what are integrated landscape approaches and how effectively have they been implemented in the...
TRANSCRIPT
James Reed, Liz Deakin, Josh van Vianen, Terry Sunderland (CIFOR)
ATBC, Honolulu, July 13th 2015
What are integrated landscape approaches and how effectively have they been implemented in the tropics: a systematic map
What are integrated landscape approaches?
A response to the failings of sectorial land management approaches
The latest in a series of attempts to concurrently address conservation and development challenges
A refinement of previous approaches A method to integrate stakeholders at multiple scales A framework to integrate policy and practice An attempt to reconcile traditional scientific disciplinary
divides A land management strategy to fulfill social, economic,
ecological & cultural objectives A tool to assess performance and manage trade-offs within
the landscape All of the above?
Landscapes are complex socio-ecological systems
Hypothesis:
The confusion over the conceptualization and application of integrated landscape approaches is impeding policy traction and practitioner uptake.
Terminology confusion (from Google):We use the same words but we aren’t speaking the
same languageObjective:Systematically map the available evidence to provide clarity
Systematic Review Maps
• Transparent, repeatable, pre-determined methodology• Commonly used in medical research• Recently adopted by natural and social sciences (see www.environmentalevidence.org)
MethodsEvolution of search terms and strategy:• Internal/external consultation• Two stakeholder workshops (Nairobi & Cape Tribulation)• Extensive scoping exercise using Web of Science• Developed inclusion/exclusion criteria for studies• Protocol published. See Reed et al. 2015: http://
www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/2047-2382-4-2.pdf
Specialist databases:ScopusCAB DirectISI Web of KnowledgePubMed Internet searches:Google ScholarOther:Grey literature search
Screening results: peer-reviewed articles
26,303 scoping results in WoK using 35 revised search terms
13,290 Publications captured with refined search termsAll TITLES screened
271,974 results from initial 56 main search terms trialed in WoK
1,171 Relevant studies All ABSTRACTS screened
382 Relevant studiesAll FULL TEXTS screened
82 Final studies of relevance
Further screening
215 Grey literature documents
56 Articles identified by the author group/experts in the field
82 Articles retrieved from screening the bibliographies of relevant peer-reviewed material
As a further attempt to reduce bias, the review team rotated ‘accepted at full text’ articles.
Objectives Outputs
Proposed
• Chart theory
• Untangle definitions
• Map implementations • 1 final publication
Realized
• Multiple questions• Theory development distinct from
implementation• Case studies not widely reported in
peer reviewed material• Toolkit potential• Further confusion surrounding
definitions?• Multiple outputs
Development of“Integrated Landscape Approach” theory
Development of the Landscape Approach
1980s 1990s 2000s 2010 - present
1980s: Integrated Rural Development
1998: Integrated Natural Resource Management (INRM)
1985 onwards: Integrated Conservation & Development projects (ICDPs)
Contributing Sciences:Ecosystem ManagementLandscape EcologyIsland biogeography
Conservation rooted frameworks e.g. “Ecosystem Approach”
1992: “Landscape Approach” first documented (Barrett 1992)
Last decade: (Integrated) Landscape Approach frameworks
Lessons learned• Landscape Approaches often funded on short term or temporary basis (time limited project
investments)• Terminology issues• Landscape approach remains relatively under-theorized• Lack of true integration across scientific disciplines• Institutional barriers - government agencies still rooted in silos• Governance concerns• Empowerment and engagement concerns• Lack of appropriate metrics and monitoring
Systematic Review on Landscape Approaches
The case studies
Preliminary results
Geographical Distribution of Case Studies
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Region
No.
of c
ase
stud
ies
Preliminary results
Main Project Focus of Case Studies
Livelihoods
Water
Forests
Soil
Biodiversity Conservation
Agriculture
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
29%
16%
25%
13%
13%
4%
Percentage of peer-reviewed studies (%)
Preliminary results (peer-reviewed only)
Success of implementation Reasons identified for success
Successf
ul
Not dete
rmined
Mixed
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Institu
tional Support
Resource
Limita
tion
Community M
anagement
Sufficient F
inances
Capacity Build
ing
Adaptive Management
Strong Le
adership
Other
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Successful Mixed
Challenges Large body of literature on “landscape approaches” and
“ecosystem approaches” but little consensus on applicability or terminology
General principles and guidelines have been largely missingBut see: Sayer et al. 2013. Ten principles for a landscape approach… However, need to avoid “one size fits all” approach Governance concerns, lack of empowerment given to rural
communities Limited private sector investment Institutional & disciplinary barriers - government agencies
still rooted in silos Lack of appropriate metrics: “monitoring is the least well
developed area” Stop making assumptions, start acting…but how?!
Learn from what works
And avoid repeating mistakes
Thank you for your attentionSpecial thanks to Terry Sunderland, Josh van Vianen and Liz Deakin
http://www.landscapes.org/