wg4 session summary reportfile.iocwestpac.org/un decade regional workshop... · related to...
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ContentsSummaryresultsofWorkingGroup4..........................................................................................................2
Compositionofworkinggroup.............................................................................................................3
Table1.Listofparticipantsandtheirexpertisederivedfromregistrations,questionaireandattendanceforWorkingGroup4.XrepresentsattendanceonDay1.....................................................4
Livepollsconductedwithintheworkinggroup...................................................................................7
Analysisofgaps,typesofapproachandspecificinitiatives.................................................................8
Table2.Knowledgegaps,andinitiativesobtainedfromthequestionnairesandmeeting...................11
DetailednotesfromtalksandRoundTables–RapporteurGwynLintern.................................................16
Day1-WorkingGroup4ASafeOcean:TsunamiHazard......................................................................16
Presentation1:NearfieldtsunamiwarninginJapanbyDr.YujiNishimae,JapanMeteorologicalAgency,Japan.....................................................................................................................................16
Presentation2:PacificTsunamiWarningCenterbyCharlesMcCreery,PacificTsunamiWarningCenter.................................................................................................................................................16
Presentation3:EmergencyPreparednessbyTeronMoore,OceanNetworksCanada.....................17
RoundTableDay1:Eachpersonprepareda3-minutetalkfocusedon:...........................................18
Day2AMWorkingGroup4HeatwaveandHarmfulalgae....................................................................22
Presentation4:WeidongYu.HeatwaveintheWesternPacific.........................................................22
Presentation5:TyphoonForecastGapsFangliQuao........................................................................24
RoundTableDay2.Eachpersonpreparedupto3minutesfocusedonopportunitiesfordecade..24
OpportunitiesforDecade:SummarydiscussiononHeatWaveandHAB..........................................25
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SummaryresultsofWorkingGroup4
Theworkinggroupacknowledgedthatthethemeof“asafeocean”hasanopportunitytoengagesocietiesthatleveragesthesuccessesofexistinghazardforecastandwarningsystems.Thisthemehasahighlikelihoodofsuccesssincea)governmentsandindustryareobligedtoprotecttheirpeopleandinfrastructure,andb)peopleareinterestedintheirsurvivalandwell-being.Evenso,someofthehazardsdiscussedoccurontimesscalesofgenerationsandmaybeeasilyneglectedinfavourofmorepressingneeds.AnumberofgapsandopportunitieswereidentifiedthroughoutthreedaysofmeetingsandtwodaysofspecificWorkingGroup4discussion(Seetable1)
Theworkinggroupdiscussedsafeoceanissueswhichcouldbeclassifiedunderthemainhazardcategories:
1. Tsunami2. Heatwave3. Typhoonandwave/stormsurgeprediction4. Harmfulalgaebloom(HAB)5. Invasivespecies6. ClimateChange
Shortpresentationsweregivenatthestartofeachworkinggroupsessiontosocialisetheaudienceonthemajortopicsofdiscussion,includingtsunamiwarningsystems,emergencymanagement,heatwavesandtyphoonandwave/stormsurgeprediction.Day1discussionsfocussedonthecurrentstatusandsuccesses,aswellasthegapsandopportunities,relatedtotsunamis.Day2focussedonHeatWave,typhoon/wave/stormsurgeandHarmfulAlgalBlooms(HABs).
Theworkinggroupwasarrangedtoformacircletopromotetheface-to-faceinteractionandeachpersonwasgivenanopportunitytoprepareathree-minutediscussionontheirperspectiveonscientificgapsandopportunities.Attheendoftheroundtable,asummarydiscussiontookplaceonfurtheropportunitiesforprogrammes.Thisreportisaresultofthosediscussionsandfocussesmainlyongapsandopportunities.Thesearetranslatedtoinitiativesandapproachesinthesummarytables.
Workinggroupconvenersfoundthattheround-tableformatwaseffectiveinsolicitinginputsfromeveryworkinggroupmember.Giventhetimerestrictionsfordiscussions,thisformatprovedchallengingwhenworkingtowardsacollectiveefforttodeveloprecommendationsfortheDecade.
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Compositionofworkinggroup
28Totalregistering
8participantsconsiderthisWGastheirfirstpriority
8participantsconsiderthisWGastheirsencondpriority
12participantsconsiderthisWGastheirthirdpriority
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Table1.Listofparticipantsandtheirexpertisederivedfromregistrations,questionaireandattendanceforWorkingGroup4.XrepresentsattendanceonDay1.Day 1 Name Country Affiliation Role
x Teron Moore* Canada Ocean Networks
Canada Public Safety Program Manager
x Gwyn Lintern& Canada Geological Survey of
Canada Research Scientist
Denis Chang Seng France IOC of UNESCO Programme Specialist
x Mitsunori Iwataki Japan University of Tokyo Associate Professor
x Narumi Takahashi Japan
NIED(National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster)
Deputy Director-General
x Norio Baba Japan Japan Coast Guard Principal Oceanographic Data and Information Officer
x Yuji Nishimae Japan JMA
Senior Coordinator for International Earthquake and Tsunami Information, Earthquake and Tsunami Observation Division
x Charles McCreery
United States
Pacific Tsunami Warning Center Director
Liqi Chen China
Key Lab of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry of Ministry of Natureal Resources
Director
Fangli Qiao China
First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources
Senior Researcher
Jens Kruger Fiji Pacific Community, SPC Manager Ocean Affairs
TETSUSHI KOMATSU France IOC Programme Specialist
Toshio Yamagata Japan
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
Project Principal Scientist
Yuko Otsu Japan Japan Coast Guard Oceanographic Data and Information Officer
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Day 1 Name Country Affiliation Role
Vyacheslav Lobanov
Russian Federation
V.I.Il'ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute
director
Kuswardani Anastasia Thailand IOC-WESTPAC Programme Officer
Hui Zhang China Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Professor
x Yafeng YANG China
First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, China
Division Director
Abdul Muhari Indonesia Ministry of Marine
Affairs and Fisheries Division Head
Mitsutaku Makino Japan
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (AORI) Universiy of Tokyo
Professor
Yutaka Michida Japan
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo
Professor
x Kazuo Nadaoka Japan Tokyo Institute of
Technology
Professor (Specially appointed professor & Professor emeritus)
Kentaro Ando Japan JAMSTEC
Director in charge of International Research in the Western Pacific
Akira Nagano Japan JAMSTEC Senior Scientist
Kang-Hyun Joo
Korea, Republic of
Korea National Maritime Museum Chief Director
Aileen Tan Shau Hwai Malaysia
Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies (CEMACS)
Director
Tatiana Orlova
Russian Federation
National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
Deputy director
Thanh Binh Nguyen Vietnam
Directorate of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
Deputy Director of Conservation and Aquatic Resources Development
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Day 1 Name Country Affiliation Role
Yukihiko OIKAWA Japan
Center for Ocean Literacy and Education, University of Tokyo
Principal Researcher
In attendance, but not on original registration for WG4
x Kazutoshi Horiuchi Japan
x Rencheng Yu China
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science
Senior Scientist
x Kazumi Wakita Japan Tokai University
x Liu Ning NOWPAP /UN NOWPAP Program specialist
x Ben Churchill Australia Bureau of
Meteorology Manager
x Weidong Yu* China
National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center
Senior Scientist
x Youn He Lee (sp)
South Korea
x Molly McCammon US Alaska Ocean
Observing System Executive Director
Participants consider this WG as their first priority
Participants consider this WG as their second priority
Participants consider this WG as their third priority
* Co-convenors
& Rapporteur
16participantsattendedDay1discussion(accordingtorecordofattendance,seeTable1).19participantsattendedonDay2(seephotographs).OnDay1theparticipantcommentsarecapturedbyname.OnDay2,mainpointsofdiscussionswerecapturedbycountry.
