WHAP Review #1WHAP Review #1

Foundations Foundations Period: 8000 BCE- Period: 8000 BCE-

600 CE600 CE

Tests FoundationsTests Foundations

Part 1Part 1 =50 multiple choice- =50 multiple choice-bring a pencilbring a pencil

TERMSTERMS

Part 2Part 2 =2 Essays. Outlines due =2 Essays. Outlines due BEFORE test. You don’t know BEFORE test. You don’t know which two. I don’t know which which two. I don’t know which two!two!

NomadsNomads: Follow the Food: Follow the Food

Foragers: Hunt & Foragers: Hunt & GatherGather

Tied to natureTied to nature Few possessionsFew possessions Egalitarian Egalitarian naturenature

Pastoralists:Pastoralists: Domestication of Domestication of AnimalsAnimals

Mtns./low Mtns./low rainfall areasrainfall areas

Male-dominatedMale-dominated Stratified as Stratified as size of herds size of herds grewgrew

Leads to…Leads to…

The The Neolithic RevolutionNeolithic Revolution:: 8000-3000 BCE 8000-3000 BCE

Agriculturalists: Agriculturalists: Plant DomesticationPlant Domestication

Community Community DevelopmentDevelopment

Permanent Permanent settlementssettlements

Idea of land Idea of land ownership: World ownership: World View ShiftView Shift

Sustained cultureSustained culture Sense of identitySense of identity

Consequences of a Food SurplusConsequences of a Food Surplus

Specialization of laborSpecialization of labor Improved technology: metal working, Improved technology: metal working, irrigationirrigation

Stratification of societyStratification of society PossessionsPossessions ArmiesArmies ReligionReligion WritingWriting GovernmentGovernment Population density increasesPopulation density increases Voila…Voila…CivilizationCivilization

Environmental ImpactEnvironmental Impact

Use of water Use of water resourcesresources

Clearing of landClearing of land Use of building Use of building materialsmaterials

RoadsRoads Use of fuel Use of fuel materialsmaterials

Animals, diseaseAnimals, disease MiningMining

River Valley CivsRiver Valley Civs

MesopotamiaMesopotamia– Tigris, Euphrates Tigris, Euphrates = = Fertile Fertile CrescentCrescent

– SumerSumer, Babylon, , Babylon, PersiaPersia

– Unpredictable Unpredictable floodingflooding

Sumer: The firstSumer: The first

Successful agriculture, river Successful agriculture, river managementmanagement

Writing, Writing, cuneiformscuneiforms Use of wheelUse of wheel 12 month calendar, base 60, 12 month calendar, base 60, geometrygeometry

PolytheisticPolytheistic ZigguratsZiggurats Ur, Erech, Kish 3000 BCEUr, Erech, Kish 3000 BCE Overthrown by Akkadians 1700 BCEOverthrown by Akkadians 1700 BCE

Walk Like an EgyptianWalk Like an EgyptianRich soil, gentle flooding

•3 Kingdoms

•water management, pyramids, astronomy, hieroglyphs, calendar, gold, spices

•Polytheistic

•Women rulers (Nefertiti), buy, sell property, inherit, will property, dissolve marriages, still subservient to men

• Hierarchy: pharaoh, priest, nobles, merchants, artisans, peasants, slaves

•Conquered by (1100 BCE) Assyrians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Islam, Ottomans, Euros

Indus ValleyIndus Valley

Indus Valley: 2500-1500 BCEIndus Valley: 2500-1500 BCE

Outside contact more limitedOutside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outsideKyber Pass connection to outside HarrappaHarrappa, , Mohenjo-DaroMohenjo-Daro 100,000+ 100,000+ eacheach

Master-planned, water system, Master-planned, water system, strong central gov’t, strong central gov’t, polytheistic, written languagepolytheistic, written language

Pottery, cotton, clothPottery, cotton, cloth Cities abandoned, reason unknownCities abandoned, reason unknown AryansAryans arrive 1500 BCE arrive 1500 BCE

AryansAryans

From Caucasus Mtns. Black/Caspian SeaFrom Caucasus Mtns. Black/Caspian Sea Nomads who settledNomads who settled VedasVedas, , UpanashadsUpanashads basis for basis for HinduismHinduism Caste systemCaste system warriors, priests, peasantswarriors, priests, peasants BrahminsBrahmins (priests), (priests), warriors(warriors(kshatriyakshatriya), landowners-), landowners-merchants (merchants (VaishyaVaishya), ), peasants(peasants(ShudrasShudras), ), untouchables untouchables (out (out castes)castes)

China: Shang on the Huang-HeChina: Shang on the Huang-He

Shang: 1600-1100 BCEShang: 1600-1100 BCE

Stable agri-surplus, trade-Stable agri-surplus, trade-centeredcentered

N. China, walled cities, strong N. China, walled cities, strong army, chariotsarmy, chariots

““The Middle Kingdom” World ViewThe Middle Kingdom” World View Trade with MesopotamiaTrade with Mesopotamia Bronze, pottery, silk, decimal Bronze, pottery, silk, decimal system, calendarsystem, calendar

Patriarchal, ancestors as Patriarchal, ancestors as advocates w/the godsadvocates w/the gods

It’s It’s Zhou Zhou TimeTime

Replaced Shang around 1100 BCEReplaced Shang around 1100 BCE Ruled 900 years, kept customs, Ruled 900 years, kept customs, traditionstraditions

Mandate of HeavenMandate of Heaven Feudal system, nobles gained, Feudal system, nobles gained, bureaucracies, war amongst bureaucracies, war amongst feudal kingdoms, collapse 256 feudal kingdoms, collapse 256 BCEBCE

The Classics: India-ChinaThe Classics: India-China

4 key empires 300 BCE-500 CE4 key empires 300 BCE-500 CE IndiaIndia

– MauryaMaurya– GuptaGupta

ChinaChina– Q’inQ’in– HanHan

Mauryan Empire 321-180 BCEMauryan Empire 321-180 BCE

Mauryan EmpireMauryan Empire

Founded by Founded by Chandragupta MauryaChandragupta Maurya– Unified smaller Unified smaller AryanAryan kingdoms kingdoms

Greatest extent under Greatest extent under Ashoka Ashoka Big time traders: silk, cotton, Big time traders: silk, cotton, elephants (much more) to the westelephants (much more) to the west

Strong military, Ashoka converts Strong military, Ashoka converts to to BuddhismBuddhism: non-violence, : non-violence, moderationmoderation

Rock & Pillar edicts, Buddhism Rock & Pillar edicts, Buddhism spreadspread

Gupta Dynasty 320-467 CEGupta Dynasty 320-467 CE

Rise of GuptaRise of Gupta AshokaAshoka dies 232 BCE, Mauryan’s rapidly dies 232 BCE, Mauryan’s rapidly decline; econ problems, attacks from NEdecline; econ problems, attacks from NE

375-415 CE, revival under Chandra Gupta375-415 CE, revival under Chandra Gupta Smaller, more decentralized: Golden Smaller, more decentralized: Golden Age, peace, Arts & Sciences; pi, zero, Age, peace, Arts & Sciences; pi, zero, 0-9, skilled iron workers0-9, skilled iron workers

HinduismHinduism resurgent resurgent Women lost rights; own property, study Women lost rights; own property, study religion, child marriages common religion, child marriages common

(6-7 years-old)(6-7 years-old) Collapsed 550 CE (White Huns)Collapsed 550 CE (White Huns)

Q’in EmpireQ’in Empire

Q’inQ’in Ups in China 222-209 BCE Ups in China 222-209 BCE Same same: strong agri-Same same: strong agri-econ, strong army, iron, econ, strong army, iron, expansion…only lasted expansion…only lasted 13/14 years. Significance?13/14 years. Significance?

