what a great time to be a student in...
TRANSCRIPT
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What a great time to be a student in computing!
Wen-mei HwuProfessor and Sanders-AMD Chair, ECE, NCSA
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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Agenda
• Revolutionary paradigm shift in applications• An commercial example of positive application-technology spiral• Post-Dennard technology pivot - heterogeneity• Lessons learned and outlook
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A major paradigm shift
In the 20th Century, we were able to understand, design, and manufacture what we can measure• Physical instruments and computing systems allowed us to see farther, capture
more, communicate better, understand natural processes, control artificial processes…
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A major paradigm shift
In the 20th Century, we were able to understand, design, and manufacture what we can measure• Physical instruments and computing systems allowed us to see farther, capture
more, communicate better, understand natural processes, control artificial processes…
In the 21st Century, we are able to understand, design, and create what we can compute• Computational models are allowing us to see even farther, going back and
forth in time, learn better, test hypothesis that cannot be verified any other way, create safe artificial processes…
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Examples of Paradigm Shift20th Century
Small mask patterns
Electronic microscope and Crystallography with computational image processing
Anatomic imaging with computational image processing
Teleconference
GPS
21st Century
Optical proximity correction
Computational microscope with initial conditions from Crystallography
Metabolic imaging sees disease before visible anatomic change
Tele-emersion
Self-driving cars
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What is causing the paradigm shift?
Most of the methods for the new paradigm have existed for decades• But they are considered to be too expensive and thus impractical
The memory capacity and computing throughput improved by more than a million fold in the past three decades• Many of these methods have just become practical
That is, the field of computing has finally grown up!
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Diving deeper into computational microscope
• Large clusters (scale out) allow simulation of biological systems of realistic space dimensions
• 0.5Å (0.05 nm) lattice spacing needed for accuracy• Interesting biological systems have dimensions of mm or larger• Thousands of nodes are required to hold and update all the grid points.
• Fast nodes (scale up) allow simulation at realistic time scales• Simulation time steps at femtosecond (10-15 second) level needed for accuracy• Biological processes take milliseconds or longer• Current molecular dynamics simulations progress at about one day for each
10-100 microseconds of the simulated process.
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Blue Waters Science Breakthrough Example Determination of the structure of the HIV
capsid at atomic-level Collaborative effort of experimental groups at
the U. of Pittsburgh and Vanderbilt U., and the Schulten’s computational team at the U. of Illinois. 64-million-atom HIV capsid simulation of the
process through which the capsid disassembles, releasing its genetic material a critical step in understanding HIV infection
and finding a target for antiviral drugs.
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A commercial example of positive application-technology spiral
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Machine Learning
• An important way of building applications whose logic is not fully understood.
• Use labeled data – data that come with the input values and their desired output values – to learn what the logic should be produce
• Capture each labeled data item by adjusting the program logic • Learn by example!
• Training Phase• The system learns the logic for the application from labeled data.
• Deployment (inference) Phase• The system applies the learned program logic in processing data
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DIFFERENT MODALITIES OF REAL-WORLD DATA
Image Vision features Detection
Images/video
Audio Audio features Speaker ID
Audio
Text
Text Text features
Text classification, machine translation, information retrieval, ....
Slide courtesy of Andrew Ng, Stanford University
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Recent Explosion of Deep Learning Applications• GPU computing hardware and programming interfaces such as CUDA has
enabled effective use of massive data sets in very fast research cycle of deep neural net training
• Using big labeled data to train and specialize DNN based classifiers • Deriving a large quantity of quality labeled data is a challenge
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DEEP LEARNING IN COMPUTER VISION
Deep Learning Object DetectionDNN + Data + HPC
Traditional Computer VisionExperts + Time
Deep Learning Achieves “Superhuman” Results
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Traditional CVDeep Learning
ImageNet
Slide courtesy of Steve Oberlin, NVIDIA
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Behind the Scenes
• In 2010 Prof. Andreas Moshovos at University of Toronto adopted the ECE498AL Programming Massively Parallel Programming Class
• Several of Prof. Geoffrey Hinton’s graduate students took the course• These students developed the GPU implementation of the DNN that
was trained with 1.2M images to win the ImageNet competition in 2012
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A long way to go towards cognitive computing
Image Recognition
Text Extraction
Human Instructions
Speech Recognition
Natural Language Processing
Diagram Understanding
IR
Knowledge Indexing
Knowledge Inferencing
Programming Framework
Hardware Platform
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Post-Dennard technology pivot -heterogeneity
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Dennard Scaling of MOS Devices
In this ideal scaling, as L → α*L• VDD → α*VDD, C → α*C, i → α*i• Delay = CVDD/I scales by α, so f → 1/α• Power for each transistor is CV2*f and scales by α2
• keeping total power constant for same chip area
JSSC Oct 1974, page 256
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Frequency Scaled Too Fast 1993-2003
Clock Frequency (MHz)
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Chart3