Wefeltitwasimportanttounderstandtheexpertiseofouraudienceandthebiasofcountryspecifichazards.Thenalivepollindicatedthefollowingprioritiesrankedfromhighestatthetoptolowestatthebottom.Climatechangecameoutasthetoprankedhazard.Withinclimatechange,increasestorminesswasthehazardoflargestconcern.Asforconcernbyregion(country),60%ofrespondentsdeemedTyphoontobeamajorconcernfortheircountry,50%foundTsunamitobeamajorconcern,and44%determinedthatHarmfulAlgaebloomswereamajorconcern.
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Livepollsconductedwithintheworkinggroup
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Analysisofgaps,typesofapproachandspecificinitiativesThequestionnairesandplenarygave29examplesofdatagapsforthesehazards.Wefeelsomewhatsatisfiedthatthislistisexhaustiveonthistopicofsafeoceans.Duringdiscussionofthespecifichazards,crosscuttingthemesappeared.Eachthesecanbeseparatedintothefollowingcategories:
SafeOceanknowledgegapcategories
1. Requirementsforunderstandingtherisk2. Requirementsfordata/science3. Requirementsfornewtechnology4. Requirementsforemergencymanagement5. Requirementsforbuildingresilientcommunities
Foreachrequirement(gap),weindicatedwhata“decade”projectmightentail.Infact,thediscussionshiftedeasilyfromscientificordatagapstosocialscienceandcommunityissues,anditwasrecognisedbyallthatsocialsciencesarerequiredfordevelopingtrustinandencouragingtheeffectiveuseofthesciencetowardssustainabledevelopmentgoals.Socialsciencecanbeusedtoensurethatpeopleknowhowahazardwillaffectthempersonally(ratherthansomethingthathappenstosomeoneelse),sothat
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apersonmightbebetterprepared.Itisrecognizedthatnotonlytheriskshouldbemadepersonal“thiscouldhappentoyou”butthatthemessagewouldbemuchbetterreceivediftherewasanunderstandingofthepopulations’backgroundandsotheymighthaveaninherentsocialacceptanceorbehaviourofarisk(forexample,seafaringpeoplehaveauniqueappreciationforhowdangeroustheoceancanbe.)
ExamplesofCommunicationcampaigns:
Connectuserstothedevelopmentandutilizationofoceanpredictionsystems Requirelicensingofhazardprofessionalstopromotetrustinthescience(communicationsand
regulatory) Personalizeriskinformationandstrengthenthelinksbetweenthescienceandsocietythrough
educationandoutreachcampaignsthatincorporatescienceandtraditionalknowledge Publiccampaignthatindicatesthatsomelevelofrisk(1/1000yearevent)cannotbeavoided. Campaigntoimplement“TsunamiReady”inallcountries
Withregardtorequiredprotectiveinfrastructure,thediscussionagaintookonasocialscienceaspectandrangedfrom“wemuststopimpactsfromhazards”to“wemustacceptimpactsfromextremehazards”.Aswellastraditionalinfrastructure,scientificsolutionsincludeforinstancesociallyacceptable“ecosystembaseddisasterriskreduction”methods.Theneedforresilientinfrastructureandcommunitieswaswellacceptedbythegroup.
Participantsofferedthatsomeofthesolutionswerebestleftuptoexperts,sometimessinglepeerreviewedpaperswererequired.Forinstance:
Examplesofsuggestedpeerreviewedpapers:
Methodstocalculateriskfromvolcanicorlandslidetsunamis Resonantresponsestospecificinletstotsunamiscenarios
Atotherpoints,theestablishmentofspecificregionalworkinggroupswasrecommended.Forinstance
Examplesofsuggestedworkinggroups:
DatasharingonalgaespeciesidentificationsanddistributionsintheAsianseas.Eg.HABAsia Couplingoffshoretonearshoreandonshorepredictionorhazardmodels
Wetriedtofocusourtechnologicalsolutionsdiscussiontowardsinexpensiveoreasilyaccessibleoptions.Someexamplesoftechnologicaladvancesincluded:
Examplesofsuggested“costeffective”technologicaladvances:
Workingwithtelecommunicationscompaniestoinstrumenttheiralreadyexistingcables
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Deployinginexpensivewaterlevelsensorsmorefrequentlyalongcoastlines,tovalidatebothearthquakegeneratedtsunamisandvolcanic/landslidegeneratedtsunamis(forthelatter,thetechnologyisrathersimple,butthemainworkwouldbeonalgorithms)
DeployingGPS(GNSS)antennasinareaswherecrustalflexurescanincreasetsunamipredictionaccuracy
Examplesofsuggested“expensive”technologicaladvances:
UnderwaterDNAsamplingdevicesforidentificationofalgaespecies Useoftsunamiradaroroceanobservingsystemsforbettertsunamivalidation
Inanumberofcases,themosteffectivesolutionwasdeemedtobetoproduceguidelinesonhowacommunityorcoastaldevelopermightutilizescientificknowledgetowardsimproveddecision-makingrelatedtocommunityplanning,preparedness,response,andmitigation/riskreduction.
