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1) Look at the words below and write down their negative forms next to the appropriateprefix, or prefix variant. [8]

in- incapable, inability, intolerant, inofficialim- impracticalil- illegalir- irresponsible, irrationalnon- non-smoker, non-athletic, non-alcoholic, non-nucleardis- disinclined, disagreement, disobey, disharmony, disability, dissimilara- asepticun- unhappy, unofficial, unwillingness

interested uninterested (not) , disinterested (lost interest)professional non-professional (amateur), unprofessional (bahaviour)finite non-finite (not denote tense/person ), infinite (no limit)tonal non-tonal (no chords), atonal (not written/played in any key)human non-human (alien), inhuman (cruel), unhuman (no human qualitiy), inhumane (cruel)moral non-moral (not related to), amoral (not caring), immoral (not accepted)

not happ everything but happy unhapp sad, etc.not married never been married unmarried might have been married beforeun-!meri"an no characteristics non-!meri"an from another country

#e$orative forms%direct, surprise, science, Tudor, formation, hear, treatment, English, literary, quotationmis- misdire"t , mishear , mis&uotationmal- malformation , maltreatmentpseudo- pseudo-s"ien"e , pseudo-literarmo"k- mo"k-surprise , mo"k-'udor , mo"k-(nglish

) *ele"t from the first "olumn the prefix that best "ompletes ea"h of the given root words so asto obtain the meaning on the right% [1+]

ante- 1. -agree have unlike opinions DIS AGREEanti- 2. -tension low blood pressure HYPO TENSI N

bi- !. -liven "ake a#tive and #heer$ul EN%I&EN#o- '. -natal happening be$ore birth PRE NATA%( ANTINATA%#o"- ). -"us#ular within a "us#le INTRA *+S,+%AR #on- . -title give a #hair or right to EN TIT%E#ontra- . -"iserate s/"pathi0e with COM *ISERATEde- . -roo" s"all waiting roo" leading to larger one ANTI R *di- . -lingual able to speak twolanguages $luentl/ BI %ING+A%dis- 13. -thesis the dire#t opposite ANTI T4ESISe"- 11. -president $or"er e5e#utive EX -6RESI7ENTen- 12. -bustible easil/ burned COM 8+STI8%Ee5- 1!. 9#hoto"ous divided into two parts DI ,4 T *+Se5tra- 1'. -#urri#ular outside regular #ourse o$ stud/ EXTRA ,+RRI,+%AR h/per- 1). -date pre#ede in ti"e ANTE 7ATEh/po- 1 . -used not being in servi#e DIS +SE7intra- 1 . -#onta"inate re"ove dangerous substan#es $ro" DE , NTA*INATE

1 . -e5ist e5ist at the sa"e ti"e or pal#e CO E:IST1 . -lo#ate put out o$ pla#e DIS % ,ATE23. -"obili0e send ba#k $ro"the ar"/ DE * 8I%I;E21. -education educating boys and girls together ED !"#$%&22. -dote substan#e to stop poison working ANTI 7 TE

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2!. -h/drate re"ove water $ro" DE 4

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youthfull -ness reversible -ity widower -hood

youth -ful revers -ible widow -er

irregularity romanticism salesmanship

irregular -ity romantic -ism salesman -ship

ir- regular romance - *t)ic sale-s -man

=) (xplain and exemplif>ase =

any morphological unit to which affi>es of any kind can be added or which can be addedto another base in compounding

has no le>ical meaning on its own e.g. playful [play base ? root

4oot = a morpheme which lies at the core of a comple> word form words can have multiple roots e.g. playfulness @ play A root, @ playful A base

bus stop [bus and @stopA both roots*tem =

reserved for inflectional processes a form without any inflectional endings e.g. winners @winner A stem, @winA root

ord-formation pro"esses% ?6 L( '? 6

when a bound grammatidcal morpheme *inflectional morpheme) is involvedit comes do a modification of a word to e>press different grammatical categories

tense, mood, voice, aspect, person, number, gender and caseit is the formation of grammatical variants of the same wordaffixes prefi>, infi>, suffi>e.g. cat cat s = e>pressing plural