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intel 486
intel pentium
intel pentium 2
intel pentium 3
intel pentium 4
intel itanium
Alpha 21064
Alpha 21164
Alpha 21264
Sparc
SuperSparc
Sparc64
Mips
HP PA
Power PC
AMD K6
AMD K7
AMD x86-64
Clock Frequency (MHz)
16
25
66
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500
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40
60
118
40
66
66
233
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SummaryPlots
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intel 486
intel pentium
intel pentium 2
intel pentium 3
intel pentium 4
intel itanium
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Alpha 21164
Alpha 21264
Sparc
SuperSparc
Sparc64
Mips
HP PA
Power PC
AMD K6
AMD K7
AMD x86-64
Cycle in FO4
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intel 486
intel pentium
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intel pentium 3
intel pentium 4
intel itanium
Alpha 21064
Alpha 21164
Alpha 21264
Sparc
SuperSparc
Sparc64
Mips
HP PA
Power PC
AMD K6
AMD K7
AMD x86-64
Clock Frequency (MHz)
16
25
66
200
500
1500
800
200
300
500
40
60
118
40
66
66
233
600
1800
20
33
100
300
733
2000
1000
300
333
667
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200
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120
120
300
750
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25
50
120
333
1000
2200
1600
500
833
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900
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552
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300
750
133
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500
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35646
36072
36377
37090
intel 386
intel 486
intel pentium
intel pentium 2
intel pentium 3
intel pentium 4
intel itanium
Alpha 21064
Alpha 21164
Alpha 21264
Sparc
SuperSparc
Sparc64
Mips
HP PA
Power PC
AMD K6
AMD K7
AMD x86-64
Specint2000
1.0708526879
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Tech Scaling
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intel pentium 3
intel pentium 4
intel itanium
Alpha 21064
Alpha 21164
Alpha 21264
Sparc
SuperSparc
Sparc64
Mips
HP PA
Power PC
AMD K6
AMD K7
AMD x86-64
Power
1.7
3
13
32
19
52
130
35
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91
3
14.2
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31.2537441643
83.0011746032
111.696038282
54.6128011204
184.1119799253
87.2642656396
151.6734318394
191.0008160598
261.1427875817
50.539984127
61.6157894491
75.1157446312
90.1388935574
121.0954047619
230.2490130719
275.2372086835
369.5
506
681
932
1194.5
Spec2000
Watts/Spec
0.0306234557
0.0162124177
0.0142669276
0.0142669276
0.0146992587
0.0321005871
0.0302123173
0.021214477
0.0167718443
0.0175350711
0.0220359718
0.0326444218
0.0318582329
0.0259474176
0.0103009217
0.0121871451
0.0454006908
0.0497870882
0.0508508506
0.0509665987
0.0501272987
0.1619754816
0.0455640654
0.1346861739
0.1216692452
0.114661517
0.1480723351
0.1559313331
0.2546938909
0.222939383
0.4853081859
0.4814759395
0.4724057083
1.5381273687
1.2276659408
0.6443920365
0.3503962734
0.4298262264
0.0581110091
0.0629266716
0.0670137311
0.0607820932
0.0998314289
0.0939386431
0.0934575631
0.0904863992
0.1429970617
0.2570434655
0.3520758721
0.0195762304
0.0237603655
0.1413437285
0.0516643966
0.0393362146
0.1161207083
0.0865521104
0.0851332032
0.081293721
0.0521952085
0.1015532195
0.0622320205
0.3952431337
0.0055541301
0.0492518256
0.0100591782
0.0727964166
0.08225974
0.1315577613
0.0105473905
0.0067726253
0.0411467554
0.0266943155
0.035920097
0.0468956088
0.0294940515
0.0149604207
0.0165547167
0.018144472
0.0462679193
0.0560578567
0.0559932913
0.021084039
0.0716229521
0.0686652199
0.0587326479
0.0527449
0.0460965063
0.235967565
0.1225828497
0.1541812591
0.1517657857
0.1508782665
0.1412109736
0.1954405771
0.3406931567
0.3552909523
0.2965104616
0.6474922084
0.5646843823
0.5298998806
specfp2000
0.53542634392.794862585615.289710953771.997363212165.7051162465547540.529.929738008793.264468254366.54.676729512619.882145952763.07418253976.512087563413.221336438110.026456021650.539984127230.24901307191194.5
0.63277658833.118749830727.387651727495.9786577965289.568599455.6202943782102.8263370682510.55.137560392929.423456692984.62207002812.600997578718.739766248523.733599266661.6157894491275.23720868351818
0.8274770775.539592891130.2715368814103.94533893563788062151156.9701456583677.512.91906632618.859443832329.965046685322.031050257628.933770887410.026456021675.1157446312369.5
1.47305068915.422119416734.516113445498.6280466853871.5178.45529645191179.515.545547357424.8119304176112.0724584530.549658877445.060189542516.611579987390.1388935574506
9.309544862939.52691549951099140.379580765640.3466204482174.5521750737.799113737568.47272595724.1120270107121.0954047619681
46.58338328661602.5206.788126517321.573719491570.239673202643.3210140056932
52.19790849671903196.153542016850.0617343604139.197842203562.4354943978
57.4339495798474.5177.039061624731.2537441643
347.734401493983.0011746032
132.9075999066437111.696038282
228.036717086859254.6128011204
380184.1119799253
87.2642656396
151.6734318394
191.0008160598
261.1427875817
intel 386
intel 486
intel pentium
intel pentium 2
intel pentium 3
intel pentium 4
intel itanium
Alpha 21064
Alpha 21164
Alpha 21264
Sparc
SuperSparc
Sparc64
Mips
HP PA
Power PC
AMD K6
AMD K7
AMD x86-64
Spec2000
Watts/Spec
0.0146992587
0.0167718443
0.0259474176
0.1619754816
0.114661517
0.2546938909
0.6443920365
0.0581110091
0.0670137311
0.0904863992
0.0195762304
0.0516643966
0.1161207083
0.0055541301
0.0468956088
0.1225828497
0.1954405771
0.5298998806
0.0321005871
0.0175350711
0.0103009217
0.0455640654
0.1480723351
0.222939383
0.3503962734
0.0629266716
0.0607820932
0.1429970617
0.0237603655
0.0393362146
0.0865521104
0.0294940515
0.1541812591
0.3406931567
0.3481657906
0.0302123173
0.0220359718
0.0121871451
0.1346861739
0.1559313331
0.4853081859
0.4298262264
0.0998314289
0.2570434655
0.0851332032
0.0492518256
0.0105473905
0.0149604207
0.1517657857
0.3552909523
0.021214477
0.0326444218
0.0454006908
0.1216692452
0.4814759395
0.0939386431
0.3520758721
0.1413437285
0.081293721
0.0067726253
0.0165547167
0.1508782665
0.2965104616
0.0318582329
0.0497870882
0.4724057083
0.0934575631
0.0521952085
0.0411467554
0.018144472
0.1412109736
0.6474922084
0.0508508506
1.5381273687
0.1015532195
0.0100591782
0.0266943155
0.0462679193
0.5646843823
0.0509665987
1.2276659408
0.0622320205
0.0727964166
0.035920097
0.0560578567
0.0501272987
0.3952431337
0.0559932913
0.021084039
0.08225974
0.0716229521