Examplesofsuggestedstandardsandguidancedocuments:
Guidanceforassessingtsunamiriskforcoastalcommunities Guidanceonecosystembaseddisasterriskreduction Guidanceonbuildingwithresiliency Standardisationofalgaespeciesidentification
Thereweresomesolutionswhichitwassuggestedcouldbeinitiatedwithindustrypartners.
Examplesofsuggestionstobetackledwithindustry:
Internationallicensingsystemforexpertsinmarinedisastermitigation Modellingoftheeffectoftoxicalgaeonaquaculture
OthersdiscussedhowtheregulatoryprocesscouldbeusedtoadvancetheDecade’sgoals:
ExamplesofimprovedRegulatoryprocesses:
Needtobuildresilientcommunitiesandcoastalinfrastructure Includetsunamiresistantdesigninnationalbuildingcodes
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Table2.Knowledgegaps,andinitiativesobtainedfromthequestionnairesandmeeting.Theaccompanyingexcelspreadsheetprovidesspecificinformationaboutcountry,whichgapswereindicatedonthequestionnaireandinsomecaseswhichinitiativesarealreadysomewhatfundedwithinacountry.
Knowledgegaps Initiatives ApproachTsunami
Tsunami-UnderstandingRiskrequirements
Communitiesneedguidanceonhowtoconductriskassessment
TsunamiHazardAssessmentGuidanceDocument
StandardisationandGuidanceforfactbaseddecisionmaking
Tsunamiinundationmapsarenotavailableformostareasofthecoast
TsunamiInundationmodellingGuidancedocument
StandardisationandGuidanceforfactbaseddecisionmaking
Needbetterunderstandingofwhichareasaresusceptibletovolcanic/landslidetsunami,andhowtocalculaterisks
Requiresexpertscientist.Peerreviewedpaperisrequiredonthistopic Scientificanalysis
Frequencyandmagnitudeoftsunamisneedstobeunderstood
Diggingforpaleo-tsunamideposits.Canhaveasmallexpertteam(2-3people),andmakeuseofcommunityhelp.
Citizenscience
Tsunami-Data/Sciencerequirements
Tsunamisourcemodellingneedsrefining
Expertsintherelevantcountriesmustbefundedtodothis.Currentlythesemodelsare'kept'bytheircreators.Possibleinitiativetoproducearepositoryofsourcemodels
Scientificanalysis.Datasharing.
Resonantfrequenciesofspecificinletsneedsrefining
Requiresexpertscientist.Reviewoftidegaugedata,modeling Scientificanalysis
GNSScrustalmovementdatamustbeusedtomaketsunamiwarningmoreaccurate
InstallGPSstationsinkeysubductionzoneregions,andalongsideexistingtsunamiwarningsystems
Scientificanalysis
Bathymetryandtopographyareinsufficientforaccurateinundationmodeling
Getallusers(especiallycommercialandgovernmentagencies)ofthesedatasetstopooltogetherandfundacampaignto"flythecoasts".BathyLidar(-10m)wouldberelativelyeasy
Majorgovernmentinitiative.PublicPrivatePartnerships
Howwilltsunamisaffectcurrentsinimportantports
Requiresexpertmodellers.Portauthoritiesortheirinsurersshouldpay
PublicPrivatePartnerships
Meteo-tsunamiisnotwell-enoughconstrained(tsunamiscausedbyatmosphericpressure)
Requiresexpertscientists.Peerreviewedpaperisrequiredonthistopic.SmallworkinggroupofselectscientistsforPacificregion.
Scientificanalysisbyworkinggroup
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Knowledgegaps Initiatives Approach
Tele-tsunamisisnotwell-enoughconstrained(tsunamiswhicharrivefromacrossandocean)
Requiresexpertscientists.Peerreviewedpaperisrequiredonthistopic.SmallworkinggroupofselectscientistsforPacificregion.
Scientificanalysisbyworkinggroup
Tsunami-Newtechnologyrequirements
Knownlandslides,andsubmarinelandslides,needtobemonitoredforwarningsystems.
Developinexpensivelandslidetsunamimonitoringtechnologies.
ScientificendeavorusingAIandlargedatatobemovedintoindustry
Tidalgaugesforconfirmationoftsunamiaretoofarapart
Developinexpensivetechnology(LinternisworkingonGPSwaterlevelswhichrequiresnoboatandlittlemaintenance,anddoublesforcrustalmotiondetection)
ScientificendeavorusingAItobemovedintoindustry
Tsunamidetectioninstrumentsexpensivetomaintain(andthusnotalwaysmaintained)
Useofexistingindustrytelecommunicationscablesrepeaterstoreportpressuredata.ANDtrainscientistshowtospeakwithregulatoryauthoritiesandpopulationsaboutthenatureoftherisks
ScientificandsocialscientificendeavorusingAItobemovedintoindustry.Regulation.
Tsunami-Emergencymanagement
Effectiveuseofscientificknowledgeinpractical(scientific)applicationsincoastalcommunities.Howtotranslatemeasurementstoriskstothepublic?
Connectuserstouserfriendlyoceanpredictionsystems.Communityinteractionstounderstandpressuresandneeds.Promote"tsunami-ready"andthe"globalblueline"
Communications,socialmedia,smarttechnologies
Publictrust:Effectiveuseoflocalknowledgeandlocallanguageinprovidingemergencyprotocols.
Socialscientiststoexaminethedataonhowcommunitiesrespondtoa.thedisasteritselfandb.beinginstructedbyauthorities.Somelocalwisdomistoolocal,andawiderpopulationcouldbenefitfromthis.Forinstance,touristsmightbetoldoflocaltraditionstohazards(runtothetemple(Japan),sinceasongtoremember(Indonesia)
Socialscientificanalysisbyworkinggroup
Publictrust:ScientificIntegrityneedswork.Howtoconvincepublic(andregulators)totaketheriskseriously.Howtomitigateagainstfalsealarms?Evaluatehowwelllocalgovernments(andpublic)responded.
Q.Internationallicensingsystemforexpertsinmarinedisastermitigation
Communications.Regulatory
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Knowledgegaps Initiatives ApproachDesignatingtsunamizonesmightcauseundesiredconsequencestobuildingowners(realestateandinsurance)
Makethezones/evacuationroutesquasi-regulatory
Partnershipsandknowledgeexchangeneedsimproving
Existinginstrumentsandnetworksarenotbeingmaintained
Tsunami-Resilience Impacttosocietynotwellelaborated.Peopledon'tknowtheirrisks,don’thaveplansanddon'thavesupplies
Personalizeapubliccampaignsothatpeopleareinformedandareprepared. Communication
Wearenotplanningandbuildingtomitigatedamage
Produceaguidancedocumentonecosystembaseddisasterriskreduction.Examplesofthisarereplenishingmangrovecoastsandlivingdykeprojects.
