions. (Like Dissolve Like)
are generally not soluble in water.
are generally non-electrolytes. The organic acids, that are
electrolytes, are very weak.
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CHARACTERISTICS CONTINUED have low melting points. have very slow reactions.
Are usually sped up by adding a catalyst. Usually H2SO4(aq)
have strong covalent bonds
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BONDING CARBON (TRES IMPORTANT)
forms four covalent bonds form a tetrahedron shape around the
Carbon nucleus Carbon atoms share electrons w/each
other Carbon atoms can share more than one
electron forming double and triple bonds
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STRUCTURAL FORMULAS The covalent bond is usually
represented by a short dash or line representing one pair of shared electrons.
In organic chemistry, up to three dashes may be connected between each Carbon atom.
It is important to remember that molecules and organic compounds are in 3D, (but we will usually represent them as if they were pressed flat on the paper or chalk board.)
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EXAMPLES
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HYDROCARBONS Are molecules made up exclusively of
hydrogen and carbon Are named, according to IUPAC, by the
number of carbons in the compound. See reference table P
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
PART II
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SATURATED VS UNSATURATED A Saturated Compound is formed when
ALL carbon atoms are joined by a SINGLE BOND
An Unsaturated Compound is formed when carbon atoms are joined by one or more Double or Triple BONDS
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EXAMPLES:
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ALKANES All SINGLE BONDS saturated hydrocarbons with the
general formula of CnH2n+2 (n= # of Carbons)
Also called the Methane Series or Paraffin Series
The suffix is “-ane”
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ALKENES Contain one Double Bond Therefore are Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons Follow the Formula CnH2n
Suffix is “-ene”
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ALKYNES Contain one Triple Bond Therefore are unsaturated Hydrocarbons Follow Formula CnH2n-2 Have Suffix “-yne”
So you must memorize all that, right?
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No, of course not, crack out your trusty reference tables…
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HOMOLOGOUS SERIES organic compounds can be
classified into groups with related structures &properties. These groups are called a Homologous Series
Each member of a Series differs from the preceding member by a common increment, usually a -CH2-.
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BASIC DEFINITIONS SOMETIMES ON THE EXAM:
As the members of a Homologous Series increase in molecular size;
Boiling Point increases due to more Van der Waals forces
Freezing Point increases due to more Van der Waals forces
Homologous Series of hydrocarbons include the Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes and Aromatics.
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ISOMERS (BASIC DEF. WE’LL COME BACK TO THIS
AGAIN AND AGAIN)
compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different structure.
The compounds; CH3CH2CHO (propanal) CH3COCH3 (acetone)
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SOMETIMES THEY TRY TO TRICK YOU: What would an Alkadiene contain? Hydrocarbon with TWO Double Bonds Suffix is “-diene” (2 enes) Alkadienes are isomers with Alkynes
When they put these on the exam they expect you to get them wrong. They are called “discriminator questions”
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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS When bonding something besides
hydrogen to the carbon it dramatically changes how the molecule behaves.
The general categories can have all kinds of carbons and hydrogens bonded on the end but as long as they have the functional group they are THAT kind of molecule
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WHERE, OH WHERE DO WE FIND THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS FOR ORGANIC MOLECULES?
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MONOUNSATURATED Have one double or triple bond
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POLYUNSATURATED Have more than one double or
triple bond
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POLYMERIZATION Polymerization is the formation of a large molecule from smaller molecules.
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POLYMERS Composed of many repeating units calle
d monomers
Starch, Cellulose, and proteins are natural
polymers Nylon and polyethylene are synthetic pol
ymers Polymerization is the process of joining monomers
PVC stand for poly vinyl chloride…
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POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
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LOOK FAMILIAR?
1 Polyethylene Terephthalate 2 High Density Polyethylene 3 Vinyl 4 Low Density Polyethylene 5 Polypropylene 6 Polystyrene 7 usually mixed, hard to recycle.
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CYCLO-HYDROCARBONS When long chains of carbons
bond to form a ring Named after the number of
carbons in the ring
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SMALLEST IS CYCLOPROPANE (VERY UNSTABLE)
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MOST COMMON IS CYCLOHEXANE (VERY STABLE)
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AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS Contain what is called a
“Benzene Ring” which is a cyclohexane with internal double bonds so there are six carbons and six hydrogens.
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SIMPLIFIED BENZENE:
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MOLECULE THAT MAKE VANILLA SMELL LIKE VANILLA