0.1315577613
0.0686652199
0.0587326479
0.0527449
0.0460965063
0.235967565
cycleFO4
0.80313951592.794862585612.23176876325.199077124241.426279061698.4697.2920.352221845946.632234127128.2753.741383610111.929287571625.22967301597.8145050766.015873612917.688994444457.562253268155.285
0.63277658833.118749830716.432591036433.592530228852.11123.3178.9227.810147189151.4131685341127.6254.110048314317.654074015733.848828011212.600997578711.866799633315.403947362349.542697563236.34
0.8274770774.431674312918.162922128925.986334733968.04104.78279.6354.9395509804121.956.45953316315.087555065910.487766339913.218630154623.14701670995.013228010818.778936157866.51
1.47305068914.337695533412.080639705924.6570116713113.29562.4593537582212.316.21821894312.405965208839.225360457515.274829438736.0481516348.305789993722.534723389491.08
5.585726917713.8344204248142.8749.13285326816.138648179361.093261274513.229689808137.659999276412.056013505430.273851190588.53
16.3041841503144.22551.697031629312.944231694935.119836601315.162354902121.16
18.2692679739171.2778.461416806717.521607026169.598921101815.6088735994
20.101882352985.4115.6268720822
41.5005873016
46.517659967327.9240095705
57.009179271727.3064005602
25.3066370355
37.9183579599
42.0201795331
47.0057017647
intel 386
intel 486
intel pentium
intel pentium 2
intel pentium 3
intel pentium 4
intel itanium
Alpha 21064
Alpha 21164
Alpha 21264
Sparc
SuperSparc
Sparc64
Mips
HP PA
Power PC
AMD K6
AMD K7
AMD x86-64
Spec2000*L
Watts/(Spec*Vdd*Vdd*L)
0.0846677304
0.0429359213
0.0425122491
0.1166104477
0.114661517
0.1827450699
0.4908030586
0.1579168006
0.0984591091
0.1465730103
0.0320736959
0.0476139079
0.1091897202
0.0204747452
0.0833699712
0.0882506466
0.2412846631
0.2385597132
0.082177503
0.044889782
0.0217936855
0.0455640654
0.1127797223
0.1599609359
0.3229252056
0.0924542466
0.0893033508
0.1297025503
0.0389289828
0.0832237268
0.0813860065
0.0433337764
0.0566322348
0.2180436203
0.1673671641
0.0773435323
0.0361037361
0.025784373
0.1346861739
0.1118820804
0.2332930373
0.3228472545
0.1956696006
0.2368912578
0.0612896523
0.1042022095
0.0172808447
0.0219804161
0.1053929067
0.2273862094
0.0543090612
0.0534846206
0.0326851621
0.1216692452
0.2314508339
0.1841197404
0.3244731237
0.1329072341
0.0942814753
0.0110962693
0.024322816
0.1047765739
0.1897666954
0.0674025423
0.0358430461
0.227090673
0.1172331672
0.060534088
0.0411467554
0.0266585448
0.0980631761
0.3112566989
0.0366088768
0.3926698568
0.1125243429
0.0212822283
0.0392202983
0.0580384779
0.2714500569
0.0366922069
0.2828542328
0.0585175289
0.0524080722
0.0527751655
0.0358770283
0.0360879726
0.2835903675
0.1433428256
0.0539751398
0.0592209698
0.0793606117
0.0841969672
0.1008855389
0.0467636988
0.03121
0.0440705364
0.1510192416
specint2000perMHz
0.8031395159
0.6327765883
0.827477077
1.4730506891
2.7948625856
3.1187498307
4.4316743129
4.3376955334
5.5857269177
12.231768763
16.4325910364
18.1629221289
12.0806397059
13.8344204248
16.3041841503
18.2692679739
20.1018823529
25.1990771242
33.5925302288
25.9863347339
24.6570116713
41.4262790616
52.11
68.04
98.46
123.3
104.78
113.295
142.87
144.225
171.27
97.29
178.92
279.63
20.3522218459
27.8101471891
46.632234127
51.4131685341
54.9395509804
62.4593537582
49.132853268
128.275
127.625
121.95
212.31
3.7413836101
4.1100483143
6.459533163
6.218218943
11.9292875716
17.6540740157
15.0875550659
12.4059652088
16.1386481793
25.2296730159
33.8488280112
10.4877663399
39.2253604575
61.0932612745
51.6970316293
78.4614168067
85.41
7.814505076
12.6009975787
13.2186301546
15.2748294387
13.2296898081
12.9442316949
17.5216070261
46.5176599673
57.0091792717
23.1470167099
36.048151634
37.6599992764
35.1198366013
69.5989211018
6.0158736129
11.8667996333
5.0132280108
8.3057899937
12.0560135054
15.162354902
15.6088735994
15.6268720822
41.5005873016
27.9240095705
27.3064005602
25.3066370355
37.9183579599
42.0201795331
47.0057017647
17.6889944444
15.4039473623
18.7789361578
22.5347233894
30.2738511905
57.562253268
49.542697563
66.51
91.08
88.53
121.16
155.285
236.34
intel 386
Spec2000*L
Watts/(Spec*Vdd*Vdd*L)
0.0846677304
0.082177503
0.0773435323
0.0543090612
0.0429359213
0.044889782
0.0361037361
0.0534846206
0.0674025423
0.0425122491
0.0217936855
0.025784373
0.0326851621
0.0358430461
0.0366088768
0.0366922069
0.0360879726
0.1166104477
0.0455640654
0.1346861739
0.1216692452
0.114661517
0.1127797223
0.1118820804
0.1827450699
0.1599609359
0.2332930373
0.2314508339
0.227090673
0.3926698568
0.2828542328
0.4908030586
0.3229252056
0.3228472545
0.1579168006
0.0924542466
0.0984591091
0.0893033508
0.1956696006
0.1841197404
0.1172331672
0.1465730103
0.1297025503
0.2368912578
0.3244731237
0.0320736959
0.0389289828
0.1329072341
0.0476139079
0.0832237268
0.1091897202
0.0813860065
0.0612896523
0.0942814753
0.060534088
0.1125243429
0.0585175289
0.2835903675
0.0204747452
0.1042022095
0.0212822283
0.0524080722
0.0592209698
0.0841969672
0.0172808447
0.0110962693
0.0411467554
0.0392202983
0.0527751655
0.0833699712
0.0433337764
0.0219804161
0.024322816
0.0266585448
0.0580384779
0.0358770283
0.1433428256
0.0539751398
0.0793606117
0.1008855389
0.0467636988
0.03121
0.0440705364
0.1510192416
0.0882506466
0.0566322348
0.1053929067
0.1047765739
0.0980631761
0.2412846631
0.2180436203
0.2273862094
0.1897666954
0.3112566989
0.2714500569
0.2385597132
0.1673671641
clockFreq
31337
31824
32237
32608
32608
33000
33413
33826
34400
34050
34518
34785
34862
35220
35226
35438
35583
35004
35557
35821
36031
36217
36458
36593
36850
37135
37258
37378
37562
38159
38412
37040
37439
38295
27942
33878
34486
34759
34974
35254
35520
35506
35977
36312
36935
37636
33025
33390
34486
34851
33756
34851
34121
34486
34939
34973
35010
35338
35452
35920
36281
36251
36796
31418
32295
33756
33756
34455
34911
34486
35072
34492
34492
35082
36123
36708
33390
34486
33756
34489
34486
35309
35220
35551
36039
36831
37012
29099
30468
30103
31929
33253
34425
34060
34851
34731
34213
34973
35198
35524
34669
35268
35643
34881
36069
35646
36072
36377
37090
33609
33975
34851
35100
35580
36578
34408
34029
35151
35522
35892
35943
36115
36213
36334
36493
36652
37048
37409
37655
37714
38139
intel 386
Cycle in FO4
115.7407407407
138.8888888889
111.1111111111
84.1750841751
111.1111111111
84.1750841751
69.4444444444
52.6094276094
46.2962962963
52.6094276094
46.2962962963
38.5802469136
59.6729920038
47.8102887741
39.6825396825
39.6825396825
34.0622658219
39.6825396825
26.455026455
33.3667000334
37.037037037
22.2222222222
21.0533407441
30.8641975309
20.5761316872
15.4320987654
19.425019425
16.8713157264
14.245014245
17.146776406
18.3007397159
38.5802469136
