Wh t i Bi i i ?What is Bioengineering?

Jaeseung Jeong, Ph.DDepartment of Bio and Brain EngineeringDepartment of Bio and Brain Engineering

KAIST

What is Bioengineering?

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EngineeringCS, EE, MEMS

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BioBio--inspired Engineering Innovationinspired Engineering InnovationBioBio--inspired Engineering Innovationinspired Engineering Innovation

• Bioengineering (a.k.a Biological Engineering) is the field of application of ‘engineering principles’ to challenges in biology andapplication of engineering principles to challenges in biology and medicine or application of knowledge of biological systems to engineering issues. It encompasses ‘biomedical engineering’ or g g p g gsometimes ‘biotechnology.’

• This is achieved by utilizing existing methodologies in such fields as molecular biology, biochemistry, biological physics, microbiology, gy, y, g p y , gy,pharmacology, cytology, immunology, and neuroscience and applies them to the design of medical devices, diagnostic equipment, biocompatible materials, and other important medical needs. • Much as other engineering disciplines also address human health ( th ti i h i l i i ) bi i l(e.g., prosthetics in mechanical engineering), bioengineers can apply their expertise to other applications of engineering and biotechnology, including genetic modification of plants and microorganismsincluding genetic modification of plants and microorganisms, bioprocess engineering, biomimetics, and biocatalysis.

Subfields of bioengineeringSub e ds o b oe g ee g• The Main Fields of Bioengineering may be categorised as:

• Biomedical technology(Image-guided surgery); Biomedical Diagnosis, Biomedical Therapy, Biomechanics, Biomaterials, artificial organs.

• Genetic Engineering; Cell Engineering, Tissue Culture Engineering, NanobiotechnologyNanobiotechnology

• Bioinformatics, Synthetic biology, Systems biology Computational Biologybiology, Computational Biology

• Neural Engineering, Brain-computer Interface, Neural prosthetics, Brain , p ,stimulation, Computational Neuroscience etc.

Research issues in Bioengineering

il d di i

Artificial Brain

ity

Tailored Medicine

Brain Machine InterfaceCell Engineering

Cybernetics

Com

plex

i

Smart Drugs

Drug Screening S/W Biomedical ImagingNanobio Robots

Brain Machine Interface

C

Biochips/Lab-on-a-chip

U Health Diagnostics

Biosensors

Bio-embedded System

2010 2015 2020 2025

Biosensors

6Time to development

2010 2015 2020 2025

Heinz Wolf• He is the first bioengineer, who studied

physiology and Physics in University College p y gy y y gLondon.

• He spent much of his early career in bioengineering and contribute to recent advances in physiology. He founded the Brunel Institute for Bi i i hi h i i l d i bi l i lBioengineering, which is involved in biological research during weightless space-flight.

• Wolf was the scientific director and co founder of• Wolf was the scientific director and co-founder of Project Juno, the private British-Soviet joint venture which sent Helen Sharman to the Mir space station. He is now Emeritus Professor of Bioengineering at Brunel University.

• The word ‘Bioengineering’ was coined by him in 1954 to take account of advancement in physiology.

Why Bioengineering?

Bioengineering will change the society

72 %

58 %58 %

Bioengineering

Now, the quality of life matters: Great Challenges in Engineering

Why bioengineering at early stage?

Biological system is a complex systemo og c sys e s co p e sys e• Bioengineers have the ability to solve problems within the

d i f l Th h d didomain of complex systems. They have a great understanding of living systems as complex systems which can be applied to many fields including entrepreneurshipmany fields including entrepreneurship.

Complex systemsComplex systems• nonlinear units• various interactions betweens units• network effects – More is different!• the presence of rich phenomena

Chaos, Fractal, Small-world effect, Synchronization, Bursts, IntermittencyLife at the edge of chaos, scale-free behavior.

Physics in New Era (2001)ys cs New a ( 00 )Board on physics and astronomy of the US National Research Council

b d h i i i i i ifi i- based on their intrinsic scientific importance- their potential for broad impact and application, - and their promise for major progress during the next decade

Grand Challenges

- and their promise for major progress during the next decade

Grand Challenges

1 developing quantum technologies1. developing quantum technologies2. creating new materials3. exploring the universe p g4. unifying the forces of nature 5. understanding complex systems 6 l i h i bi l6. applying physics to biology

Big advances in engineering, computer and information technolog and mathematics

PET, fMRICT/MRI

information technology, and mathematics

MRI

Optical Methods

MEG/EEG

Understanding is not enough!Understanding is not enough!

Bi i J S lli• Bionic man: Jesse Sullivan – Dr. Todd Kuiken: Neural Engineering Center for Artificial g g

Limb(NECAL) at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago (RIC)– Muscle reinnervation which tags an amputee’s own nerves

and connects them to a healthy muscleand connects them to a healthy muscle • Sullivan : control through nerves grafted from his shoulder to

his chest.• He moves his robotic arm just by thinking.

Engineering needs a breakthrough to cope with great challenges

The Nobel prize in Physiology/Medicine 1963The Nobel prize in Physiology/Medicine 1963

Alan Lloyd Hodgkin

University of Cambridge

Andrew Fielding Huxley

London UniversityUniversity of Cambridge,United Kingdom

London University United Kingdom

for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral/central neuronal membranes

The Nobel prize in Physiology/Medicine 2003

for the discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). g g ( )

Sir Peter Mansfield

University of Nottingham, School of Physics and Astronomy Nottingham, United Kingdom

The Nobel prize in Physiology/Medicine 1979The Nobel prize in Physiology/Medicine 1979

Allan MacLeod Cormack

Department of Physics,

Godfrey Hounsfield

Central Research Laboratoriesp y ,Tufts University, USA

Central Research Laboratories, EMI London, United Kingdom

for the discoveries concerning Computerized Tomography (CT).

The Nobel prize in Physiology/Medicine 1991The Nobel prize in Physiology/Medicine 1991

Bert Sakmann

Max-Planck-Institut fur

Erwin Neher

Max-Planck-Institut furMax Planck Institut fur medizinische Forschung

Heidelberg, Germany

Max Planck Institut fur medizinische Forschung

Heidelberg, Germany

for the discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels.

Engineers learn a lot from nature

Bacterial motor and drive train.

Above: Rotationally averaged reconstruction of electron micrographs of purified hook basal bodies The rings seen in the image and labeledof purified hook-basal bodies. The rings seen in the image and labeled in the schematic diagram are the L ring, P ring, MS ring, and C ring.

Engineering BiologyEngineering Biology

• Theory driven: • Empirical and descriptive:• Theory driven: – first principles

• Reductionism:

• Empirical and descriptive:– phenomena

• Systems level:• Reductionism: – simplify the world

Q lit ti d t di

• Systems level:– details of the system

Q tit ti d t di• Qualitative understanding:– mathematics

• Quantitative understanding: – measurements

• Paradigm Shift– Complex: real systems– Complex: real systems– Synthesis: whole-istic

System biology using mathematical models– System biology using mathematical models– Universality among the diversity: biology