Factbaseddecisionmaking,andregulatory
Oncedamaged,wecannotrecoverquickly Needtobuildresilientcommunities Regulatory
Wecannotacceptanyrisk,despitetheoceansometimesbeingadangerousforce
Publiccampaignthatindicatesthatsomelevelofrisk(1/1000yearevent)cannotbeavoided.
Communication
Economicrisksnotwellknowninmostcases.Itisconstantlychangingaspopulationsmigrateandcoastsdevelop.
Ongoingriskevaluationisnecessary Factbaseddecisionmaking
BuildingcodefortsunamiresistanceexistsonlyintheUSA
Includetsunamiresistantdesigninnationalbuildingcodes Regulatory
HarmfulAlgaeblooms Speciesidentificationisdifficultandnotwelldone
Regionalworkshopforexample,“HAB-Asia”
Scientificandsocialscientificendeavour
Speciesdistributionisnotwellknown Regionalworkshopforexample,“HAB-Asia”
Scientificandsocialscientificendeavour
Wholisticapproachtosafe,secureoceanwithrespecttofoodsafety.
Donotincludeallstakeholdersinourscientificdiscussions.Needbetterengagement
Workinggroupmeetingsincludestakeholders
Scientificandsocialscientificendeavour
Modellingoftriggersandextentsofblooms(prediction)isinsufficient
Targetedmodellingproject.Bio-physicalinteraction(oceancurrentsetc.)
Scientificendeavortobeshiftedtoindustry
HarmfulAlgaeblooms-technologyrequirements
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Knowledgegaps Initiatives Approach
Thereisaneedtoidentifyspeciesquicklyandinsitu
TherearenewunderwaterDNAtechniquesrecentlyavailabletoidentifyspeciesinsitu.
TechnologyendeavorinvolvingAIandlargedatatobeshiftedtoindustry
Musthavestandardisationofspeciesidentification
Somegoodexamplesfromnationalprotocols Guidelines
Allhazards:EconomicandSocialvaluation(impact)isnotwelldone
Physicalandsocialscientificstudyrequired
Scientificendeavortobeshiftedtoaffectedindustries
Seafoodsafetyisatrisk Scientificandsocialscientificendeavour
Typhoon/highwave/Stormsurge
Typhoonintensityforecastneedsmorework
Typhoonpathforecastneedslesswork Coastsaredevelopingtoorapidlywithnoregardtotyphoonhazard(referstoallhazards)
Provideguidelinesonbuildingwithresilienceinmind.Mustuseevidencebaseddecisionstodetermineimpact.
Guidelines,regulation
Wavesetup-offshore/nearshoremodelsneedtobettercoupled. Internationalmodelworkinggroup
ScientificendeavorusingAItobemovedintoindustry
Stormsurgesetup-Interactionsbetweencoastalandopenoceans-e.g.,Eddieswhencombinedwithstormsurgeortsunamis
InternationalmodelworkinggroupScientificendeavorusingAItobemovedintoindustry
Stormsurgeandcoastaldrinking/farmwater
Issuenotraisedduetotimeconstraints,butproblematicinCanada.Reviewpaper.
Scientificandsocialscientificendeavour
Someregionsdonothavethecapacitytodealwithhazards
FollowonfromtoolscreatedbyWESTPACandothers.Alsofollowexamplessetfortsunamicapacitylistedabove
Scientificandsocialscientificendeavour.Capacitybuilding.
ClimateChange OceansRoleinCarboncycle/greenhousegases
Support“road&silkbelt“countriestobuildupGWGmonitoringstations
Sealevelrisepredictions Understandandreducetheprojectionuncertainty CMIPseries
Increasedstorminess?Coastalerosion. Understandandreducetheprojectionuncertainty CMIPseries
OceanHeatwave,marineandhumanecosystems
Global/regional/localmultidisciplinarystudyonmapping,understanding,predictingandmitigatingtherisks
Scientificandsocialscientificendeavour.Capacitybuilding.
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Knowledgegaps Initiatives Approach
Oceanacidification Addresstheglobalissueattheregional/localscales
Scientificandsocialscientificendeavour.Capacitybuilding.
Otherhazardgapsmentioned Turbiditycurrentsandinternationalcable/pipelineprotection
InvasiveSpecies Othermethodgapsmentionedwhichcrosscutthehazards
Banksandinsurancecompaniesareabletousethedatatodetermineconsequences.Public(farmers/fishermen)mightnotbeableto.
Transfernumericalinformationandtechniquesusedbyfinancialindustriestoendusers.
Capacitybuildingandpublicawareness.
Wecancollectlotsofgooddataforscience,buthowtomakethatusefultopopulations.
Sameasabove,essentially. Capacitybuildingandpublicawareness.
Individualagenciescollectusefuldataandimproveforecasts,andwillcontinuetodosoregardlessofTheDecade.Thenewapproachshouldincludeintegrationnetworkingandcoordinationnotwelldonebetweendifferentprojects,communities.
Workinggroupsasrequired
Scientificandsocialscientificendeavour
Borderlessacquisitionofmarinedataanddatasharingmustimprove
ApartfromWESTPACHABS,nospecificsharingmechanismsspecified
Genderbalanced Didnotspecificinitiatives Wemusthavebetterrealtimemeasurementofeventstoimprovetrackingandsavelives
Seeindividualhazardsabove
Deployinginstrumentsisexpensiveandgovernmentsmustdecidewhichtofund
Teamupoceanplatformstoprovidemultiplescienceoutputs(weather,tsunami,blooms)
RegulatoryandTechnologyendeavor
Indigenous/localknowledgeorhistoryneedstobecollected
Generallyexpressedbyall.Capturedsomewhatbyspecificsabove
Privatesectormustbecomeintegraltotheeffortatprovidingsocietalawareness
Expressedbysome.Capturedsomewhatbyspecificsabove
Scientificendeavortobeshiftedtoaffectedindustries
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DetailednotesfromtalksandRoundTables–RapporteurGwynLintern
Day1-WorkingGroup4ASafeOcean:TsunamiHazard
Presentation1:NearfieldtsunamiwarninginJapanbyDr.YujiNishimae,JapanMeteorologicalAgency,JapanProvidingtsunamiwarningsincethe1950s.Usedtotake15minutes.Nowtakeslessthan5minutes.Itisnotpossibletouseliveearthquakedataquicklysotolowerthetimeuseadeterministicapproach.Run100000scenariosfromaroundthecoastsofJapan.