30.8641975309
26.7094017094
20.4248366013
18.5185185185
18.5185185185
16.6833500167
15.873015873
13.2275132275
14.8902587927
15.873015873
16.6583374979
18.5259288901
26.8384326355
86.8055555556
69.4444444444
65.3594771242
63.1313131313
77.1604938272
51.4403292181
48.225308642
55.5555555556
46.2962962963
58.8512241055
34.7222222222
46.685340803
31.746031746
22.0458553792
24.6913580247
25.5310457516
17.146776406
86.8055555556
57.8703703704
27.7777777778
30.8641975309
27.7777777778
31.746031746
30.8641975309
39.6825396825
52.9100529101
52.9100529101
39.6825396825
37.037037037
38.5802469136
42.0875420875
46.2962962963
34.7222222222
27.7777777778
42.0875420875
34.7222222222
30.8641975309
25.2525252525
25.2525252525
20.1288244767
20.5761316872
74.0740740741
46.2962962963
105.2188552189
84.1750841751
70.1459034792
46.2962962963
84.1750841751
69.4444444444
55.5555555556
39.6825396825
37.037037037
55.5555555556
24.6913580247
31.746031746
41.7710944027
55.5555555556
36.0095641402
27.7777777778
25.2525252525
21.0533407441
35.6125356125
35.6125356125
42.2154677474
34.2935528121
59.7371565114
138.8888888889
61.7283950617
34.0622658219
37.037037037
33.3667000334
27.7777777778
24.6913580247
18.5185185185
41.1522633745
30.8641975309
22.0458553792
23.7416904084
19.784742007
23.7416904084
16.4365548981
PowerDensity
3
3
3
3
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1
1
1
1
1
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.09
0.09
0.18
0.18
0.13
5
0.68
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.25
0.18
0.18
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.25
0.4
0.18
2
1.2
1
0.6
0.5
0.35
0.6
0.35
0.7
0.7
0.35
0.25
0.18
1
0.5
0.8
0.8
0.55
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.25
0.25
0.18
5
5
5
1.5
1.2
0.8
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.35
0.25
0.5
0.5
0.25
0.5
0.25
0.29
0.25
0.22
0.18
5
5
0.65
0.65
0.35
0.18
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.35
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
Vdd
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
3.3
5
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
2.8
2
2
2
1.65
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.425
1.5
1.65
1.5
1.2
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
2
2
2.5
2.2
2.1
1.5
1.5
5
5
3.3
3.3
5
3.3
5
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
2.6
2.6
1.9
3.3
1.7
5
5
5
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
2.5
1.8
5
3.3
5
5
4.4
3.3
3.3
3.3
2
2
1.65
5
5
5
3.3
3.6
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
1.9
3.3
2.5
2.6
2.6
1.8
1.8
3.3
3.3
2.9
2.2
4
5
3.5
3.3
3.3
2.4
2.4
2.4
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.55
1.5
SpecAvgWatts/SpecWatts/l^3*Specl^3*Spec^2/WattSpecAvg*LWatts/(V^2*L*Spec)
NameIntroductionClock Speed (MHz)Bus WidthPower Typ (W)Power/10TechFeat Size (um)MetTranDieI $D $L2 $VddMIPSintfpintfpintfpCycle in FO4SpecInt200 per MHzPower Density (W/mm2)2071.2208654317
0.74135137740.02469576120.021021898110.637.57
Intel 4004Nov-710.1084?0pmos1020.00231200050.060.0125720.110.01
Intel 8008Apr-720.28?0pmos1020.00351600050.060.0113890.060.01
Intel 8080Apr-7428?0pmos620.0062000050.640.122310.060.06
Intel 8086Jun-785161.70.17nmos320.0293300050.330.061850.010.050.0352.9173314940.03062345571.04905145010.09637674190.7055644199
Jul-7881.80.1833350.660.131160.020.050.0628.01505784980.01621241773.9630832560.19275348380.3735341047
Aug-78101.80.1833350.750.15930.010.050.0724.65325090780.01426692765.11761784090.21903804980.3287100121
Intel 8088Jun-79881.80.18cmos320.0293300050.750.151160.020.050.0724.65325090780.01426692765.11761784090.21903804980.3287100121
Intel 80286Feb-82616?0cmos1.520.1344700050.90.183090.030.09
Mar-8210?01.5471.50.291850.030.15
Apr-8212?01.5472.660.521540.040.26
Intel 80386 DXOct-8516321.70.17cmos1.520.27510300055.51.071160.070.020.543.17503988960.014699258736.42539757370.80313951590.0846677304
Feb-87201.30.1314656.51.271390.060.030.632.05443757570.032100587119.71230575770.63277658830.082177503
Apr-88251.60.1614658.51.651110.070.030.831.93358830650.030212317327.38873251910.8274770770.0773435323
Apr-893320.2146511.49.432.470.48840.070.041.471.35772652960.02121447769.43610664341.47305068910.0543090612
Intel 80486DXApr-89253230.3cmos131.2818 unified052016.87.44.411.181110.180.042.791.07339803230.0167718443166.64014660922.79486258560.0429359213
May-90333.50.3518152718.68.54.881.35840.150.043.121.12224454990.0175350711177.85783783733.11874983070.044889782
Jun-915040.40.87654133.414.58.772.31690.180.055.540.72207472260.0220359718251.38863635434.43167431290.0361037361
DX2Aug-92665.80.580.87655429.918.87.852.99530.120.085.421.06969241260.0326444218166.09635345854.33769553340.0534846206
DX4Mar-941004.10.41bicmos0.641.6873.370.754.5926.9114.344.28460.140.059.310.44040821120.0318582329292.21786723385.58572691770.0674025423
Intel PentiumMar-936632131.3bicmos0.833.229488511277.963.620.4610.12530.310.0415.290.8502449810.0259474176589.257519538712.2317687630.0425122491
Jul-941003.90.390.641483.3166.33.32.63520460.350.0327.390.14239994140.01030092172658.757397366716.43259103640.0217936855
Mar-951205.10.510.6913.32033.72.83921390.330.0630.270.16847509330.01218714512483.890750183318.16292212890.025784373
Jun-951334.30.430.353.3833.3218.943.54326600.320.0534.520.12457949550.0454006908760.255248315112.08063970590.0326851621
Jun-961665.40.540.35833.34.83.75128480.310.0739.530.13661577010.0497870882793.919004111413.83442042480.0358430461
Jun-962006.50.650.35833.35.74.36133400.300.0846.580.13953473410.0508508506916.07874247616.30418415030.0366088768
MMXJan-972007.30.730.354.5140161603.36.44.86836400.340.0552.200.13985234680.05096659871024.159152264818.26926797390.0366922069
Jun-972337.90.790.351403.37.15.27639340.320.0657.430.13754930760.05012729871145.761911461420.10188235290.0360879726
Intel Pentium ProNov-9520032323.2bicmos0.3545.5196161603.38.76.89351400.460.1672.000.44446072150.1619754816444.495441537425.19907712420.1166104477
Intel Pentium IIKlamathMay-9730032121.2cmos0.3547.5203161602.8128.512864260.430.0695.980.12502779550.04556406542106.455096050733.59253022880.0455640654
DeschutesJan-98333141.40.255118161602139.213870330.420.12103.950.13468617390.1346861739771.759534745125.98633473390.1346861739
MendocinoAug-98300121.20.251.915416161282129.212870370.430.0898.630.12166924520.1216692452810.624299413824.65701167130.1216692452
Intel Pentium IIIKatmaiFeb-9950032191.9cmos0.2559.512816160220.714.7220111220.440.15165.710.1146615170.1146615171445.167660540341.42627906160.114661517
CoppermineOct-99733161.60.186281062561.6535.730.5335244210.460.15289.500.05526770290.14807233511955.12551252.110.1127797223