GREAT WALL…GREAT WALL…soso what? what?– Strong centralized, brutal Strong centralized, brutal gov’tgov’t

– Shi HuangdiShi Huangdi emperor emperor– Unified kingdom, standardized Unified kingdom, standardized weights, measures, laws, weights, measures, laws, written lang., zero dissent written lang., zero dissent policy, patriarchal societypolicy, patriarchal society

– LegalismLegalism– Peasant rebellion brings down Peasant rebellion brings down 209 BCE209 BCE

A big hand for the Han! A big hand for the Han!

Han Dynasty 200 BCE-200 CEHan Dynasty 200 BCE-200 CE

Resisted the HunsResisted the Huns Expanded into Central AsiaExpanded into Central Asia Silk RoadSilk Road to the Mediterranean to the Mediterranean Buddhism spread, culture spreadBuddhism spread, culture spread Civil Service system, Civil Service system, bureaucracies, resulting in stable bureaucracies, resulting in stable gov’t.gov’t.

paper money, sundials, calendars, paper money, sundials, calendars, metallurgymetallurgy

Classical Civs in the MedClassical Civs in the Med

Greece and Rome: Roots of Greece and Rome: Roots of Western CivilizationWestern Civilization

Simply: they put it all Simply: they put it all togethertogether

Representative gov’tRepresentative gov’t ArtArt ArchitectureArchitecture LiteratureLiterature ScienceScience PhilosophyPhilosophy

It’s Greek to me!It’s Greek to me!

Impact of Impact of geographygeography

Trade, not agri.Trade, not agri. Est. colonies, Est. colonies, strong militarystrong military

CommunicationsCommunications TransportationTransportation GovernanceGovernance

The PolisThe Polis

City-statesCity-states Common identity, culture in eachCommon identity, culture in each AthensAthens

– Political, commercial, cultural Political, commercial, cultural center, center, Delian LeagueDelian League

SpartaSparta– Agricultural, militaristic, Agricultural, militaristic, equality w/o individualityequality w/o individuality

HierarchyHierarchy

Citizens-adult males, business-Citizens-adult males, business-commercecommerce

Free people w/ no political rightsFree people w/ no political rights Non-citizens (included slaves 1/3 of Non-citizens (included slaves 1/3 of the Athenian pop!)the Athenian pop!)

All citizens expected to participate All citizens expected to participate in public lifein public life

Monarchy to aristocracy to democracyMonarchy to aristocracy to democracy SolonSolon/Draco: aristocrats who worked to /Draco: aristocrats who worked to ensure fair, =, open participationensure fair, =, open participation

ReligionReligion

PolytheisticPolytheistic Had human failings: got drunk, Had human failings: got drunk, cheated on spouses, jealous, cheated on spouses, jealous, angry, took sides, etc.angry, took sides, etc.

Greek mythology remains a large Greek mythology remains a large part of Western heritage and part of Western heritage and languagelanguage

War with PersiaWar with Persia

Persia invades Greece twice. Persia invades Greece twice. Despite great odds, Greece Despite great odds, Greece survives. Key battles: Marathon survives. Key battles: Marathon 490 BCE (land), Salamis 480 BCE 490 BCE (land), Salamis 480 BCE (sea)(sea)

Greece controls AegeanGreece controls Aegean Period of peace and prosperityPeriod of peace and prosperity

Golden Age of Golden Age of PericlesPericles

Athenian culture excelsAthenian culture excels Democracy for all adult males Democracy for all adult males (citizens)(citizens)

Delian League-city-state Delian League-city-state alliancealliance

Socrates, Plato, AristotleSocrates, Plato, Aristotle– Truth through rational thought and Truth through rational thought and observationobservation

Math, Science, Architecture, Math, Science, Architecture, LiteratureLiterature

Super-power, super mistakeSuper-power, super mistake

Athens dominated the Delian Athens dominated the Delian LeagueLeague

Peloponnesian War with Sparta Peloponnesian War with Sparta (431 BCE)(431 BCE)

Weakened, Macedonian conquest Weakened, Macedonian conquest Philip encouraged Greek culturePhilip encouraged Greek culture Followed by son, Followed by son, Alexander, Alexander, unified Greece, invaded Persiaunified Greece, invaded Persia

Alexander the Great?Alexander the Great?