Useearthquakewaveforms(pands)toissueatsunamiwarningin3minutes.Thenre-evaluateusingmomenttensorswithin15minutes,andkeepthatupdatedwithtidal/pressuregauges,aGPSbuoyandcabledpressuregauges.AlldataarebroughttoJMAEarthquakePhenomenaObservationSystem,whichoperates24hours.
Technologytransferandcapacitybuilding:Japan(JICA)hasworkedinNicaraguaonCentralAmericanTsunamiAdvisorCentre(CATAC),Vanuatuonenhancingcapacitytomeasuretsunamiandstormsurge.
Japanalsorunsacourseonearthquakemitigation1100peoplehavetakenthecourse.
Publicawareness:Japanadvisesthreesimpleactions.1.Evacuateashighaspossible.2.StayevacuateduntilTsunamiwarningislifted.3.Evacuatequicklyevenifshakingisnotfelt.
JMAalsomonitorsactivevolcanos.
StandardOperatingProceduresfortsunamiwarningwithvolcanos:Target(volcanoactivityincreases),Condition(camerasorpressuregaugesdetectavalanche),action(declaretsunamiwarning).
Gap:Verydifficulttopredictvolcanic/landslidetsunamisandmonitortidalgaugesquicklyenough.
Presentation2:PacificTsunamiWarningCenterbyCharlesMcCreery,PacificTsunamiWarningCenterTwocenters,PacificCenterinHawaii,NationalCenterinAlaska,haveservedasaninternationalwarningcentresince1965Chileearthquake(whichresultedin200deathsasfarawayasJapan).
AustralianowcoversIndianOcean,andChinacoversthesouthChinaSea.
1. Riskassessment
Understandthehazards.Runscenariosandruninundationmodelstodrawevacuationzones.Understandvulnerabilityofpopulationsandinfrastructure.
Gaps:
Thelargestearthquakesforscenariosareunknown(wouldneed10000yearsofdata).Tool:Usepalaeotsunamiresearch.
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Coastalbathymetryandtopographynotavailableforinundationmapping Changingvulnerabilityascoastschangerapidly Hardtoevaluatehazardforavolcanicorlandslidetsunami
2. EducationandAwareness(preparedness)
Mustgettopolicymakersandthepublic.Challenge:canbelongerthanalifetimebetweeneventsandsohowtoconvincegovernmentstospendmoneyonthis.Providingsignage,warningsystems,andalsoinformationtomunicipalitiesregardingcriticalinfrastructure.Ifanearthquakeisfelt,moveinland,butitisachallengetoremindpeopleon300yearevents.Theinformationneedstobeinstitutionalised.
Gaps:
Howtogetintoschools? Howtoapplytheknowledgeinbuildingcode?
3. Warningoperations
Mosttsunamisarecausedbyearthquakes.NOAAdoesnothavemethodsforlandslide.SimilarprocedureasJapan.M7triggersatsunamithreat.99percentofthosearefalsealerts.USwaitsforearthquakemechanism,thenusesthattodeterminehowtheseafloormighthavemovedandthenrunamodel.Thestatisticsarethenvalidatedandupdatedusingthedartbuoyinformation.Doesn’tworkwellfornearshoreearthquakes.Gap:mustfindbettermethodstomakethepredictionsfaster.Wouldliketobeabletodostatisticalforecasts(andgetuncertaintiesinforecasts).Gaps:can’tdolandslideorpalaeotsunami
Forthedecade:useGNSSdatatoevaluatethesourceearthquakequickly.Theplateboundaryreflexingwillcausecoastalsubsidence.Canmeasuredeformationinrealtime,thenpredictwhattheoceanfloormighthavedone.OnlydevelopedcountrieshaveGPSprograms.CanwedoaprojecttodeployfurtherGPS?Gapcoastalmultibeamandtopography.Mustdotsunami-readyprogrameverywhere.
NewTechnology:Smartcables.Repeatersevery100kmontelecommunicationsrepeaters.Ifplacedpressuresensorsonthisitwouldreplacedartbuoys($13M/year).
Gap:Coastalgaugesarefarapart.Sometimescanwait2hourstogetconfirmationofawave.
OpportunitiesforDecade.Getthe“GlobalBlueLine”recognizedbyallcountries.
Presentation3:EmergencyPreparednessbyTeronMoore,OceanNetworksCanadaTheDecadeisanopportunitytolinksciencetopractice,datatodecision-makingandtechnologytooceansafetysolutions.
KnowledgeGap:Thereisagapintheeffectiveintegration/useofscientificknowledge(research,data,etc.)inpracticaloceansafetyapplicationsincoastalcommunities(e.g.,warningsystems,publicpreparedness,strategicmitigation/riskreduction,etc.)
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Scientificquestion:Howcanwebettercombinetheknowledgeheldbyphysicalandsocialsciencewithmoderncommunication,educationandoutreachtechniquestoincreaseoceansafety?
Emergencymanagersareprofessionswithcredentials-Universities,tradeschools,training(Acrossmanyfieldse.g.,BusinessContinuity,riskanalysis/assessment,technology,etc.)
Risksaregrowing:fromurbandensification,population,climatechange,systemscomplexityandinter-dependencies
Scienceandtechnologyintegration–Capacitybuildingandtechnologytransfer:Cannewtechnologies,likeAI,machinelearningand5Gcommunicationsimproveocean-basedwarningsystems?
Knowledgeintopractice
Researchintoriskreduction
Dataintodecision-making
USDecadeOceanSafegoalsimpactbased;prioritisedbyrisk.Theseopportunitiesrequireend-to-enddesignconsiderationfromscienceandpractitioners/End-users
Linkingoceansciencetosustainabledevelopmentgoalswouldbeenhancedifthevalueofthesciencecanbecommunicatedeffectivelytomarineandcoastalcommunities.Peopledon’tfeelpersonallyatthreat.Mustpersonalisethemessage.