CascadeMar-001000222.20.18901.7442314310.440.24378.000.05820105820.15593133312424.143965090968.040.1118820804
Intel Pentium 4WillametteNov-00150032525.2cmos0.186422171282561.7536558210.360.24547.000.09506398540.25469389092147.676169846298.460.1827450699
Sep-012000575.70.182171.7656714150.330.26685.000.08321167880.2229393833072.5840842105123.30.1599609359
NorwoodJan-022200555.50.13551455121.51.5811801190.370.38806.000.06823821340.48530818591660.8003397818104.780.2332930373
May-022533595.90.131311.5882861170.350.45871.500.06769936890.48147593951810.0592957288113.2950.2314508339
Nov-023000737.30.131311.511071091140.370.561099.000.06642402180.47240570832326.3901781918142.870.227090673
PrescottJun-04360011511.50.091121610241.42515751630170.441.031602.500.07176287051.53812736871041.8513008696144.2250.3926698568
Extreme EditionMar-05337310910.90.091691358204801.517932013180.530.811903.000.05727798211.22766594081550.0959477431171.270.2828542328
Intel ItaniumMercedMay-018006413013cmos0.186253001616961.65370711390.460.43540.500.24051803890.6443920365838.775107938597.290.4908030586
McKinleyJul-021000130130.18221421161625630721.58101178310.810.31994.000.13078470820.35039627342836.7881609846178.920.3229252056
MadisonNov-041600130130.13592432161625692161.215902712270.990.302151.000.0604370060.42982622645004.3479616279.630.3228472545
0
Zylog Z80Jul-762.580.80.08nmos20.00851800050.04
0
DEC alpha21064Oct-9220064353.5cmos0.6831.72348803.3106.5200.42832200.140.1529.931.1694054920.0581110091515.044196871220.35222184590.1579168006
21064AJun-94300282.8cmos0.542.8?161603.3201.5366.55358190.1855.620.5034133730.0629266716883.890613348327.81014718910.0924542466
DEC alpha21164Mar-9530064505cmos0.549.6729988963.33415138.512.79096190.300.1793.260.53610984910.06701373111391.721766191346.6322341270.0984591091
Oct-953335050.53.34125429.813.4104101170.31102.830.48625674540.06078209321691.720895176851.41316853410.0893033508
21164AJul-96500434.30.3549.67209889621520.4160154160.320.21156.970.27393744090.09983142891572.351987608554.93955098040.1956696006
Mar-97600464.60.35209218.421.3196161130.330.22178.460.25776763660.09393864311899.700598484762.45935375820.1841197404
21164PCMar-97533363.60.3543.513816802.514.317152129150.290.26140.380.25644755320.09345756311502.067634823649.1328532680.1172331672
Dec Alpha21264Jul-9850064919.1cmos0.35615.2314646402.2311422160.620.29366.500.24829467940.09048639924050.3324615385128.2750.1465730103
21264AJun-99667737.30.252252.14084444577170.670.32510.500.14299706170.14299706173570.0034246575127.6250.1297025503
21264BFeb-01833656.50.181251.550100571784190.690.52677.500.09594095940.25704346552635.7409969231121.950.2368912578
21364 (EV7)Jan-0311506415515.5cmos0.187152397646415361.58771482270.760.391179.500.13141161510.35207587213350.1301669161212.310.3244731237
0
CypressCY7C601Jun-90403230.3cmos0.820.0864000521.822.864870.140.054.680.64147391720.0195762304238.898369163.74138361010.0320736959
FujiMicroSparcJun-91503240.4cmos0.82?225420526.42173690.140.025.140.77857965530.0237603655216.22396346544.11004831430.0389289828
MicroSparc2Jun-948532?0cmos0.532.323316803.365.354.6179650.2012.926.459533163
Jun-9511090.9cmos0.432333.379652110630.190.0415.550.57894391190.1413437285109.98399096266.2182189430.1329072341
SunSuperSparcJun-92603214.21.42cmos0.633.1256201605891032316770.390.0619.880.71420861880.0516643966384.83263630411.92928757160.0476139079
SuperSparc IIJun-959032161.6cmos0.633.1299201603.31351473523510.390.0529.420.54378383090.0393362146747.999190445817.65407401570.0832237268
RossHyperSparcJun-937232?0cmos0.821.21358005801052117480.2918.8615.0875550659
Jun-9410032?0cmos0.531.73278003.31121272920560.2924.8112.4059652088
Aug-9515032?0cmos0.431.7?8003.31802454.14.94437460.2940.3516.1386481793
HALSparc64Oct-9511864303cmos0.442.72974403.35.19.55472590.460.1063.070.47563042110.1161207083543.177728416325.22967301590.1091897202
SunUltraSparc INov-9520064303cmos0.445.2265161603.33224627.811.48386350.410.1184.620.35451744430.0865521104977.700827931433.84882801120.0813860065
FujitsuTurboSparcSep-961706470.7cmos0.3543132161603.32563303.533723470.220.0529.970.23360550960.0851332032351.97837695910.48776633990.0612896523
SunUltraSparc IIJan-9725064252.5cmos0.3555.4149161602.610.415111114320.440.17112.070.22306997050.0812937211378.611497107839.22536045750.0942814753
May-9836064252.50.352.616.123.5171178220.48174.550.14322365210.05219520853344.218369547361.09326127450.060534088
May-9945064212.10.251261.919.627.1208205250.460.17206.790.10155321950.10155321952036.253774691651.69703162930.1125243429
FujitsuSparc64 GPApr-9927264505cmos0.442.72404403.317.627.1187205260.690.21196.150.2549023560.06223202053151.971290786978.46141680670.0585175289
SunUltraSparc IIISep-0090064707cmos0.18729210643201.7467482170.520.33474.500.14752370920.39524313371200.526864457185.410.2835903675
0
Mips R2000Jan-86163230.3cmos220.11800005870.04
Mips R3000Jun-88403240.4cmos1.220.1256000527.935.876580.180.076.510.61424235490.00555413011172.47659999927.8145050760.0204747452
Mips R4000Jun-9210064?0cmos121.1213880559611510280.1512.6012.6009975787
Mips R4400Jun-9215064151.5cmos0.632.3186161603.3109972915310.190.0822.030.68085723670.0492518256447.314388897213.21863015460.1042022095
May-9420064?0cmos0.51481461433823280.1930.5515.2748294387
Jul-9525064?0cmos0.351081801784728320.1937.8013.2296898081
Mips R4600Jun-941506430.3cmos0.631.977161603.3114833013310.200.0421.570.13905807950.01005917822144.680117389912.94423169490.0212822283
Mips R5000Jan-9620064101cmos0.3533.684323203.35.55.55842400.290.1250.060.19975336710.0727964166687.695036624117.52160702610.0524080722
Mips R8000 intJun-947564?0cmos0.732.6298161603.3530.00
Mips R8010 fpJun-947564?0cmos0.730.8298161603.3530.00
Mips R10000Jan-9620064303cmos0.3546.8298323203.311.419.1121145400.610.10132.910.22572072640.082259741615.70654099746.51765996730.0592209698
Mips R12000Nov-9830064303cmos0.2546.9204323202.518.434.4196260370.650.15228.040.13155776130.13155776131733.35814465857.00917927170.0841969672
Mips R12000AJul-00400640cmos0.18106323201.8353407390.88380.00
0
HP PA-7000Jun-916632?0cmos120.58196000551821313420.2013.22
Hitachi harp-1Jun-9412032?0bicmos0.542.826781603.3701201819460.1518.74
HP PA-7100Jun-9210032101cmos0.830.8520200051241593325350.330.0528.930.34561689310.01054739052743.216038761823.14701670990.0172808447
HP PA-7150Jun-9412532101cmos0.830.8519600051492015.24.65535280.440.0545.060.22192538690.00677262536653.282489481836.0481516340.0110962693