Live fast, die young…Live fast, die young…

Alexander conquered PersiaAlexander conquered Persia Pushed to EgyptPushed to Egypt Stopped at IndiaStopped at India Empire divided into three: Empire divided into three:

– Antigonid (Greece/Macedonia)Antigonid (Greece/Macedonia)– Ptolemaic (Egypt), Ptolemaic (Egypt), – Seleucid (Bactria/Anatolia)Seleucid (Bactria/Anatolia)

Hellenistic EraHellenistic Era

Greek Culture and ideas Greek Culture and ideas flourished and flourished and spread(spread(Hellenistic Hellenistic culture)culture)

Alexandria (Egypt) became Alexandria (Egypt) became wealthy, center for learningwealthy, center for learning

After death (323 BCE), empire After death (323 BCE), empire crumbledcrumbled

Macedonian focus on the east and Macedonian focus on the east and Egypt left the door open for…Egypt left the door open for…

The Romans: 509 BCE-476 CEThe Romans: 509 BCE-476 CE

RomeRome

Good Geographic positionGood Geographic position– Protected by mtns in northProtected by mtns in north– PeninsulaPeninsula– Cross-roads in the Mediterranean Cross-roads in the Mediterranean

Polytheistic, borrowed many Polytheistic, borrowed many Greek gods, mythology still Greek gods, mythology still evident in Westevident in West

Social-Political StructureSocial-Political Structure PatriciansPatricians

– Senate, AssemblySenate, Assembly PlebiansPlebians

– AssemblyAssembly ConsulsConsuls Representative (as opposed to Direct in Representative (as opposed to Direct in Greece)Greece)

12 Tables (innocent until proven guilty)12 Tables (innocent until proven guilty) Patriarchal/PaterfamiliasPatriarchal/Paterfamilias Women influential in family, own property, Women influential in family, own property, still considered inferiorstill considered inferior

Slaves (up to 1/3) city better than countrySlaves (up to 1/3) city better than country

Military DominationMilitary Domination

All Directions, all the timeAll Directions, all the time Punic Wars 264-146 BCEPunic Wars 264-146 BCE Gained control of W. MedGained control of W. Med Defeated MacedoniansDefeated Macedonians GaulGaul SpainSpain Road net, navy, aqueductsRoad net, navy, aqueducts Cultural diffusionCultural diffusion

Republic, no-Imperialism, yesRepublic, no-Imperialism, yes

Increased slavery, displaced Increased slavery, displaced plebiansplebians, inflation= social unrest, inflation= social unrest

SenateSenate weakened, Triumvirate, weakened, Triumvirate, CaesarCaesar, Pompey, Crassus, Civil War, Pompey, Crassus, Civil War

Caesar assassinated 44 BCECaesar assassinated 44 BCE 22ndnd Triumvirate, civil war Triumvirate, civil war Imperial RomeImperial Rome Pax RomanaPax Romana

Pax RomanaPax Romana

Peace and ProsperityPeace and Prosperity

Rome, capital of western worldRome, capital of western world Military expansionMilitary expansion Rule of law, common coinage. Civil Rule of law, common coinage. Civil service, secure travel for service, secure travel for merchantsmerchants

200 years of stability200 years of stability Uniform laws, but traditional Uniform laws, but traditional cultures in territories survived cultures in territories survived ie Egyptians, Hebrewsie Egyptians, Hebrews

Growth of arts and sciencesGrowth of arts and sciences

A New ReligionA New Religion

ChristianityChristianity competes with competes with paganismpaganism

Christians persecutedChristians persecuted Conversion of Conversion of ConstantineConstantine ended ended persecution 312 CEpersecution 312 CE

Edict of Milan(ConstantineEdict of Milan(Constantine)-)-Christianity official religion Christianity official religion of Romeof Rome

COMPARECOMPARE

Golden Ages of Rome, Greece, Golden Ages of Rome, Greece, Gupta, OthersGupta, Others