OpportunitiesforDecade:Applicationofknowledgeintopractice.Simplestrongconcise“Stepsofemergencypreparedness”addressingtheabovegaps
RoundTableDay1:Eachpersonprepareda3-minutetalkfocusedon:
1. Whoyouareandyourexpertiseinterests2. Knowledgegapandsciencequestions3. Existinginitiatives/partnerships/programmes/resources4. Potentialinitiatives/programmes/resources5. Roleofcross-cuttingthemes,andgoodpracticesifany
Capacitybuildingandtechnologytransfer
Partnershipsandfinancing-
Accesstoinformation,dataandknowledge
Communicationandawarenessraising
GwynLintern-Leadsprojectsondeterminingspecificrisksofgeohazards(frequencyandmagnitude).NowleadingCanada’sNationalTsunamiStrategyProjectwhichbringstogetherbitsandpiecesoftsunamiworkdonebydifferentdepartmentsintogoalsofdesignatingcoastalzones,helpingcommunities/industries/consultantswithtsunamiriskassessment,andtotsunamiresistantdeign(buildingcode).OpportunitiesforDecade:Mainaspectsofthisworkwhichwouldbetransferrableto
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TheDecadeinclude1)providingguidancedocumentsonhowtodeterminetheirowntsunamirisk,and2)conductingpaleo-tsunamidigswithasmallgroupofexpertsandlocalcommunitymembersinareaswheretheriskiscurrentlyunknown.Thelattershouldbeconductedbeforemodelling,justtoindicateiftherewaseveratsunami(beforemakingitabigdealtocommunities).Hazardscientistsmustmaintainhighlevelofintegrity,ratherthanalwaysjustscaringpeople.
KazuoNadaoka:Tokyotech.Bluecarbon-carbonuptakeoncoasts.Whatareotherfunctionsofbluecarbonecosystems?Especiallymangrovescanprovide“ecosystembaseddisasterriskreduction”(EBDRR).Canprotectagainsttsunamiandstormsurge.Twolevelsoftsunamis.Level1everycouplehundredyears.Level2every1000years.Shouldweacceptthatwecannotprotectagainstlevel2(tradeoffbetweenlifestyle,costs,andacceptance).OpportunitiesforDecade:PromoteEBDRRinallfuturecoastalconstruction.Promoteacertainlevelofacceptancethatdisasterswillhappen.
YujiNishimae:Workonthetsunamiwarningservicesointerestedintsunamimodelling.OpportunitiesforDecade:Accuracyofsimulationisdependentontop/bathy.Currentlyuse500mtopo.Moreaccurateisneeded.Jebcoismakingmoreaccuratebathydata.Thisshouldbeimplemented.Theoffshoredataforvalidationofarefarandfew.Couldusebettertechnologiessuchastsunamiradarorsatelliteinformationtogetbettertrackingoftsunami
CharlesMcCreery:OpportunitiesforDecade:1.Needbettercoastalbathyandtopo.2.RealtimeGPSinstrumentationnearmajorsubductionszones,andalgorithmsdevelopedtodeterminerupturedisplacement3.Smartsubmarinecables,installinstrumentationonrepeatersevery100km.4.Alltsunamiareasbecomepartofthe“tsunami-readyprogram”5.Getthe“GlobalBlueLine”recognizedbyallcountries.
NarumiTakahashi.Japan.Inchargeofinstrumentationandhaveinstalledthisinlocaltowns.Knowledgegaps:Residentsarenotworriedabouttsunami,butarenottakingintoaccounttheimpactofdebris.OpportunitiesforDecade:Weneedtoconsiderdetectionandevaluationoftsunami,butalsoevaluationofseismicshaking-forproperanalysisofrealtimewarning(trainshutdownsetc).Requiremoreoceanfloorinstrumentation.
KazuoNadaoka.OceanPlusJamestecventure.Knowledgegap:traditionalknowledge.InavillageinNorthernJapanpeopleusedtoevacuatetoashrinelocatedonthehilltop.Tokyoforinstance,ispartiallybelowsealevel.Thisinformationisnotwellknown.OpportunitiesforDecade:Peoplewillrespondbetterifinformationisprovidedtothembytraditionalmeansandintheirtraditionallanguage.
YangYafeng.FirstinstituteofOceanographyNMR.Responsibleforinternationalcollaboration.Oceansarenotsafe.Thereareearlywarning,disasterreduction.Earthquakewarningsystems.Moreinvestmentsininfrastructureformitigation.Veryexpensive.Eachareaisdifferent.OpportunitiesforDecade:Buildinfrastructuretodealwithmulti-hazards.Thinkgloballybutbuildlocally.
RenshengYu-SpecialistinHarmfulbloomswhichcausemortalityofpeopleandanimals(includingcultivatedanimals).Hardtodopredictionandearlywarning.KnowledgegapsandOpportunitiesforDecade:1.Needbackgroundknowledgeonspeciesinspecificareas,2.canimprovemonitoringusinggeneticsetcofmicroorganismsintheocean,3.Improvemodellingandpredictionofblooms.Cross-countrycollaborationsandcommunicationsarekey-shoulddoregularmeetingsindecade
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KazumiWakitaATBgroupWESTPAC.SocialScientist,studiespeoples’behaviourandbackgroundwhichcanbeimportantinriskmitigation.OpportunitiesforDecade:Needtocollectexamplesandstudiesofhowpeoplereacttowarningsandwhattheirbackgroundis(forinstance,whattheirrelationshipistothesea).Initiatives:ATBgroupWestpaconlyhasonesocialscientist.Needmore.Socialscientistsarerequiredinallofthedecadeinitiatives.
MitsunotiIwataki.Biologist.Westpac.Harmfulalgaespecialist.OpportunitiesforDecade:Needfrequentworkshopstoshareinformation,andcollaborativeresearchespeciallyinAsiancountries.Twotypeshazardharmfulspeciesandtoxicspecies.Onecanaffectmarineharvestandtheothercancauseillnessanddeath.Needbetterknowledgeaboutspeciesidentificationanddistribution.Needlongtimeseriesdataespeciallyregardinginvasivespecies.Needbettermethodforpublicawareness.Currentlylocalpeopleandfishermendomuchofthewarning.
NoriaBaba.IODfocussesonoceanography,andshouldcollaboratemorewithotherdepartments.Gapsaremainlybathyandtopo.OpportunitiesforDecade:Bathymetry-shouldbereleasedbydepartments.Releasetsunamiinundationmapsformitigation.ImportanttoengageNGOSandlocalcommunities.Howtoincorporatescienceintomitigation.Needhighqualitybathymetricdataandhighqualitymodelsforallcoasts.