HP PA-7200Jun-9412032303cmos0.5531.262100204.46.49.16869420.570.1468.470.4381306510.04114675541664.109973382837.65999927640.0411467554
HP PA-7300LCSep-9616032151.5cmos0.539259646403.37.87.68358350.520.0670.240.21355452430.02669431552631.259568858735.11983660130.0392202983
HP PA-8000Jun-9618064404cmos0.543.93450003.311.820.2125153310.700.12139.200.28736077630.0359200973875.207854824869.59892110180.0527751655
HP PA-8200May-9722064?0cmos0.553.83380003.315.525165189250.75177.04
HP PA-8500Sep-9844064?0cmos0.25514046751210240231.847.2338357250.77347.73
HP PA-8600Nov-00552640cmos0.255140467512102402441433200.80437.00
HP PA-8700May-0175064?0cmos0.187186306768153601.65603581210.80592.00
0
Motorola6800800.0068165
68000Sep-79141600.0684450.70.140.01
68010Jun-83141600.06844510.190.01
68020Jun-8225320.720.072cmos1.520.19850.25005740.01
68030Jun-87503201.220.271020.250.250546
68040Jan-91333260.6cmos0.831.216444053525941050.280.046.59
68060Apr-9466320cmos0.532.41988803.310019.47840.309.74
0
Power PC601Apr-9366326.50.65cmos0.642.81213203.640601110700.160.0510.030.64828489610.0468956088213.80372870036.01587361290.0833699712
601vJun-95120325.60.56cmos0.542.81213203.31051252820460.230.0523.730.23595241230.0294940515804.6910487811.86679963330.0433337764
602Feb-9566321.20.12cmos0.541504403.340601110840.160.0210.030.11968336540.0149604207670.19880234975.01322801080.0219804161
603Sep-9380322.20.22cmos0.541.6838803.375852014690.250.0316.610.13243773330.01655471671003.43487154628.30578999370.024322816
603eOct-95100323.50.35cmos0.542.698161603.31201053217560.320.0424.110.14515577630.0181444721328.891077867112.05601350540.0266585448
May-96200325.50.55cmos0.3552.680161602.55.345630400.280.0743.320.12695917040.0462679193936.307806959215.1623549020.0580384779
Apr-97300323.50.35cmos0.2552.642161602.57.46.17946370.260.0862.440.05605785670.05605785671113.768845912215.60887359940.0358770283
604Dec-9410032141.4cmos0.543.6197161602.53.63.23824560.380.0731.250.44794633010.0559932913558.169442451215.62687208220.1433428256
604eJul-9622532141.4cmos0.555.1148323202.510.27.610858250.480.0983.000.16867231180.0210840393936.68284886141.50058730160.0539751398
Aug-973503280.8cmos0.2547323201.914.6915568320.440.17111.700.07162295210.07162295211559.500620986227.92400957050.0793606117
620Jul-9513364303cmos0.547311323203.3225300666445420.480.1054.610.54932175950.0686652199795.348812325827.30640056020.1008855389
630 (Power3)Oct-9820064?0cmos0.255270326402.513.230.1140228560.70184.11
740 (G3)Aug-972663280.8cmos0.2956.467323202.611.56.912252360.460.1287.260.09167555520.05873264791485.788037065725.30663703550.0467636988
750 (G3)Oct-984003280.8cmos0.2556.440323202.619.213.120499280.510.20151.670.05274490.05274492875.603740742737.91835795990.03121
7400 (G4)Aug-995003260.6cmos0.22610.583323201.821.420.4228154250.460.07191.000.03141347830.04609650634143.498745168342.02017953310.0440705364
7450 (G4)Jul-0173332232.3cmos0.1863310632322561.832.123.9341181210.470.22261.140.08807442170.2359675651106.68933484747.00570176470.1510192416
0
Cirix486SLCJan-923332?0cmos?0.61081 u05
486DXJan-9310032?0cmos?1.11968 u05
5x86Jun-951203230.3cmos0.653214416 u03.3360.02
M1 (6x86)Feb-9612032121.2cmos0.655321016 u03.3360.06
M2May-9718832131.3cmos0.3556.519764 u02.95.12.75420420.290.07
IIIFeb-0045032161.6cmos0.186227664 u2562.2340.21
0
NextGenNx586Mar-94933290.9cmos0.553.5165161604600.05
00.5
AMDAm486Mar-93403230.3cmos0.530.93898u051390.03
K5Mar-969032111.1cmos0.534.325116803.5620.04
K6Apr-9723332171.7cmos0.3558.8157323203.36.83.87229340.310.1150.540.33636733950.1225828497412.292455753217.68899444440.0882506466
Apr-98300329.50.95cmos0.25568323203.38.14.98637370.290.1461.620.15418125910.1541812591399.632158888215.40394736230.0566322348
K6-2May-983333211.41.14cmos0.2559.381323202.49.56.510149330.300.1475.120.15176578570.1517657857494.945183464718.77893615780.1053929067
Nov-9840013.61.36cmos0.255812.411.47.812159280.300.1790.140.15087826650.1508782665597.427950864422.53472338940.1047765739
K6-IIIFeb-994503217.11.71cmos0.25521.313532322562.415.310.516379250.360.13121.100.14121097360.1412109736857.549535347930.27385119050.0980631761
K7Jun-9960032454.5cmos0.25622184646401.827.522.2292168190.490.24230.250.19544057710.19544057711178.102400457457.5622532680.2412846631
Nov-99750353.5cmos0.18622102646401.832.926.5350201410.470.34275.240.12716303940.3406931567807.874191959549.5426975630.2180436203
Athlon ThunderbirdMay-00100032494.9cmos0.1863712064642561.8418321310.420.41369.500.13261163730.35529095231039.992709224566.510.2273862094
Jun-011400565.60.181201.8554458220.400.47506.000.11067193680.29651046161706.516516571491.080.1897666954
Athlon XP ThoroughbredJun-021800626.20.1337.2851.5738624240.410.73681.000.09104258440.64749220841051.75010787188.530.3112566989
Athlon XP BartonFeb-032160747.40.1354.310164645121.5995869200.460.73932.000.07939914160.56468438231650.4795052973121.160.2714500569
AMD OpteronApr-03180064898.90.13105.9193646410241.5511701219240.650.461194.500.07450816240.52989988062254.1994133933155.2850.2385597132
Athlon 64 FX-55Jun-042600898.90.13105.9193646410241.518541782160.710.461818.000.04895489550.34816579065221.6502853034236.340.1673671641
Mark Horowitz:Corrected for scaled channel length -- Need to get real FO4 delay data
Mark Horowitz:Corrected for FO4 errors
Mark Horowitz:This is to try to be more accurate in the energy efficency metric and get the scaling more correct
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3603936039
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3701237012
5
2909929099
3046830468
3010330103
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3442534425
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0.5
3402934029
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3813938139
Feat Size (um)
Vdd
10
5
10
5
6
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
1.5
5
1.5
1.5
1.5
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
0.8
5
0.8
5
0.6
3.3
0.8
5
0.6
3.3
0.6
3.3
0.35
3.3
0.35
3.3
0.35
3.3
0.35
3.3
0.35
3.3
0.35
3.3
0.35
2.8
0.25
2
0.25
2
0.25
2
0.18
1.65
0.18
1.7
0.18
1.7
0.18
1.7
0.13
1.5
0.13
1.5
0.13
1.5
0.09
1.425
0.09
1.5
0.18
1.65
0.18
1.5
0.13
1.2
5
0.68
3.3
0.5
3.3
0.5
3.3
0.5
3.3
0.35
2
0.35
2
0.35
2.5
0.35
2.2
0.25
2.1
0.18
1.5
0.18
1.5
0.8
5
0.8
5
0.5
3.3
0.4
3.3
0.6
5
0.6
3.3
0.8
5
0.5
3.3
0.4
3.3
0.4
3.3
0.4
3.3
0.35
3.3
0.35
2.6
0.35
2.6
0.25
1.9
0.4
3.3
0.18
1.7
2
5
1.2
5
1
5
0.6
3.3
0.5
0.35
0.6
3.3
0.35
3.3
0.7
3.3
0.7
3.3
0.35
3.3
0.25
2.5
0.18
1.8
1
5
0.5
3.3
0.8
5
0.8
5
0.55
4.4
0.5
3.3
0.5
3.3
0.5
3.3
0.25
2
0.25
2
0.18
1.65
5
5
1.5
5
1.2
5
0.8
5
0.5
3.3
0.6
3.6
0.5
3.3
0.5
3.3
0.5
3.3
0.5
3.3
0.35
2.5
0.25
2.5
0.5
2.5
0.5