Expansion of Territory, Expansion of Territory, flourishing of art and scienceflourishing of art and science

Wealth flows in due to military Wealth flows in due to military expansion, confidenceexpansion, confidence

““What goes up…”What goes up…”

Empires fallEmpires fall Late Classical Period 200-600 Late Classical Period 200-600 CECE

Steppe People on the move, Steppe People on the move, dominoes falldominoes fall

Han, Gupta, Roman Empires fallHan, Gupta, Roman Empires fall

Collapse of the HanCollapse of the Han

Wang MangWang Mang 9-23 CE, “Socialist 9-23 CE, “Socialist Emperor”Emperor”

EconomicEconomic– Military drained budgetMilitary drained budget– Confiscate land, raise taxesConfiscate land, raise taxes– Actions discouraged manufacture Actions discouraged manufacture and tradeand trade

Collapse of the HanCollapse of the Han

SocialSocial– Rising tensions between rich and Rising tensions between rich and poorpoor

– Poorly conceived land reform programPoorly conceived land reform program– FamineFamine– Revolt, murder of Wang MangRevolt, murder of Wang Mang– Han Dynasty briefly restored, full Han Dynasty briefly restored, full recovery impossible, collapse in 220 recovery impossible, collapse in 220 CECE

– 400 years of regional kingdoms400 years of regional kingdoms

Collapse of the GuptaCollapse of the Gupta

Huns 24/7Huns 24/7 Gupta able to hold off for a Gupta able to hold off for a while, at great costwhile, at great cost

Hun kingdoms emerged in western Hun kingdoms emerged in western & northern India& northern India

Culture survived, Hinduism, Culture survived, Hinduism, caste system, Gupta Empire did caste system, Gupta Empire did notnot

““Western Rome, you are the Western Rome, you are the weakest link, good-bye”weakest link, good-bye”

284 CE, 284 CE, Diocletian Diocletian splits W-E splits W-E EmpireEmpire

Why?Why?

Attempt to re-gain control ofAttempt to re-gain control of– Military under imperial controlMilitary under imperial control– Co-emperorsCo-emperors– EconomyEconomy

Gov’t budgetGov’t budgetPrice caps to control inflationPrice caps to control inflationStrengthen currencyStrengthen currency

CollapseCollapse

No singular reasonNo singular reason Rome sacked 410 CE, 476 CERome sacked 410 CE, 476 CE Internal decayInternal decay

– Weak or bad leaders Weak or bad leaders Bread and Bread and circusescircuses

– Expense of empireExpense of empire– EpidemicsEpidemics

External pressuresExternal pressures– Huns, VisigothsHuns, Visigoths– Sheer sizeSheer size

CONTRAST: Fall of Han, Gupta, CONTRAST: Fall of Han, Gupta, RomeRome

Two major causes threaten all Two major causes threaten all empiresempires

Internal: economic depression, Internal: economic depression, natural catastrophes, social natural catastrophes, social unrestunrest

External: Invading ArmiesExternal: Invading Armies Internal: HanInternal: Han External: GuptaExternal: Gupta Combo Meal: RomeCombo Meal: Rome

Cultural Diffusion via the Silk RoadCultural Diffusion via the Silk Road

Ideas, Culture, InventionIdeas, Culture, Invention

Trade routes brought various peoples Trade routes brought various peoples in contactin contact

Pastoralists provided protection, Pastoralists provided protection, services, suppliesservices, supplies

Disease and armies also traveled the Disease and armies also traveled the routes, plague, small pox, Mongolsroutes, plague, small pox, Mongols

Religion-Buddhism to China, SE AsiaReligion-Buddhism to China, SE Asia Christianity through Med, Europe, Christianity through Med, Europe, BritainBritain

Peoples: Anglo-Saxons to Britain, Huns Peoples: Anglo-Saxons to Britain, Huns to India, Germanic Tribes to Italyto India, Germanic Tribes to Italy