YounHoLee(sp?).Invasivespeciesandclimatechangeimpactandoilspill.Gap:afteroilspills(examplelargespillnearShanghaiin2018)whatisthelong-termimpact?Forinvasivespecies,don’thaveknowledgeonbaselinespecies.InJapanSeatheSSThasincreased3degrees–whatimpactwillthishave.OpportunitiesforDecade:promoteopportunitieswhichhelpuswiththeselong-termunderstandings(oilspills,speciesinvasion,oceantemperature)
BenChurchill.Internationalaffairs.MemberofWestpac.Heretolearn.SafeOceansinkeyinhisdepartmentwithmotto“Noliveslost”.Australiatookaleadrollintheregionwithregardtotsunamis.Gaps:largecountryandarea.MaintainingDARTandtidalgaugesforonlyahandfulofalerts.Evidence/dataoftsunamisissparse.Troublegettinginformationtothe90%ofpopulationonthecoasts.OpportunitiesforDecade:DeterminehowtoreachouttoDiversecommunities,differentculturesandlanguages.Providebetterinundationmodelsforalllow-lyingcommunities.Determinebestuseofthesciencetounderstandtsunamiandstormsurgehazards.
AnastasiaKuswardani.Indonesia/Thailand.Westpac(previouslyfisheriesinIndonesia).Indonesiahashadrecentissueswithliquefactionandalsovolcaniclandslidetsunamis.Gaps:earlywarningsystemsarenotworkingwellforthesetypesoftsunamis.Thepredictedtsunamisarenotcorrelatingwithobserveddata.Communicationbetweenscientistsandlocalgovernmentsarenotworkingwell.OpportunitiesforDecade:Encourageresponsibleauthoritiestoupkeepexistingtsunamiwarningsystems.Improveabilitiesforlandslidesgeneratedtsunami.Improvetranslatingscienceintogoodpractice.
WeidongYu.GapsandOpportunitiesforDecade:Monitoringcapacityislackingindevelopingcountries.Indonesia,chinaforexamples.VolcanoandLandslidetsunamineedsbetterriskassessment.Neednewtechnologydevelopment.GNSS,moreefficientlowercost(thantsunamiboys).Trytopromoteamultihazardearlywarningorpreventionreductionsystem.Usingnaturalecosystemtechniquesformitigation.
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OpportunitiesforDecade:PrioritysummarydiscussiononTsunamiHazard
Allaffectedcountriesshouldadopt“TsunamiReady”and“GlobalBlueLine”methodologies.
Betterbathymetryandtopographyneededeverywhereaspartofriskassessment.
Newtechnologies-Allcountriesapproveofcableprojects-shouldrequiresensorsatrepeaterstations.Moreeffectiveandlowcost.Developaworkingsystemforwarningofvolcanic/landslidetsunamis.InstallingGNSS(GPS)waterlevelsensorsalongvulnerablecoasts.
Aspartofpopulationresilience,monitorhowpopulationsaremoving,howcoastlinesarechanging,howsocialstructurescanbemademoreresilient.Perhapstherehastobesomeacceptanceofdamage.
Guidanceonecosystemapproachtoriskreduction.Thenraiseimportanceofthiswithresponsibleauthorities.
Guidanceontsunamiriskassessmentforcommunities/industry.Forinstance,Japanhasguidelinesforcommunitiestodotsunamiinundationmaps.
Understandhumanconnectiontothesea(somesocietieshavebetterunderstanding).Maketheriskpersonal-personalisethemessage.Knowyourrisk.
Mustaspiretoopendatabyalloceanscienceorganisations.Wherehasdatasharingbeensuccessful,andcopy(e.g.,nucleartestbantreatydata,ONCandNOAA)
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Day2AMWorkingGroup4HeatwaveandHarmfulalgae
Presentation4:WeidongYu.HeatwaveintheWesternPacificWesternPacificiswheretheheatwaveeffectismostdramaticwithrespecttomonsoon(whichlinkstheoceanfarinlandcausingdrought/flooding).WesternPacificregionalsohasthreetimesthelevelofsealevelrisethantheworld’saverage.Easternpacifichasthestrongestoxygendepletion.Easternpacificalsohassignificantacidification.Westernpacificisahotspotformarinebiodiversity.Increasedtemperaturescancausecoralbleaching.Oceanheatwavesarenotasextremeintemperatureasheatwavesonland,butlongerlastingintheocean.
Gaps:
Althoughwepartlyunderstandthedriversoftheheatwave(ElNinoetc),wedon’tunderstandeffectsonecosystem.Therearerecentstudiestryingtounderstandthis.Coralbleachingisoneexampleofnegativeeffect.
Needbetterpredictiontools,toassistriskmanagementandpreparedness.Gaps:localscaleandbasinscaledoesnotcomplementeachother.
Effectofmarineheatwaveontheecosystemnotcompletelyunderstood.Requiresbio-physicalinteractionscience
OpportunitiesforDecade:
Predictiontobeimproved.TropicalPacificObservingsystemnowprovidingdatatotheclimatesector,butexpectedthatthiscouldcontributetosafeoceansbyimprovingTPOS2020-IOC/Westpacpartnership
Scienceinformedmanagementneedstobeimproved.
AudienceQ+A/discussion:
QuestionfromPhilippinesrep:Talkprovidedaniceframeworkonwhatwecandointhedecade.Mustconsidertheinputsofwhatcanbedonethroughphytoplanktonanalysis.Thisaffectsfisheries,aquacultureandpublichealth.SomeHABScanbecarriedbycurrents.
CommentfromAlaskarep(Molly):NorthernBearingSeatheoceantemperaturesare7.5degreesabovenormalandhavinglargeimpactsonecosystems.Thisisunusualandnew.CurrentlybeingresearchedbyNorthPacificResearchBoardanddistributedbiologicalobservatory(Korea,Japanese,Chinese,USeffort)doinglongtermtransects.
CommentfromRussiarep:AcademyofScienceinVladivostokstudiesbiodiversityonPacificCoastofRussia.Needtofocusonprimaryproducer,andparticularlythosewhichproducetoxin.Cyanobacteriaisstartingtodominateduetowatertemperature.Newtechnologyandstandardisedmethodsforspeciesidentificationrequired.InternationalSocietyforBiologicalRes(IMBER)Geneticdatabasesforbaselineknowledgeandcommondataamongcountries.
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Presentation:HarmfulAlgaelBloomsandWEST-PAC-HAB,MitsunoriIwataki
HarmfulAlgalBloomscausemassivefishkills,contaminationofSeafood,ecologicaldamage.
