what changes populations? (ch. 23) evolutionary forces
TRANSCRIPT
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What changes populations?(Ch. 23)
Evolutionary Forces
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Forces of evolutionary change• Natural selection
– traits that improve survival or reproduction accumulate in the population• ADAPTIVE change
• Genetic drift– frequency of traits changes
in a population due to chance events• RANDOM change
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Natural Selection• Selection acts on any trait that affects
survival or reproduction– predation selection– physiological selection– sexual selection
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Predation Selection
• Predation selection – act on both predator & prey
• behaviors• camouflage & mimicry• speed• defenses (physical & chemical)
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Physiological Selection• Acting on body functions
– disease resistance– physiology efficiency (using oxygen, food, water)– biochemical versatility– protection from injury
HOT STUFF!Some fish had the
variation of producinganti-freeze protein
5.5 myaThe Antarctic Ocean freezes over
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Physiological selection
Dogs pee on trees…Why don’t trees pee on dogs?
NH3
animal waste
plant nutrient
One critter’s trash is another critter’s treasure!
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Okay, but how to
explain this?!?!?
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Sexual Selection• Acting on reproductive success
– attractiveness to potential mate– fertility of gametes– successful rearing of offspring
Survival doesn’t matterif you don’t reproduce!
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Sexual selection
It’s FEMALE CHOICE, baby!
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The lion’s mane…
• Females are attracted to males with larger, dark manes
• Correlation with higher testosterone levels– Better health– more muscle– Better fertility– longer life
• But imposes a cost to male– HOT! Is it worth it??
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Sexual dimorphism and sexual selection
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You Know What They Say About Fiddlers With
Big Claws...
They Need Big Gloves!
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Sexy = fitness markers
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Sexual selection• Acts in all sexually
reproducing species– the traits that get you mates– influences both morphology &
behavior– Can seem maladaptive
Jacanas
Is there a testablehypothesis in there?
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• Two or more species reciprocally affect each other’s evolution– predator-prey– competitive species– mutualism
Coevolution
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Effects of Selection• Changes in the average trait of a population
DIRECTIONALSELECTION
STABILIZINGSELECTION
DISRUPTIVESELECTION
giraffe neck
horse size
human birth weight
rock pocket mice
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Genetic Drift • Chance events changing frequency of traits in
a population– not adaptation to environmental conditions– founder effect– Bottleneck
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Genetic drift
CRCR
CRCW
CRCR
CWCW CRCR
CRCW
CRCW
CRCWCRCR
CRCR
Only 5 of10 plants
leaveoffspring
CWCW CRCR
CRCW
CRCR CWCW
CRCW
CWCW CRCR
CRCW CRCW
Only 2 of10 plants
leaveoffspring
CRCR
CRCR CRCR
CRCRCRCR
CRCR
CRCR
CRCR
CRCRCRCR
Generation 2p = 0.5q = 0.5
Generation 3p = 1.0q = 0.0
Generation 1p (frequency of CR) = 0.7q (frequency of CW) = 0.3
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Founder effect• A new population is started
by a small group of individuals– just by chance some rare traitsmay
be at high frequency; others may be missing
– skews the gene pool of new population
• example: colonization of New World
• ISLANDS!!!
albino deer Seneca Army Depot
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Distribution of blood types• Distribution of the O type blood allele in native populations of the
world reflects original settlement
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Distribution of blood types• Distribution of the B type blood allele in native populations of the
world reflects original migration
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Out of AfricaLikely migration paths of humans out of Africa
Many patterns of human traits reflect this migration
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Bottleneck effect• When large population is drastically reduced by a
disaster– famine, natural disaster, loss of habitat…– loss of variation by chance event
• narrows the gene pool
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Cheetahs • All cheetahs share a small number of alleles
– less than 1% diversity– as if all cheetahs are
identical twins• 2 bottlenecks
– 10,000 years ago• Ice Age
– last 100 years• poaching & loss of habitat
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Any Questions??
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Review Questions
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The following question refers to this information: In the year 2500, five male space colonists and five female space colonists from Earth settle on an uninhabited Earthlike planet in the Andromeda galaxy. The colonists and their offspring randomly mate for generations
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1. After many generations, the population on this planet has an unusually high frequency for the incidence of retinitis pigmentosa, relative to Earth's population. This is most likely due toA. the founder effect.B. sexual selection.C. the inheritance of acquired characteristics.D. mutations.E. the bottleneck effect.
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2. A balanced polymorphism exists through diversifying selection in seedcracker finches from Cameroon in which small- and large-billed birds specialize in cracking soft and hard seeds, respectively. If long-term climatic change resulted in all seeds becoming hard, what type of selection would then operate on the finch population?
A. diversifying selection.B. directional selectionC. stabilizing selectionD. sexual selectionE. No selection would operate because the population is in
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
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In a very large population, a quantitative trait has the following distribution pattern:
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3. What is true of the trait whose frequency distribution in a large population appears above? It is undergoing *
A. directional selection.B. stabilizing selection.C. diversifying selection.D. sexual selection.E. It is not possible to say, solely from the
information above.
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4. The bottleneck effect
A. Eliminates traits whether they are beneficial or not.B. Increases the overall variability in the population.C. Amplifies the presence of traits that will eventually
lead to extinctionD. Increases the adaptability of a populationE. Decreases the number weak organisms in the
population.
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5. Which of the following statements accurately describes genetic drift?
A. It occurs when individuals in a population drift out due to emmigration
B. It occurs when individuals drift in to a population due to immigration
C. It refers to random changes in the gene frequencies in a population due to a drop in population size
D. Mutations are the cause of genetic driftE. Natural selection is the cause of genetic drift.