what can be protected
TRANSCRIPT
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What can be protected?
Copyright
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Protects ONLY the form of expressions of Ideas
Does not protect unexpressed Ideas
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Ideas Vs Expressions
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All literary and artistic works are liable for protection.
Includes very original work of authorship
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Key WordsOriginality : it should originate from the author – product of
independent creationFixation : – should be expressed in a material form
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Categories of copyrighted works
FilmsLiterary Dramatic
Music
Artistic
Photographic
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Berne convention
The expression “ Literary and artistic works” shall include every production in the literary, scientific and artistic domain; whatever maybe the mode or form of its expression
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Can be : Artistic creations : Books, music, paintings , sculptures, Films. Technology based works : Computer programmes, Electronic
databases
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Content on websites ‘Look and feel’ Product catalogs Artwork and text on
product literature
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WHO OWNS THE COPYRIGHT IN A WORK ?
The Creator Exceptions:
Written agreement to the contraryMade for valuable considerationa freelance artist who created the copyrighted work;an employer who hires employees who create copyrighted
works as part of their job.
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What is Not protected? Ideas, Concepts, Discoveries Titles, names, short phrases, slogans Improvised speech or dance : Works
not fixed in a tangible form Information commonly available and
containing no originality
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Rights Protected Right to Tangible property : No
trespassing Copyright ( Intangible): Owner can
use the work as he wishes AND may prevent others from using it without his/her authorization
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Kinds of Rights
• Economic rights
• Moral rights
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Economic rights
Owner derives a financial reward from the use of his works by others
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Economic Rights The owner can authorize/ Prevent a) Reproduction in various formsb) Distribution of copiesc) Public performanced) Broadcasting and other
communication to the publice) Translation to other languagesf) Adaptation : Novel to screenplay
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Right to Reproduction
Most basic rightRight to authorize
distribution : Owner derives economic value
Right to authorize rental of copies
Right to Importation
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Rights of Public performance, broadcasting , communication Public performance : Any performance of a work at a place
where the public is or can be present; or at a place not open to the public , but where a substantial number of persons outside the normal circle of family etc is present
Includes means of recordings
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Broadcasting rightsCovers the transmission for public reception of sounds, or of
images and sounds, by wireless means , whether by radio , TV, or satellite
Can be replaced by equitable remuneration
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Translation and adaptation rightsNeeds authorization from
owner of original work AND the owner of translation and adaptation
Translation : Expression of a work in a language other than the original version
Adaptation : Modification of a work to create another work
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Moral Rights
Moral rights : Preserves the personal link between himself and his work
a) Right to claim authorship ( Right of paternity)a) Right to object to any
distortion/ Modification of the work which can be prejudicial to the author’s honor or reputation ( Right of integrity)
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Moral Rights
Moral rights : Independent of Economic rightsRemains with the author even if economic rights are
transferredGiven only to Individual authors
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Limitations on rights
Categories of works : Ex works not fixed in tangible form Particular acts of exploitation which can be carried out
without authorization:a) Free use : No obligation to compensate the ownerb) Non voluntary licenses
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Free use
Quoting from a protected workIllustration for teaching purposesNews reportingSome laws allow for personal, private and non commercial
use
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Fair use
Also called Fair dealing( Sec 52 of copyright act) Allows without authorization :a) Nature and purpose of use : Commercial nature or for
Non-profit use?b) Amount of work with respect to the whole work:
Quotes/ Images not covering substantial volumec) Likely effect of the use on potential commercial value.Cannot be authorized incase the copied work exceeds the
commercial work of the original
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Examples of Fair use
Class studying an artist using samples to critique and analyze his/her work;
Making a collage for a school project;Manipulating an image to learn Photoshop or other software.
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Duration
Begins at creationLife of author and 50 years after his/her death
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ReferencesImportance of Copyright in textiles , apparel and Lifestyles :
Jyotsna BalakrishnanRelevance of Copyright and Related Rights for SMEs
Professor Prabuddha Ganguli Picture archive council of AmericaUnderstanding copyright and Related Rights : WIPO