Twotypes:Redtide(killsfish)andtoxinproducers-seafoodcontamination(useshellfishasvectors).
WESTPAC-HAB.Twopurposes:1)UnderstandingthenatureandpopulationofHABS,2)Preventionofdamage.Under1)theprojectimprovesskillsforHABspeciesdetectionthroughtrainingcoursesonidentificationandDNAtechnologies.Thepartnershipalsoincludescollaborativesamplingandresearchintargetedareas.Anumberofpublicationswereproducedincludingscientificpapersandoutreachpamphlets.
Gaps:ScientificAuthority,Fisheriesauthorityandfishermen-seephotograph.
OpportunitiesforDecade:Callforthedecadetodeveloparegionalprograme.g.,HAB-AsiatopromoteHABstudies,exchangeinformationandapplicationofnewtechnologies.
OverlapwithallotherDecadethemes.
AudienceQ+A/discussion:
CommentfromRussianrepresentativefromAcademyofscienceinVladivostok(Tatiana?):Personalobservation.WESTPACwasimportantformycareerandforthedevelopmentoftheprograminRussia.Theprojectwasessentialforfurtheringthefield.
CommentfromAlaskarepresentative(MollyMcCammon):AnumberoforganisationsintheUShavedataandexpertiseinthistopic,whichcouldbeshared.
CommentfromGil(?)–Whetherinthedecadeofoceansciencecanweworkonpredictionandmodelling.ItappearstoworkwellintheUS,notsowellinAsia.Somecrossfertilisation,andbettermethodsrequired.NeedasuitablesensortoidentifyHAB’s.Someindustrieshavetriedtomeasurerealtimedataonnutrientsetc.andtides.Thismightworkunderidealscenario,butitisnoteasytopredictwheretheycomefromorgoto.
CommentfromFilipinorepresentative:Predictioninspeciesspecificandareaspecific.E.g.,ManillaBay,itcanhappybetweensummerandrainyseason,itisknownwherethecystsare,andwhatthecurrents
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are-sothisbloomiswellunderstood.InthePhilippinestherearemorespeciesarebeingidentified.Itisnotknownwhy(climatechange?)
Presentation5:TyphoonForecastGapsFangliQuaoWesternPacificgetstheworsthurricaneintensitiesandoftensuffersthemostdamage.ForecasttracksgettingbetterintheUS,however,intensityforecastsarenotimproving(strongwindsalwayshavelowpredictionsandviceversa).Itappearsthisisduetoinsufficientaccountinginocean-atmosphereheattransfer.
CommentbyWeidongYu.Thereismuchmoreoceandataavailableinthewesternpacificnow,andthedecadewillprovideanotheravenueforintensivestudytoimprovetheforecasts.ReplybyFangli:needtocouplethemodellingwithrealtimedatacollection
CommentbyFilipinorepresentative.InthePhilippines,itisnotonlythewindstrength,buttherainfallamountsthatcanbedevastating.Canthemodelspredictthis?ReplybyFangli.Yes,becausetheprecipitationisdependentontheintensity.
RoundTableDay2.Eachpersonpreparedupto3minutesfocusedonopportunitiesfordecade.
TeronMoore:Therearedifferenttemporalscalesforthesehazards.OpportunitiesforDecade:Inadditiontoscience,inourdiscussionswemustincludeHumanhealth,Socialwell-being,Economies,Environment.ImprovementsinthesciencemustincludeMonitoring,predicting,forecastingetc.
UgiIshimi:JapanMeteorologicalagencyissuesweatherwarnings.GapsandOpportunitiesforthedecade:Existingprogramsarenotbeingmaintained.Notclearhowtotranslateweathertoriskstogeneralpublic?
Japaneserepresentative:Gap:Therearetoomanyfalsealarmsinourwarningsystems.
Japaneserepresentative:OpportunitiesforDecade:Mustdevelophighaccuracy,highresolutionforecastmodeltopredicthowHABmoves
Russianrepresentative:changeintemperatureisthemostimportantissue.OpportunitiesforDecade:CanLakeBakal(whichisconsidereddead)beusedasanindicatororapowerfulexampleofglobalchange?
Filipinorepresentative.InthePhilippines,foodsecurityandfoodsafetyistoppriority.Manypeopleeatfromtheocean.OpportunitiesforDecade:Thescienceandpredictionofalgalbloomshasapowerfulchampionbehindit,namelyfoodsecurity.
Kazumi,TokaiUniversity.Socialscienceisrequired.
Japaneserepresentative.OpportunitiesforDecade:Developbettertoolsforspeciesidentification.Developastrongunderstandingoftheeconomicandsocialimpactsofthesehazards
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BenChurchill:Australiamovingtowardsimpactbasedforecasting.GapsandOpportunitiesforDecade:Gettingoutwiththestakeholdertounderstandpressurepoints,issuesandknowledgegaps.Thishelpsmaintaintrust.Guidelinesandstandardisation.Tapintoexistingdata(includingtraditionalknowledge)
Americanrepresentative:Collectingusefuldataiswelldone.Wecancollectthingseasilyandputthemintoscience.However,nottotallywiththestakeholdersinmind.OpportunitiesforDecade:Mustfullyunderstandstakeholdersneeds.
Indonesianrepresentative.Majorproblemissustainedobservation.Dartbuoyswereinstalledaftermajortsunami,butnotmaintained.OpportunitiesforDecade:Establishinexpensiveobservingsystemsthatarepalatableandconsideredimportantbyongoingresponsibleauthorities.
JapaneserepresentativefromJapaninstituteofTechnology-Somanyissuesinthecoastalzones.Forthedecadewhatshouldbetheimportantsubjecttotacklewithregardtosafeoceans?Don’tconcentrateoncollectingmoredataorgettingforecastsperfect.OpportunitiesforDecade:Wearelookingforsomethingnew.Ourissueisinintegration,networking,coordination,ofexistingprojectsanddata.
OpportunitiesforDecade:SummarydiscussiononHeatWaveandHABWemighthavemulti-hazardforecastingopportunities.Somebuoysforinstancecouldbeusedformultiplehazarddetection.
Manyopportunitiesarestilluntappedwithregardtoscienceandsocialscience.Thiswouldimprovetremendouslyintegrationofscienceintopolicy(currentlythescience-policyinterfaceispoorlydone).
Internationalsocietyforharmfulspecieshasadatabase.Notallcountriescontribute,soshouldbeencouragedinthedecade.Usedtohavegeohabprogram,whichshouldbecontinued.