2.5
0.25
1.9
0.5
3.3
0.25
2.5
0.29
2.6
0.25
2.6
0.22
1.8
0.18
1.8
5
5
0.65
3.3
0.65
3.3
0.35
2.9
0.18
2.2
0.5
4
0.5
5
0.5
3.5
0.35
3.3
0.25
3.3
0.25
2.4
0.25
2.4
0.25
2.4
0.25
1.8
0.18
1.8
0.18
1.8
0.18
1.8
0.13
1.5
0.13
1.5
0.13
1.55
0.13
1.5
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0
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0
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0
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0
50
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381393813938139
Feat Size (um)
Vdd
Power/10
10
5
0
10
5
0
6
5
0
3
5
0.17
3
5
0.18
3
5
0.18
3
5
0.18
1.5
5
0
1.5
0
1.5
0
1.5
5
0.17
1
5
0.13
1
5
0.16
1
5
0.2
1
5
0.3
1
5
0.35
0.8
5
0.4
0.8
5
0.58
0.6
3.3
0.41
0.8
5
1.3
0.6
3.3
0.39
0.6
3.3
0.51
0.35
3.3
0.43
0.35
3.3
0.54
0.35
3.3
0.65
0.35
3.3
0.73
0.35
3.3
0.79
0.35
3.3
3.2
0.35
2.8
1.2
0.25
2
1.4
0.25
2
1.2
0.25
2
1.9
0.18
1.65
1.6
0.18
1.7
2.2
0.18
1.7
5.2
0.18
1.7
5.7
0.13
1.5
5.5
0.13
1.5
5.9
0.13
1.5
7.3
0.09
1.425
11.5
0.09
1.5
10.9
0.18
1.65
13
0.18
1.5
13
0.13
1.2
13
5
0.08
0.68
3.3
3.5
0.5
3.3
2.8
0.5
3.3
5
0.5
3.3
5
0.35
2
4.3
0.35
2
4.6
0.35
2.5
3.6
0.35
2.2
9.1
0.25
2.1
7.3
0.18
1.5
6.5
0.18
1.5
15.5
0.8
5
0.3
0.8
5
0.4
0.5
3.3
0
0.4
3.3
0.9
0.6
5
1.42
0.6
3.3
1.6
0.8
5
0
0.5
3.3
0
0.4
3.3
0
0.4
3.3
3
0.4
3.3
3
0.35
3.3
0.7
0.35
2.6
2.5
0.35
2.6
2.5
0.25
1.9
2.1
0.4
3.3
5
0.18
1.7
7
2
5
0.3
1.2
5
0.4
1
5
0
0.6
3.3
1.5
0.5
0
0.35
0
0.6
3.3
0.3
0.35
3.3
1
0.7
3.3
0
0.7
3.3
0
0.35
3.3
3
0.25
2.5
3
0.18
1.8
0
1
5
0
0.5
3.3
0
0.8
5
1
0.8
5
1
0.55
4.4
3
0.5
3.3
1.5
0.5
3.3
4
0.5
3.3
0
0.25
2
0
0.25
2
0
0.18
1.65
0
5
0
5
0
1.5
5
0.072
1.2
5
0
0.8
5
0.6
0.5
3.3
0
0.6
3.6
0.65
0.5
3.3
0.56
0.5
3.3
0.12
0.5
3.3
0.22
0.5
3.3
0.35
0.35
2.5
0.55
0.25
2.5
0.35
0.5
2.5
1.4
0.5
2.5
1.4
0.25
1.9
0.8
0.5
3.3
3
0.25
2.5
0
0.29
2.6
0.8
0.25
2.6
0.8
0.22
1.8
0.6
0.18
1.8
2.3
5
0
5
0
0.65
3.3
0.3
0.65
3.3
1.2
0.35
2.9
1.3
0.18
2.2
1.6
0.5
4
0.9
0.5
5
0.3
0.5
3.5
1.1
0.35
3.3
1.7
0.25
3.3
0.95
0.25
2.4
1.14
0.25
2.4
1.36
0.25
2.4
1.71
0.25
1.8
4.5
0.18
1.8
3.5
0.18
1.8
4.9
0.18
1.8
5.6
0.13
1.5
6.2
0.13
1.5
7.4
0.13
1.55
8.9
0.13
1.5
8.9
31337326083405035004362173685037040338783475935977330253375634973322953339034060355223633437714
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3670836069
35646
36072
36377
37090
intel 386
intel 486
intel pentium
intel pentium 2
intel pentium 3
intel pentium 4
intel itanium
Alpha 21064
Alpha 21164
Alpha 21264
Sparc
SuperSparc
Sparc64
Mips
HP PA
Power PC
AMD K6
AMD K7
AMD x86-64
Specint2000
1.0708526879
4.4121698699
20.4588114799
92.5208851541
220.1358991597
536
370
27.970005425
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311
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23.3739951439
54.2363809524
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292.4510737628
1170
1.2655531766
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35.0941288515
127.6150140056
335
656
810
52.9197755224
104.2189281046
444
6.9334097955
35.4549364542
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15.4951203763
18.3840411244
27.5760616866
86.1401344538
349.8778300654
1854
1.654954154
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39.3479626517
138.2495985061
442
811
1590
159.518767507
571
17.1496840775
21.0103327136
37.2210457516
28.6265783223
32.5660157061
10.5051663568
101.0285527544
418
2.4687140938
7.8526118517
42.5383380019
127.6150140056
882
195.6763548086
877
20.7477035547
29.414465799
110.5996788049
38.3438572023
55.2998394024
19.697186919
121.2342633053
554
14.3369257854
51.0460056022
1107
152.0745583567
43.6017964519
171.2168104575
47.2732486056
68.061340803
31.5154990704
162.7091428571
738
60.6171316527
1575
208.4378562091
29.9397241169
82.9497591036
56.3632978525
995
68.061340803
1793
187.1686872082
58.4902147526
125.4880971055
78.6959253035
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467
164.8360597572
38.2845042017
338.1797871148
108.4727619048
121.2342633053
441
155.2649337068
195.6763548086
603
63.8075070028
353
140.3765154062
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204.184022409
227.58010831
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330003451835557364583713537439344863497436312333903485135010337563448634851358923649338139
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3670836069
35646
36072
36377
37090
intel 486
intel pentium
intel pentium 2
intel pentium 3
intel pentium 4
intel itanium
Alpha 21064
Alpha 21164
Alpha 21264
Sparc
SuperSparc
Sparc64
Mips
HP PA
Power PC
AMD K6
AMD K7
AMD x86-64
Specfp2000
1.1775553013
10.1206104275
51.4738412698
111.2743333333
558
711
31.8894705924
96.134968254
422
3.6281433608
16.3902967615
71.911984127
5.6968215928
13.0485857713
9.5477456863
28.7647936508
168.046952381
1219
1.3525973056
19.6811746032
64.3423015873
244
714
1178
58.320813234
101.4337460317
577
3.3417109902
23.3919769315
86.2943809524
9.7068747811
19.0954913727
19.8911368465
37.0914444444
200.5965873016
1782
2.3073718742
21.1951111111
69.6410793651
314
801
2712
154.4215238095
784
8.6884485746
16.7085549511
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25.3015260688
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321
2.9916269817
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69.6410793651
861
161.2342380952
1482
10.3433911602
20.2093950361
113.5452380952
22.7554605524
34.8205396825
13.5259730556
59.0435238095
458
4.2821639403
28.0078253968
1091
128.6846031746
37.0914444444
177.8875396825
28.3249788695
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16.7085549511
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624
32.5496349206
1630
205.1383968254
13.2077148661
57.5295873016
30.2787301587
869
36.3344761905
2013
205.1383968254
41.6332539683
152.9075873016
46.1750634921
39.3623492063
482
189.2420634921
24.222984127
357.289015873
57.5295873016
144.5809365079
433
68.1271428571
260.3970793651
581
45.4180952381
407
227.8474444444
52.2308095238
99.1628412698
154.4215238095
180.9154126984
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31824330003451835557364583713537439344863497436312333903485135010337563448634851358923649338139
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3440035220375623550634939359203491134486349733621337409
35226381593628134486353093519837655
354383841236251350723522035524
3558336796344923555134669
344923603935268
350823683135643
361233701234881
3670836069
35646
36072
36377
37090
intel 386
intel 486
intel pentium
intel pentium 2
intel pentium 3
intel pentium 4
intel itanium
Alpha 21064
Alpha 21164
Alpha 21264
Sparc
SuperSparc
Sparc64
Mips
HP PA
Power PC
AMD K6