Religion: to 600 CEReligion: to 600 CE

Belief Systems through 600 CEBelief Systems through 600 CE

PolytheismPolytheism ConfucianismConfucianism DaoismDaoism LegalismLegalism HinduismHinduism BuddhismBuddhism JudaismJudaism ChristianityChristianity

CommonalitiesCommonalities

Schisms-Divisions resulting in Schisms-Divisions resulting in subgroups, sectssubgroups, sects

Consider social, political, Consider social, political, cultural, military impacts as cultural, military impacts as well as theological and well as theological and philosophicalphilosophical

Where did it start? Where did Where did it start? Where did he spread? How?he spread? How?

PolytheismPolytheism

Majority of ancient civsMajority of ancient civs Through 600 CE all Med and Through 600 CE all Med and Mesop Civs were poly. Mesop Civs were poly. Exceptions were Hebrews and Exceptions were Hebrews and ChristiansChristians

In the East, all were poly; In the East, all were poly; Aryans, Hindus, traditional Aryans, Hindus, traditional Chinese, Daoists, some Chinese, Daoists, some Buddhists, Americas, AfricaBuddhists, Americas, Africa

The Deity DetailsThe Deity Details

Multiple gods, may be good or Multiple gods, may be good or badbad

Deities impact daily lifeDeities impact daily life Human attributes (Grk-Rom)Human attributes (Grk-Rom) Egypt: Benevolent and kindEgypt: Benevolent and kind Sumer, Aztec: Feared, to be Sumer, Aztec: Feared, to be appeasedappeased

The Big Deal?The Big Deal?

major impact on civ developmentmajor impact on civ development Art & architectureArt & architecture Ritual basedRitual based Rise of priestly classRise of priestly class Rigid social structuresRigid social structures Gods for culture as whole, city-Gods for culture as whole, city-state as well: rise and fall seen state as well: rise and fall seen as battle of gods as well as city-as battle of gods as well as city-statesstates

ConfucianismConfucianism

Specifically Chinese (Kong Fu Tse) Specifically Chinese (Kong Fu Tse) 400 BCE onward400 BCE onward

Political-social philosophy, not Political-social philosophy, not religionreligion

Moral, ethical, also practicalMoral, ethical, also practical How to restore political-social How to restore political-social order?order?

5 key relationships: political, 5 key relationships: political, parental, spousal, sibling, friendsparental, spousal, sibling, friends

ConfucianismConfucianism

Right relationships = right societyRight relationships = right society Put aside personal ambition for good Put aside personal ambition for good of stateof state

Ren-Ren-humanity,humanity, benevolence, kindnessbenevolence, kindness Li-Li-propriety, courtesy, respect, deferencepropriety, courtesy, respect, deference Xiao-Xiao-filial piety, family obligation, filial piety, family obligation, extendedextended

Lead by good exampleLead by good example Women, 2nd status, honored by kidsWomen, 2nd status, honored by kids

The Big Deal?The Big Deal?

As a ethical, social, political As a ethical, social, political belief system it was compatible belief system it was compatible with other religions, could with other religions, could practice Buddhism and practice Buddhism and Confucianism simultaneouslyConfucianism simultaneously

FlexibleFlexible Embraced by leaders as well, Embraced by leaders as well, ordered society, tight familiesordered society, tight families

Exclusively Chinese, only in Exclusively Chinese, only in context of Chinese culturecontext of Chinese culture

Daoism-TaoismDaoism-Taoism

China 500 BCE onwardChina 500 BCE onward ““The Way” (of nature/cosmos)The Way” (of nature/cosmos) Lao-tzu, philosopherLao-tzu, philosopher Eternal principles, passive, Eternal principles, passive, yieldingyielding– Like water, yet strong, shapingLike water, yet strong, shaping– Opening of a pot, nothing, yet not Opening of a pot, nothing, yet not a pot without ita pot without it

Wu wei- Wu wei- non-doing, harmony with non-doing, harmony with naturenature

The Big Deal?The Big Deal?