7(4?@!'? 6when two or more le>ical morphemes are involved

used to form a new word on the basis of an e>isting wordaffixese.g. happy unhappy, happiness

ationwords are formed without modif ing the form of the basese.g. The head of the village school# has arrived# $he will head the village school#

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negative, reversative, pe orative, privative, repetitive, causative, prefi>es of degreeBsies of orientationBattitude, locative prefi>es, prefi>es of time and order, numberprefi>es

1) 6egative prefixes% mostly with "d s, but also with &s, Cs, and "dvs as bases C6-

meaning not , the converse ofe.g. unfair, unfit, unaware, unripe, untrue, unable, uncertain, unhealthy ###

?6-meaning not , the converse ofe.g. inconsistent, insufficient, intolerant, illogical, illegal, impossible, ###

6 6-

produces binary, non-gradable contrasts

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(6-A(treme or pe orative tooe.g. hypersensitive, hypercritical, hypermodern, hypernatural, hyperactive ###

*C4-meaning over and abovee.g. surcharge, surta0, surplus, surmount, surpass, surreal ###

CL'4!-meaning e>treme, beyonde.g. untra"ambitious, ultra"fashionable, ultra"liberal, ultra"distance ###

@(4-meaning sicessivee.g. overheat, overreact, over"eager, over"confident, overflow, overrun###

C'-meaning surpassinge.g. outnumber, outrun, outclass, outperform, outsell, outgrow ###

*C>-meaning below, ... , subordinateBsecondary... or neraly, not :uitee.g. subconsious, subnormal, subcategory, subclass, subdivide, ###

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H$! %- meaning infinitely small or dealing with sth very smalle.g. microchip, microcomputer, microfilm, micro"economics, ###H"! %- macrostructure, macro"economics ###

C67(4-meaning insufficient, too little *Cs) or subordinate *&s)e.g. undercharge, underplay, underdevelopment, underdone% undermanager,under"secretary, undersherriff ###

=) #refixes of orientationAattitude #4 -

meaning for, on the side of, supporting or on behalf ofe.g# pro"&merican, pro" a1i, pro"communist, pro"liberal% pro"consul, pro"

provost, ### !6'?-

meaning against, opposed to

e.g. anti"social, antitraditional, anti&merican, anti"$emitic, ###meaning prevent, destroye.g. anti"free1e, antiknock, antiroll, anti"rust, anti"pollution, antibacterial ###

C6'(4-meaning against, in opposition toe.g. counteract, countervote, counterattack, counterrevolution, counter"clockwise ###

6'4!-meaning opposite, contrastinge.g. contradistinction, contradict, contradiction, contrafactual ###

8) Lo"ative prefixes may e>tend their meaning metaphorically to include locations in an abstract, figurative

sense 4(-

meaning front, front part ofe.g. foreleg, forehead, forelimb, forearms, foreground, forename, ###

?6'(4-meaning between, amonge.g. international, interlinear, inter"continential, inter"marry, interdependent,interlink, inter"war (years) ###

*C>-meaning more literal locative meaning of undere.g. subway, substructure, subsurface, subtitle, subcentral, submerge###

*C#(4-meaning above, situated above Ge.g. superscript, superstructure, superglottal, superorbital ###

'4!6*-meaning across, from one place to anothere.g. transatlantic, trans"$iberian, trans"&merica, trans"&laska, transplant###

%ther extra-, intra- , over- , in- and out-e0tralinguistic, e0traterritorial% intra"racial, intra"party% overhead, overhang%input, inhouse% outhouse, outstation ###

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G) #refixes of time and order 4(- before

e.g. foretell, forewarn, foreshadow, foresee, foreknowledge, foresight ### # *'- after

e.g. post"war, post"election, post"communism, post"modernism, post"3arwinism, post"Eli1abethan, ###

