What Am I doing here?

Chapter 1

1.1 Life’s Levels of Organization

Invitation to Biology 1.1 Life’s Levels of Organization 1.2 Overview of Life’s Unity 1.3 Why So Many Species 1.4 Evolutionary View of Diversity 1.5 Biological Inquiry 1.6 Experimental Tests 1.7 Limits of Science

Levels Of Organization Atom Molecule Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems

Population (organism)

Community Ecosystem Bioshpere

* Are all Biotic (alive)* Are Abiotic (nonliving)

OrganismOrganism

Tissue:Tissue:Groups ofGroups ofCellsCells

CellsCells

MoleculesMolecules

Individual livingIndividual livingthingthing

Tissues, organs,Tissues, organs,and organ systemsand organ systems

Smallest functionalSmallest functionalunit of lifeunit of life

Groups of atoms;Groups of atoms;smallest unit of smallest unit of most chemicalmost chemicalcompoundscompounds

BisonBison

Nervous tissueNervous tissue Nervous systemNervous systemBrainBrain

Nerve cellNerve cell

WaterWater DNADNA

Levels Of Organization

BiosphereBiosphere

EcosystemEcosystem

CommunityCommunity

PopulationPopulation

The part of EarthThe part of Earththat contains allthat contains allecosystemsecosystems

Community and Community and its nonliving its nonliving surroundingssurroundings

Populations thatPopulations thatlive together in a live together in a defined areadefined area

Group of Group of organisms of oneorganisms of onetype that live in type that live in the same areathe same area

BiosphereBiosphere

Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, airHawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air

Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grassHawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass

Bison herdBison herd

Levels of Organization

1.2 Overview of Life’s Unity

A.A. Characteristics of Living ThingsCharacteristics of Living Things1.1. Made Up of CellsMade Up of Cells2.2. ReproductionReproduction3.3. Based on a Genetic CodeBased on a Genetic Code4.4. Growth and DevelopmentGrowth and Development5.5. Need for Materials and EnergyNeed for Materials and Energy

• metabolismmetabolism

6.6. Response to the EnvironmentResponse to the Environment7.7. Maintaining Internal BalanceMaintaining Internal Balance8.8. EvolutionEvolution

CharacteristicCharacteristic ExamplesExamplesLiving things are made up of units called Living things are made up of units called cells.cells.

Living things reproduce.Living things reproduce.

Living things are based on a universal Living things are based on a universal genetic code.genetic code.

Living things grow and develop.Living things grow and develop.

Living things obtain and use materials and Living things obtain and use materials and energy.energy.

Living things respond to their Living things respond to their environment.environment.Living things maintain a stable internal Living things maintain a stable internal environment.environment.

Taken as a group, living things change Taken as a group, living things change over time.over time.

Many microorganisms consist of only a single cell. Many microorganisms consist of only a single cell. Animals and trees are multicellular.Animals and trees are multicellular.Maple trees reproduce sexually. Maple trees reproduce sexually. A hydra can reproduce asexually by budding.A hydra can reproduce asexually by budding.Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds from Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds from maple trees produce maple trees.maple trees produce maple trees.

Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, and Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, and then become adult flies.then become adult flies.

Plants obtain their energy from sunlight. Animals Plants obtain their energy from sunlight. Animals obtain their energy from the food they eat.obtain their energy from the food they eat.

Leaves and stems of plants grow toward light.Leaves and stems of plants grow toward light.

Despite changes in the temperature of the Despite changes in the temperature of the environment, a robin maintains a constant body environment, a robin maintains a constant body temperature.temperature.

Plants that live in the desert survive because they Plants that live in the desert survive because they have become adapted to the conditions of the desert.have become adapted to the conditions of the desert.

