what do the spokes represent on this germanium atom? electrons on the outer ring. (valence...
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•What do the spokes represent on this Germanium atom? Electrons on the outer ring. (Valence Electrons)•Was there a pattern with the spokes on the Periodic Table?
Oh, yes!!
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An electron in the highest occupied energy level of an atom.
Valence electrons are usually the only electrons used in chemical bonds.
Here are some examples.
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To find the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative element, simply look at its group number.
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How many valence electrons does H have? 1 valence electron
How many valence electrons does Al have? 3 valence electrons
How many valence electrons does Cl have? 7 valence electrons
How many valence electrons does Se have? 6 valence electrons
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Instead of drawing the atom, like….
Or writing out the electron
configuration, like….
1s22s22p63s23p5
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We can use dots to represent only the valence electrons.
This is called Lewis Dot Structures or Electron Dot Structures.
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How many valence electrons does H have? 1 electron
So, we could draw an Electron Dot Structure for H like….
H
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How many valence electrons does Al have? 3 valence electrons
Draw the Lewis Dot Structure for Al.Al
How many valence electrons does Cl have? 7 valence electrons
Draw the Lewis Dot Structure for ClCl
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Draw an electron dot structure for Ne.
Draw an electron dot structure for P.
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What do the dots in an electron dot structure represent? a. all the electrons in an atom. b. valence electrons. c. only inner electrons. d. protons and electrons.
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Remember, noble gases, such as neon and argon, are unreactive in chemical reactions. That is, they are stable. Their outer ring is full of electrons.
What is that magic number???? 2 for He but 8 for the rest of the noble gases.
What does an element do if it isn’t stable?
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Atoms search for a full outer ring by gaining or losing electrons so as to acquire the stable electron structure of a noble gas, usually eight valence electrons.
(Octa- means 8) Atoms that lose or gain electrons are
called Ions.
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Be
Be
This is a Beryllium atom. The most stable configuration is to have a full outer ring. So, Beryllium can gain 6 electrons to make 8 electrons on the 2nd ring…OR Beryllium can lose 2 electrons to make 2 electrons on the 1st ring.
Beryllium will LOSE two electrons to get a full 1st ring. So, the number of electrons is the same as He, but because there are still 4 protons, this atom is still Be.
Neutral atom Ion
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What do we call an atom that has lost electrons?A Positive Ion or Cation (pronounced cat-
ion).
How is it shown that an atom has lost electrons?
We use superscripts!!!
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Be
Be
Be lost 2 electrons. It is a cation. We show that by writing,
Be2+
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Losing electrons means a positive ion???? Oh Yes!!!
Remember, atoms start out neutral. That means they have the same number of protons (positive particles) and electrons (negative electrons).
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How many protons are there? 4 protons so 4 positive particles.
Imagine the 2 outer ring electrons going away. How many electrons are there now? 2 electrons so 2 negative particles.
Now the total charge of the atom is 2 positives.
Thus, Be2+ Ta-da!!
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Sodium (Na)How many valence electrons does Na have? 1 valence electron
Will Na gain 7 electrons to get a full 3rd ring or lose 1 electron to get a full 2nd ring? Lose 1 electron
What kind of ion is left? Positive (cation)
How would you write that?Na1+
Na
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AluminumHow many valence electrons does Al have? 3 valence electron
Will Al gain 5 electrons to get a full 3rd ring or lose 3 electron to get a full 2nd ring? Lose 3 electron
What kind of ion is left? Positive (cation)
How would you write that?Al3+
Al
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Draw the Lewis Dot Structure for Mg.Mg
How many valence electrons will Mg lose to get full outer ring? 2 electrons
Write the symbol and notation showing Mg as an ion. Mg2+
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1+
2+ 3+
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What kinds of elements form Cations?
METALS!!!!
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Remember, Ions are atoms that lose or gain electrons.
Positive ions, or cations, lose electrons. What about atoms that gain electrons?
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This is a Fluorine atom. The most stable configuration is to have a full outer ring. So, Fluorine can gain 1 electron to make 8 electrons on the 2nd ring…OR Fluorine can lose 7 electrons to make 2 electrons on the 1st ring.
Fluorine will GAIN 1 electron to get a full 2nd ring. So, the number of electrons is the same as Ne, but because there are still 9 protons, this atom is still F.
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What do we call an atom that has lost electrons?A Negative Ion or Anion (pronounced an-
ion).
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How many protons are there? 9 protons so 9 positive particles.
Imagine the 1 electron joining the 7 outer ring electrons. How many electrons are there now? 10 electrons so 10 negative particles.
Now the total charge of the atom is 1 negative.
Thus, F1- Ta-da!!
Fluorine
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How many valence electrons does O have? 6 valence electrons
Will O gain 2 electrons to get a full 2nd ring or lose 6 electrons to get a 1st full ring? Gain 2 electron
What kind of ion is left? Negative (anion)
How would you write that?O2-
Oxygen (O)O
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How many valence electrons does P have? 5 valence electrons
Will P gain 3 electron to get a full 3rd ring or lose 5 electrons to get a 2nd full ring? Gain 3 electrons
What kind of ion is left? Negative (anion)
How would you write that?P3-
Phosphorus (P)
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Draw the Lewis Dot Structure for Se. Se
How many valence electrons will Se gain to get full outer ring? 6 electrons
Write the symbol and notation showing Se as an ion. Se2-
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1-2-3-
4+ OR4-
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1+
2+ 3+
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What kind of elements form Anions?
NONMETALS!!!!
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1. Write the name and symbol of the ion formed when a. a sulfur atom gains two electrons. b. an aluminum atom loses three electrons.
2. How many electrons are lost or gained in forming each ion? a. Ba2+ b. As3- c. Cu2+