AMD K7
AMD x86-64
Cycle in FO4
115.7407407407
111.1111111111
52.6094276094
39.6825396825
22.2222222222
20.5761316872
38.5802469136
20.4248366013
18.5185185185
15.873015873
86.8055555556
77.1604938272
58.8512241055
57.8703703704
42.0875420875
70.1459034792
34.0622658219
18.5185185185
23.7416904084
138.8888888889
84.1750841751
46.2962962963
26.455026455
21.0533407441
15.4320987654
30.8641975309
18.5185185185
16.6833500167
16.6583374979
69.4444444444
51.4403292181
34.7222222222
27.7777777778
46.2962962963
46.2962962963
37.037037037
41.1522633745
16.4365548981
111.1111111111
69.4444444444
38.5802469136
33.3667000334
30.8641975309
19.425019425
26.7094017094
15.873015873
18.5259288901
65.3594771242
48.225308642
46.685340803
30.8641975309
34.7222222222
84.1750841751
33.3667000334
30.8641975309
84.1750841751
52.6094276094
59.6729920038
37.037037037
16.8713157264
13.2275132275
26.8384326355
63.1313131313
55.5555555556
31.746031746
27.7777777778
27.7777777778
69.4444444444
27.7777777778
22.0458553792
46.2962962963
47.8102887741
14.245014245
14.8902587927
46.2962962963
22.0458553792
31.746031746
42.0875420875
55.5555555556
24.6913580247
23.7416904084
39.6825396825
17.146776406
24.6913580247
30.8641975309
34.7222222222
39.6825396825
19.784742007
39.6825396825
18.3007397159
25.5310457516
39.6825396825
30.8641975309
37.037037037
34.0622658219
17.146776406
52.9100529101
25.2525252525
55.5555555556
52.9100529101
25.2525252525
24.6913580247
39.6825396825
20.1288244767
31.746031746
37.037037037
20.5761316872
41.7710944027
38.5802469136
55.5555555556
36.0095641402
27.7777777778
25.2525252525
21.0533407441
31337326083405035004362173685037040338783475935977330253375634973322953339034060355223633437714
31824330003451835557364583713537439344863497436312333903485135010337563448634851358923649338139
3223733413347853582136593372583829535254369353448634121353383375633756347313594336652
326083382634862360313737835520376363485134486354523445534489342133611537048
3440035220375623550634939359203491134486349733621337409
35226381593628134486353093519837655
354383841236251350723522035524
3558336796344923555134669
344923603935268
350823683135643
361233701234881
3670836069
35646
36072
36377
37090
intel 386
intel 486
intel pentium
intel pentium 2
intel pentium 3
intel pentium 4
intel itanium
Alpha 21064
Alpha 21164
Alpha 21264
Sparc
SuperSparc
Sparc64
Mips
HP PA
Power PC
AMD K6
AMD K7
AMD x86-64
Specint2000 per MHz
0.066928293
0.1764867948
0.3099819921
0.4626044258
0.4402717983
0.3573333333
0.4625
0.1398500271
0.3013132275
0.622
0.1431328916
0.3895665857
0.4596303471
0.1831838383
0.2029407137
0.1591691872
0.3103655562
0.4874184563
0.65
0.0632776588
0.1480273441
0.3509412885
0.42538338
0.4570259209
0.328
0.81
0.1763992517
0.3129697541
0.6656671664
0.1386681959
0.3939437384
0.4147487955
0.1549512038
0.1532003427
0.2298005141
0.2871337815
0.4665037734
0.7130769231
0.0661981662
0.1754362782
0.3278996888
0.4151639595
0.442
0.3686363636
0.99375
0.319037535
0.6854741897
0.2017609891
0.2918101766
0.218947328
0.1908438555
0.3256601571
0.1591691872
0.3033890473
0.418
0.074809518
0.1189789675
0.3198371278
0.42538338
0.348203711
0.326127258
0.7626086957
0.1886154869
0.294144658
0.4423987152
0.191719286
0.4423987152
0.2462148365
0.3030856583
0.3957142857
0.1433692579
0.3075060578
0.369
0.2853181207
0.290678643
0.4756022513
0.1890929944
0.56717784
0.3151549907
0.361575873
0.41
0.3030856583
0.4375
0.463195236
0.1995981608
0.5184359944
0.2818164893
0.4606481481
0.340306704
0.5315742662
0.6881201736
0.2924510738
0.697156095
0.262319751
0.3240581543
0.5188888889
0
0.7492548171
0.382845042
0
0.7685904253
0.482101164
0.6061713165
0.7989130435
0.4436140963
0.652254516
0.804
0.4797556918
0.8825
0.701882577
0.4597658713
0.510460056
0.4551602166
0.4657164563
31337326083405035004362173685037040338783475935977330253375634973322953339034060355223633437714
31824330003451835557364583713537439344863497436312333903485135010337563448634851358923649338139
3223733413347853582136593372583829535254369353448634121353383375633756347313594336652
326083382634862360313737835520376363485134486354523445534489342133611537048
3440035220375623550634939359203491134486349733621337409
35226381593628134486353093519837655
354383841236251350723522035524
3558336796344923555134669
344923603935268
350823683135643
361233701234881
3670836069
35646
36072
36377
37090
intel 386
intel 486
intel pentium
intel pentium 2
intel pentium 3
intel pentium 4
intel itanium
Alpha 21064
Alpha 21164
Alpha 21264
Sparc
SuperSparc
Sparc64
Mips
HP PA
Power PC
AMD K6
AMD K7
AMD x86-64
Clock Frequency (MHz)
16
25
66
200
500
1500
800
200
300
500
40
60
118
40
66
66
233
600
1800
20
33
100
300
733
2000
1000
300
333
667
50
90
200
100
120
120
300
750
2600
25
50
120
333
1000
2200
1600
500
833
85
72
170
150
100
66
333
1000
33
66
133
300
2533
600
1150
110
100
250
200
125
80
400
1400
100
166
3000
533
150
360
250
120
100
450
1800
200
3600
450
150
160
200
2160
200
3373
272
200
180
300
233
900
75
220
100
75
440
225
200
552
350
300
750
133
400
200
266
400
500
733
31337326083405035004362173685037040338783475935977330253375634973322953339034060355223633437714
31824330003451835557364583713537439344863497436312333903485135010337563448634851358923649338139
3223733413347853582136593372583829535254369353448634121353383375633756347313594336652
326083382634862360313737835520376363485134486354523445534489342133611537048
3440035220375623550634939359203491134486349733621337409
35226381593628134486353093519837655
354383841236251350723522035524
3558336796344923555134669
344923603935268
350823683135643
361233701234881
3670836069
35646
36072
36377
37090
intel 386
intel 486
intel pentium
intel pentium 2
intel pentium 3
intel pentium 4
intel itanium
Alpha 21064
Alpha 21164
Alpha 21264
Sparc
SuperSparc
Sparc64
Mips
HP PA
Power PC
AMD K6
AMD K7
AMD x86-64
Power Density (W/mm2)
0.0165048544
0.037037037
0.0442176871
0.1632653061
0.1484375
0.2396313364
0.4333333333
0.1495726496
0.1672240803
0.2898089172
0.046875
0.05546875
0.101010101
0.0714285714
0.0537190083
0.1082802548
0.2445652174
0.4611398964
0.0282608696
0.0432098765
0.0263513514
0.0591133005
0.1509433962
0.2626728111
0.3087885986
0.3244444444
0.0177777778
0.0535117057
0.1132075472
0.0462809917
0.1397058824
0.3431372549
0.4611398964
0.0347826087
0.0526315789
0.056043956
0.1186440678
0.2444444444
0.3793103448
0.3009259259
0.2057416268
0.52
0.053030303
0.0806451613
0.0495049505
0.024
0.1407407407
0.4083333333
0.0434782609
0.0763157895
0.0518072289
0.0779220779
0.4503816794
0.2200956938
0.3904282116
0.0386266094
0.1677852349
0.0510204082
0.0265060241
0.1679012346