what do you think of when you hear the word...
TRANSCRIPT
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June 02, 2016
What do you think of when you hear the word “Organic”?
Leaves almonds margarinePlastic steak soapRubber butter vinegarDiapers vinyl siding cottonWax varnish tupperwareAspirin nail polish removerOil saran wrap milk
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June 02, 2016
So what does it mean to be “Organic”?
• Organic Chemistry is the study of compounds in which CARBON is the principal element.• Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds• Carbon can form single, double or triple bonds• Carbon can bond to other elements, like O, F, Cl, N, producing polar molecules with higher boiling points• Carbon can form chains, rings, spheres, sheets, tubes of many sizes……
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June 02, 2016
How are Organic Compounds Classified?
According to their “functional group”
• A recognizable combination of atoms in each molecule.• Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Cyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatics, Alcohols and more....• Look for the functional group for naming the organic compound.
HYDROCARBONSthe simplest of functional groupsStructure and Property• Contain only C and H• All hydrocarbons are nonpolar molecules, which results in low melting points and boiling points• The longer the carbon chain, the higher its melting point and boiling point
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Alkanes
• Saturated hydrocarbon (all single bonds)• it has the maximum number of hydrogens bonded
• General formula: CnH2n+2
• Relatively UNREACTIVE because of the single bonds
H H · ·H : C : H H C H
· · H H
CH4 , methane
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June 02, 2016
LINE STRUCTURE
movie
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June 02, 2016
Alkenes
• Unsaturated hydrocarbon (double bond present)
• General formula: CnH2n
• More reactive than alkanes…reactions take place at the double bond
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June 02, 2016
movie
• Alkynes• Unsaturated hydrocarbon (triple bond present)
• General formula: CnH2n2
• Reactive like alkenes, with the reaction occurring at the triple bond
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June 02, 2016
Let’s try a movie here
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June 02, 2016
Other terms…..
Aliphatic• Carbons are in a straight chainCyclic• Carbons form a ringAlkyl group• When the hydrocarbon forms a branch group off of the main chain or ring.
Aromatics
• Special hydrocarbons• Contain double bonds like alkenes, but react like alkanes• Consist of alternating double bonds in a ring
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June 02, 2016
NAMING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOMENCLATURE
PREFIX ROOT SUFFIX
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June 02, 2016
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOMENCLATURE
PREFIX ROOT SUFFIX
# OF CARBONS IN THE PARENT (LONGEST) CHAIN
1METH 2ETH 3PROP 4BUT 5PENT 6HEX 7HEPT 8 OCT 9 NON 10 DEC11 UNDEC 12 DODEC
DecadeDecimal
Decathalon
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOMENCLATURE
PREFIX ROOT SUFFIX
INDICATES THE TYPE OF BOND OR FUNCTIONAL GROUP
eg. alkanes ane alkenes ene alkynes yne alcohols ol ketones one
(see handout)
eg.
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3pentane
CH3CH=CHCH2CH2CH3 2hexeneCH3CH2CH2CH=CHCH3 2hexene*
* rule 1: always start counting from side closest to functional group
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June 02, 2016
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOMENCLATURE
PREFIX ROOT SUFFIX
location of branch group (including carbon #)name of branch
branch names come from carbon prefixes: eg. branch of 1 carbon methyl
branch of 2 carbons ethyl
halide branches: F fluoro Cl chloro Br Bromo I iodo
branch of benzene phenyl
rule 2: if there is more than one branch, name them in alphabetical order
eg. CH3CHCHCH2CH3
CH3
Cl 3chloro2methylpentane
CH3- CH2-CH2-CH-CH=CH2
CH3
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rule 3: If there is two of the same branch, make sure you put both locations and use a prefix:2 di 3 tri 4 tetra
eg. CH3CHCHCHCH3
CH3
Cl
CH3
3chloro2,4dimethyl pentane
rule 4: If there is more than one functional group,
you need to use prefixes before naming the suffix
eg. CH2=CHC=CHCH3
Cl
3chloro1,3penta diene
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June 02, 2016
naming benzene rings
or
1,2 or "ortho" 1,3 or "meta"1,4 or para
Benzene as a branch on a chain: "phenyl"
CH3CHCH2CH2CH3
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pg. 14 # 1 # 2 ,4pg. 21 #1,2 pg. 27 #2,4,5 30 #1,2pg. 31 # 1,2
try these from the text: