what are the investigations? dementia: investigations history taking clinical examination...

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Page 1: What are the investigations? Dementia: Investigations History taking Clinical examination Neuropsychological assessment: - Episodic or short term memory
Page 2: What are the investigations? Dementia: Investigations History taking Clinical examination Neuropsychological assessment: - Episodic or short term memory

• What are the investigations?

Page 3: What are the investigations? Dementia: Investigations History taking Clinical examination Neuropsychological assessment: - Episodic or short term memory

Dementia: Investigations

• History taking

• Clinical examination• Neuropsychological assessment: -Episodic or short term memoryLanguage, particularly word fluencyExecutive functioning

Page 4: What are the investigations? Dementia: Investigations History taking Clinical examination Neuropsychological assessment: - Episodic or short term memory
Page 5: What are the investigations? Dementia: Investigations History taking Clinical examination Neuropsychological assessment: - Episodic or short term memory

Dementia: investigations

• Laboratory assessment:- Full blood count ESR Thyroid function test Serum electrolytes and calcium Serum glucose Serum BUN/creatinine B12 and folate Liver function test Syphilis serology HIV serology

Page 6: What are the investigations? Dementia: Investigations History taking Clinical examination Neuropsychological assessment: - Episodic or short term memory

Dementia: Investigations

• Medical imagingX- Rays, ECGCT or MRI scan of the brain

Page 7: What are the investigations? Dementia: Investigations History taking Clinical examination Neuropsychological assessment: - Episodic or short term memory

• How do you want to manage this patient?

Page 8: What are the investigations? Dementia: Investigations History taking Clinical examination Neuropsychological assessment: - Episodic or short term memory

Dementia of Alzheimer’s type

• Treat the cognitive deficits

• Treat the neuropsychiatric symptoms

Page 9: What are the investigations? Dementia: Investigations History taking Clinical examination Neuropsychological assessment: - Episodic or short term memory

Neurotransmitter system altered in Alzheimer’s disease

• Decreased

• Acetylcholine• Serotonin• Noradrenaline• Dopamine• GABA• Somatostatin• Vasopressin• Substance P• Neuropeptide Y

• Increased

• Monoamineoxidase B

• galanin

Page 10: What are the investigations? Dementia: Investigations History taking Clinical examination Neuropsychological assessment: - Episodic or short term memory

Neurotransmitter systems altered in Alzheimer’s disease

• Ach

Major neurotransmitter for memorySeverely affected in Alzheimer’s diseaseAcetylcholinesterase destroys Ach in the

brain to control amount of AchPossible to block this enzyme

Page 11: What are the investigations? Dementia: Investigations History taking Clinical examination Neuropsychological assessment: - Episodic or short term memory

Drug therapy in cognitive deficits• Mode of action

• Acetylcholinesterase inhibition

• Precursors loading• Neurotransmitter release

• Muscarinic agonists

• Examples

• Tacrine, donepezil, ENA 713, metrifonate, galanthamine

• Choline, lecithin• Besipiridine

• Milameline, xanomeline

Page 12: What are the investigations? Dementia: Investigations History taking Clinical examination Neuropsychological assessment: - Episodic or short term memory

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors registered in Australia

• Donezepil (Aricept)

• Rivastigmine (Exelon)

• Galatamine (Reminyl)

• S/e – diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, insomnia, fatigue, and loss of appetite

Page 13: What are the investigations? Dementia: Investigations History taking Clinical examination Neuropsychological assessment: - Episodic or short term memory

precursorsAc CoA + choline

Ach

Ach

NM2

Increase release

Choline + acetate

Cholinesterase inhibitors

M1

Selective M1 agonists

Site of action of cholinergic

agonists

Page 14: What are the investigations? Dementia: Investigations History taking Clinical examination Neuropsychological assessment: - Episodic or short term memory

Drug therapy in neuropsychiatric symptoms

• Indications:

Mood, usually depression, rarely maniaPerception with hallucinations and

misindentificationsThought content with delusions and paranoid ideasBehaviour, with aggressions, wandering, sexual

disinhibition

Page 15: What are the investigations? Dementia: Investigations History taking Clinical examination Neuropsychological assessment: - Episodic or short term memory

Drug therapy in neuropsychiatric symptoms

• Neuroleptic

Indications – agitation, aggression, delusions and hallucinations

Haloperidol, olanzepine, thioridazine and risperidone

S/e – extrapyramidal, decreased cognitive performance

• Antidepressants

Selective serotonin uptake inhibitors (eg: sertraline)

Atypical antidepressants (trazodone)

Monoamineoxidase inhibitors (moclobemide, selegiline)

Page 16: What are the investigations? Dementia: Investigations History taking Clinical examination Neuropsychological assessment: - Episodic or short term memory

Treatment of vascular dementia

• Drug therapyAntiplatelet therapy (e.g aspirin 75 –

325mg)Other antiplatelet agent (e.g ticlopidine)

• SurgicalCarotid endarterectomy

Page 17: What are the investigations? Dementia: Investigations History taking Clinical examination Neuropsychological assessment: - Episodic or short term memory

Non drug treatment

• Better information for carers

• Reinforcement of day and time given regularly

• Behaviour modification

• Patient and family support

• Role of GP