what are the investigations? dementia: investigations history taking clinical examination...
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• What are the investigations?
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Dementia: Investigations
• History taking
• Clinical examination• Neuropsychological assessment: -Episodic or short term memoryLanguage, particularly word fluencyExecutive functioning
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Dementia: investigations
• Laboratory assessment:- Full blood count ESR Thyroid function test Serum electrolytes and calcium Serum glucose Serum BUN/creatinine B12 and folate Liver function test Syphilis serology HIV serology
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Dementia: Investigations
• Medical imagingX- Rays, ECGCT or MRI scan of the brain
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• How do you want to manage this patient?
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Dementia of Alzheimer’s type
• Treat the cognitive deficits
• Treat the neuropsychiatric symptoms
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Neurotransmitter system altered in Alzheimer’s disease
• Decreased
• Acetylcholine• Serotonin• Noradrenaline• Dopamine• GABA• Somatostatin• Vasopressin• Substance P• Neuropeptide Y
• Increased
• Monoamineoxidase B
• galanin
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Neurotransmitter systems altered in Alzheimer’s disease
• Ach
Major neurotransmitter for memorySeverely affected in Alzheimer’s diseaseAcetylcholinesterase destroys Ach in the
brain to control amount of AchPossible to block this enzyme
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Drug therapy in cognitive deficits• Mode of action
• Acetylcholinesterase inhibition
• Precursors loading• Neurotransmitter release
• Muscarinic agonists
• Examples
• Tacrine, donepezil, ENA 713, metrifonate, galanthamine
• Choline, lecithin• Besipiridine
• Milameline, xanomeline
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Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors registered in Australia
• Donezepil (Aricept)
• Rivastigmine (Exelon)
• Galatamine (Reminyl)
• S/e – diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, insomnia, fatigue, and loss of appetite
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precursorsAc CoA + choline
Ach
Ach
NM2
Increase release
Choline + acetate
Cholinesterase inhibitors
M1
Selective M1 agonists
Site of action of cholinergic
agonists
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Drug therapy in neuropsychiatric symptoms
• Indications:
Mood, usually depression, rarely maniaPerception with hallucinations and
misindentificationsThought content with delusions and paranoid ideasBehaviour, with aggressions, wandering, sexual
disinhibition
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Drug therapy in neuropsychiatric symptoms
• Neuroleptic
Indications – agitation, aggression, delusions and hallucinations
Haloperidol, olanzepine, thioridazine and risperidone
S/e – extrapyramidal, decreased cognitive performance
• Antidepressants
Selective serotonin uptake inhibitors (eg: sertraline)
Atypical antidepressants (trazodone)
Monoamineoxidase inhibitors (moclobemide, selegiline)
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Treatment of vascular dementia
• Drug therapyAntiplatelet therapy (e.g aspirin 75 –
325mg)Other antiplatelet agent (e.g ticlopidine)
• SurgicalCarotid endarterectomy
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Non drug treatment
• Better information for carers
• Reinforcement of day and time given regularly
• Behaviour modification
• Patient and family support
• Role of GP