Section 1-3

1.2 Overview of Life’s Unity1.2 Overview of Life’s Unity

Upcoming

Today 1/24 Review from Monday Viruses: What's the

problem? Chapter 1 Tie-in Chapter 16 Tie-in

Next Monday 1/29 Chapters 1 and 16 Notice the

relationship between 1.5 and 16.3

1.2 Overview of Life’s Unity1.2 Overview of Life’s Unity

A.A. Characteristics of Living ThingsCharacteristics of Living Things1.1. Made Up of CellsMade Up of Cells2.2. ReproductionReproduction3.3. Based on a Genetic CodeBased on a Genetic Code4.4. Growth and DevelopmentGrowth and Development5.5. Need for Materials and EnergyNeed for Materials and Energy

• metabolismmetabolism

6.6. Response to the EnvironmentResponse to the Environment7.7. Maintaining Internal BalanceMaintaining Internal Balance8.8. EvolutionEvolution

5. The Need for Materials and Energy5. The Need for Materials and Energy

• Each normal living cell has ways to obtain and Each normal living cell has ways to obtain and convert energy from its surroundingsconvert energy from its surroundings

• Re: your metabolism is more then eating!!!! butRe: your metabolism is more then eating!!!! but

• ProducersProducers can synthesize their own food from can synthesize their own food from simple raw materials.simple raw materials.

• (autotrophs)(autotrophs)• Green Plants, AlgaeGreen Plants, Algae

• ConsumersConsumers Cannot synthesize their own food Cannot synthesize their own food• (Heterotrophs)(Heterotrophs)• Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores, DECOMPOSERSHerbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores, DECOMPOSERS

ProducersProducers

Making their own foodMaking their own food

Materials and Energy 10% Rule10% Rule

Consumers Consumers +Decomposers+Decomposers

Energy outputEnergy output

Energy InputEnergy Input

Nutrient CyclesNutrient Cycles

6. Response to the 6. Response to the EnvironmentEnvironment• Receptors and the stimuli they Receptors and the stimuli they

receive allow controlled responses to receive allow controlled responses to be made:be made:

• heat and cold, heat and cold, • harmful substances, harmful substances, • Varying food supplies.Varying food supplies.

• Homeostasis: the conditions of the Homeostasis: the conditions of the “internal environment” are “internal environment” are maintained within tolerable limits. maintained within tolerable limits.

• Increased sugar causes insulin release, Increased sugar causes insulin release, which stimulates cells to take up sugar. which stimulates cells to take up sugar.

• Decreased blood sugar causes another Decreased blood sugar causes another hormone to call on stored sugar reserves.hormone to call on stored sugar reserves.

Virus discussion ????

1.3 Why So Many Species

What do you call this?

Buzzards???

Texas Buzzard Northern NY Buzzard

1.3 Why So Many Species

Need to Develop Classification Schemes Based on ????

All organisms are made FROM similar materials and function similarly

Preview of Chapters 19-24

Taxonomy

The branch of Biology that deals with the classification and naming of living things.

Early Systems of Classification

Two Kingdom System- Plants and Animals Discovery of the microscope!!!!

Three Kingdom System- Plant, Animal, + Protist Four Kingdom System-

Plant,Animal,Protist,Monera

Now have a FIVE kingdom System Wait and a three Domain System

Three Major Domains What is the common theme?

Three Domains

Three major Domains1. Archaea (bacteria):most ancient bacteria

Extremophyles: Halophiles, Methanogens

2. Bacteria (Eubacteria): True bacteria Autotrophic, bacteria of Decay

3. Eukaryotes: Having a nucleus Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals

5 Major Kingdoms

1. Monera 2.

Protista 3. Fungi

4. Plant 5. Animal

Prokaryote vs. Prokaryote vs. EukaryoteEukaryote Prokaryote Prokaryote EukaryoteEukaryote

1. Ex. Bacteria2. Single celled3. No

membrane Organelles

4. DNA in cytoplasm

1. Ex. Amoeba, hydra, worm, human

2. Single and multicelled organisms

3. Has membrane organelles

4. DNA in Nucleus

?

The Best way to remember the 5 kingdoms?

Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda

Red fox Abert squirrel

Coral snake

Sea star

KINGDOM Animalia

PHYLUM Chordata

CLASS Mammalia

ORDER Carnivora

FAMILY Ursidae

GENUS Ursus

SPECIES Ursus arctos

Broadest to most specific

Alaskan brown bear (Ursus arctos), Polar bear (Ursus maritimus), American black bear (Ursus americanus)

Adaptations (16.4)Adaptations (16.4) An inherited trait or modification

that improves the chance of Survival and reproduction of an organism in a given environment

What makes them similar?What makes them similar?

What makes them similar? What makes them similar?

What is the same or similar????1. Comparative Anatomy (Homologous

structures)2. Comparative Biochemistry

1. DNA, RNA1. Similar genes2. ENZYMES, 3. hormones

3. Comparative Embryology4. Comparative Cytology

AdaptationsAdaptations

Adaptations (16.4)Adaptations (16.4)

DefinedDefined Short term adaptationsShort term adaptations: plant : plant

stunted growth on a windy day. stunted growth on a windy day. •Not passed onNot passed on

Long term Adaptation:Long term Adaptation: inheritable inheritable and improves and improves

odds of survivingodds of surviving Due to Genetic MutationsDue to Genetic Mutations

Long term Adaptations Long term Adaptations (16.4)(16.4)

Examples Examples Salt tolerant Tomatoes in South AmericaSalt tolerant Tomatoes in South America

•Local species are Not Tolerant Local species are Not Tolerant Polar Bear adaptationsPolar Bear adaptations

•NOT in the DesertNOT in the Desert The environment in which a trait evolved may The environment in which a trait evolved may

be different from the prevailing environment.be different from the prevailing environment. Peppered MothPeppered Moth Llamas, high altitudes due to hemoglobin Llamas, high altitudes due to hemoglobin

structurestructure•Camels have same capability yet live-in low altitudes.Camels have same capability yet live-in low altitudes.

1.4 Evolutionary View of Diversity What causes variations within a

population? A: Mutations:inherited changes in the DNA

sequence Many mutations are harmful If the result is positive it has Adaptive

value/trait Traits are variations in of a form

Evolution: heritable change in a line of descent

1.4 Evolutionary View of Diversity (links to Chapter 16.3)

Evolution: heritable change in a line of descent

Charles Darwin Natural Selection: When individuals differ in

their ability to survive and reproduce, the traits that help them do so and become more common in that population

• Peppered moth

How is this beneficial?

How is this beneficial? The greater the variation within a

population the greater the stability More likely of its survival

• Antibiotic Resistance??• Insecticide Resistance???• Rodenticide Resistance????

To Be Discussed throughout the class 1.5 Biological Inquiry

(Chapter 16.4) 1.6 Experimental Tests 1.7 Limits of Science

End, for this chapter

Kingdom Species (General) (specific)

KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

Alaskan brown bear (Ursus arctos), Polar bear (Ursus maritimus), American black bear (Ursus americanus)

King Phillip Came Over For Great spaghetti

Nomenclature- is a system used for naming organisms.

Carolus Linnaeus, 1. 1758, published published

Systema Naturae. • *developed a two word system for identifying each

kind of organism:• Binomial Nomenclature

This marks the beginning of the modern classification of plants and animals

Binomial Nomenclature

1. Always use Genus Species2. Genus- first letter is

capitalized. Species- all lowercased. 3. Both names are underlined

or italicized.

Ex: Homo sapiens (human)

or Homo sapiens (human)

Provide the complete taxonomic order for the two species below?

Modern Man Upright man

Kingdom Animalia Animalia

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species sapiens erectus

Sci. Name Homo sapiens Homo erectus

Provide the complete taxonomic order for the two species below?

Modern Man Upright man

Kingdom Animalia Animalia

Phylum Chordata Chordata

Class Mammalia Mammalia

Order Primates Primates

Family Hominidae Hominidae

Genus Homo Homo

Species sapiens erectus

Sci. Name Homo sapiens Homo erectus