Self-sufficient communitiesSelf-sufficient communities Counter to Confucian activismCounter to Confucian activism Emphasis on harmony w/ nature Emphasis on harmony w/ nature leads gains: astronomy, botany, leads gains: astronomy, botany, chemistrychemistry

Co-existed w/Confucianism, Co-existed w/Confucianism, Buddhism, LegalismBuddhism, Legalism

Added to complexity of Chinese Added to complexity of Chinese cultureculture

Contrast: Confucianism-DaoismContrast: Confucianism-Daoism

Shared belief in spirits of the deadShared belief in spirits of the dead ConfucianismConfucianism

– creating orderly societycreating orderly society– active relationships, active gov’tactive relationships, active gov’t– To guide relationshipsTo guide relationships

DaoismDaoism– harmony with nature, internal peaceharmony with nature, internal peace– Simple, passive lifeSimple, passive life– Little gov’t interferenceLittle gov’t interference– To guide individual in meditationTo guide individual in meditation

LegalismLegalism

The Q’in DynastyThe Q’in Dynasty Peace & order through centralized, Peace & order through centralized, tightly controlled statetightly controlled state

Mistrust of human nature; reliance Mistrust of human nature; reliance on tough lawson tough laws

Focus on things the practical and Focus on things the practical and sustainers of societysustainers of society

2 most worthy jobs: farmer, 2 most worthy jobs: farmer, soldiersoldier

The Big Deal?The Big Deal?

Accomplished swift Accomplished swift reunification of Chinareunification of China

Completion of projects like the Completion of projects like the Great WallGreat Wall

Caused widespread resentment Caused widespread resentment among common people, led to among common people, led to wider acceptance of wider acceptance of Confucianism-DaoismConfucianism-Daoism

Contrast: Confucianism-LegalismContrast: Confucianism-Legalism

Social belief systems, not Social belief systems, not religionsreligions

Intended to create orderly Intended to create orderly societysociety

Confucianism-fundamental Confucianism-fundamental goodnessgoodness– responsibilitiesresponsibilities

Legalism-fundamental evilLegalism-fundamental evil– punishmentspunishments

HinduismHinduism

Aryans, and empires of Indian Aryans, and empires of Indian subcontinentsubcontinent

Brahma-supreme forceBrahma-supreme force– Gods are manifestations of BrahmaGods are manifestations of Brahma

Vishnu-preserverVishnu-preserver Shiva-destroyerShiva-destroyer

ReincarnationReincarnation– DharmaDharma: rules and obligations: rules and obligations– KarmaKarma: fate based on how dharma was met: fate based on how dharma was met– Moshka:Moshka: highest state of being, release highest state of being, release of soulof soul

The Big Deal?The Big Deal?

Religion as well as social systemReligion as well as social system Caste system, accept lot in life, Caste system, accept lot in life, next one will be better (if dharma next one will be better (if dharma met)met)

Close relationship w/Indian Close relationship w/Indian culture, caste system have limited culture, caste system have limited its spreadits spread

Treatment of animalsTreatment of animals Hinduism spawns BuddhismHinduism spawns Buddhism

BuddhismBuddhism

India, China, SE AsiaIndia, China, SE Asia Hindu prince, Siddartha GautamaHindu prince, Siddartha Gautama Nepal 563-483 BCENepal 563-483 BCE Search for meaning of human Search for meaning of human sufferingsuffering

Buddha = enlightened oneBuddha = enlightened one No supreme beingNo supreme being

Buddhism: 4 Noble TruthsBuddhism: 4 Noble Truths

Four noble truthsFour noble truths– All Life is sufferingAll Life is suffering– Suffering caused by desireSuffering caused by desire– One can be freed of desireOne can be freed of desire– Freed by following Eightfold pathFreed by following Eightfold path

Buddhism: Eightfold PathBuddhism: Eightfold Path Eightfold PathEightfold Path

– Right viewsRight views– Right aspirationsRight aspirations– Right speechRight speech– Right conductRight conduct– Right livelihoodRight livelihood– Right endeavorRight endeavor– Right mindfulnessRight mindfulness– Right meditationRight meditation

Following the pathFollowing the path– Leads to nirvanaLeads to nirvana– State of perfect State of perfect peace & harmonypeace & harmony

– May take several May take several lifetimeslifetimes

2 forms2 forms– Theraveda: meditation, Theraveda: meditation,

harmony, Buddha not a god harmony, Buddha not a god (Lesser Vehicle)(Lesser Vehicle)

– Mahayana: more complex, Mahayana: more complex, greater ritual, reliance greater ritual, reliance on priests. Buddha a on priests. Buddha a diety, bodhisattvas, diety, bodhisattvas, nirvana “helpers”nirvana “helpers”

The Big Deal?The Big Deal?

Did not recognize castesDid not recognize castes Appealed to lower classes (duh!)Appealed to lower classes (duh!) Not attached to social structure, Not attached to social structure, spread rapidly to other culturesspread rapidly to other cultures

Ashoka adopted, thrivedAshoka adopted, thrived Eventually reabsorbed into HinduismEventually reabsorbed into Hinduism Thrived in China, Japan, SE AsiaThrived in China, Japan, SE Asia Force of cultural diffusion via Force of cultural diffusion via trade, missionariestrade, missionaries

JudaismJudaism The HebrewsThe Hebrews Chosen by God, special statusChosen by God, special status Personal relationship with GodPersonal relationship with God Afterlife, tradition, doctrines, Afterlife, tradition, doctrines, philosophy, personal salvationphilosophy, personal salvation

To honor, serve God, promote To honor, serve God, promote prophets, maintain cultural identityprophets, maintain cultural identity

A religion & cultureA religion & culture The First Monotheistic Belief The First Monotheistic Belief System:System:– ChristianityChristianity– IslamIslam

Compare: Confucianism, Hinduism, Compare: Confucianism, Hinduism, JudaismJudaism

Seem very differentSeem very different– Confucianism, not a religionConfucianism, not a religion– Hinduism, polytheisticHinduism, polytheistic– Judaism, monotheisticJudaism, monotheistic

All tied to the culture where All tied to the culture where they came from, not they came from, not evangelical, converting othersevangelical, converting others

ChristianityChristianity Splinter group of Jews, quickly Splinter group of Jews, quickly spread throughout Roman Empirespread throughout Roman Empire

Jesus, son of God, Messiah of Jesus, son of God, Messiah of Jewish prophecyJewish prophecy

Devotion to God, love of fellow Devotion to God, love of fellow manman

Jesus sent to redeem man from sinJesus sent to redeem man from sin Salvation by faith in divinity, Salvation by faith in divinity, death, and resurrection of Jesus.death, and resurrection of Jesus.

Crucified by Jewish leaders and Crucified by Jewish leaders and Roman gov’t 30 CERoman gov’t 30 CE

The Big DealThe Big Deal

Emphasis on compassion, grace through Emphasis on compassion, grace through faith, salvation, eternal life after faith, salvation, eternal life after death appealed to lower classes, womendeath appealed to lower classes, women

By 300 CE, most influential in Med. By 300 CE, most influential in Med. RegionRegion

Spread north and west throughout Spread north and west throughout EuropeEurope

Combo of religion & empire = huge Combo of religion & empire = huge impact on political, social impact on political, social development of Europedevelopment of Europe

Foundations: 3 ThemesFoundations: 3 Themes CivilizationsCivilizations

– Patterns, developmentsPatterns, developments– Rise-fall of empires: why? consequences?Rise-fall of empires: why? consequences?

Sources of ChangeSources of Change– TradeTrade– ConquestConquest– Invention, innovation, adaptation; iron, Invention, innovation, adaptation; iron, wheelwheel

Man vs. NatureMan vs. Nature– Interaction? Role of geography? Attempts Interaction? Role of geography? Attempts to measure/control?to measure/control?

– Change from survival (physical needs) to Change from survival (physical needs) to internal peace (spiritual needs)internal peace (spiritual needs)