#4(- before, in advancee.g. pre"war, pre"school, premarital, pre"industrial, pre"cook, pre"heat ###

( - former e.g. e0"president, e0"serviceman, e0"champion, e0"husband ###1H) 6umber prefixes

C6?-, < 6 -e.g. unise0, unilateral, unidirectional% monoplane, monosyllabic (word with 4syllable)%monotransitive (5% takes a $ub and a single d)% monolingual (speaking/usingonly 4 language)

>?-, 7?-meaning two , having two G , occuring every two Gs or occuring twice in

an Ge.g. bilingual (knowing 6 languages), bise0ual, bipolar% ditransitive ( 5% takes a $ub and6 b2), biweekly, bimontly, bicentennial, biannual ###

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*uffixation

6oun suffixation%

1) !"t nominali:ationA6omina a"tionis

action or process of C-ing -?6D activity connected with & or an occasion of C-ing

farming, cricketing, blackberrying% christening, wedding, ### -!'? 6A-tion, -ion, -ition, -ution

e.g. neutrali1ation, derivation, adaptation, e0ploitation ###amplify amplification% codify codification, qualify qualification, implyimplicationascribe ascription, receive reception, reduce reduction, resume resumption% rebel rebellion, adhere adhesion ###add addition, define definition ###revolve revolution, resolve resolution ###

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stateBoffice of & accountancy, agency, presidency ###

-/! )5e.g. adequacy, delicacy, immediacy, intimacy, legitimacy, ###rankBoffice of & advocacy, candidacy, curacy, prelacy ###

-/?')C7(e.g. aptitude, e0actitude, promptitude, certitude, gratitude ###

-?*ical units consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and

semantically as a single word e.g. dogfish, dog"collar they usually have two bases only, but they can have more= e.g. motor J cycle J factory motorcycle factory

' pes of "ompounds% &oun compounds "d ective compounds

6 C6

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*21) air-conditioning book-keeping book-reviewing brainwashingdressmaking housekeeping letter-writing oath-takingsightseeing story-telling town-planning

[ ] S#"G-,F"LE = ob ect J agential noun in - er *cf G pays ta>*es)S). #his is a very pro-ductivetype, and designates concrete *usually human) agentsI note however dishwasher, lawn"mower, penholder, record player =*22) cigar smoker computer-designer crime reporter gamekeeper hair-splitter language teacher

matchmaker radio-operator songwriterstockholder window-cleaner

[7] SF &! ,!" D= verb J ob ect *cf G punches the cardS)=*2') call-girl drawbridge pin-up girl punchball

push-button scarecrow treadmill

[(] S! EO$&M,M H= verbal noun in - ing J ob ect *cf G chews gumS)I very productive=

*2/) cooking apple boiling fowl T;rE roasting ointdrinking-water reading material braising steakeating apple spending money

' pe Iverb and adverbialI[!] S7O$HH$&M,F%%(= verbal noun in - ing J adverbial *consisting of a prepositional phraseI cf

G swims in the poolS). #his is a very productive type. 7everal adverbial relations areinvolved=

F("!E=*20) diving board drinking cup free

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[ ] SN %M,H"&= noun1 J noun2 *cf Vnoun2 @is likeA noun1W, Vthe man is like a frogW). #his is avery productive type=*/4) butter-bean catfish dragonfly goldfish

kettledrum sandwich man tissue paper

[7] S7&%O,N("PE= noun1 J noun2 *cf Vnoun2 @is of, consists ofA noun1W, Va flake of snowW)=*/6) breadcrumb chocolate bar dustheap raindrop sand dune soap flake

[(] S"7 ,# "L= noun1 J noun2 *cf Vnoun2 @is forA noun1W, Vthe tray is for ashW). #his is a highlyproductive type e>pressing purpose=*/8) birdcage breakfast time cowshed doghouse fish-pond

flowerbed tearoom coffee time cough drops faceclothfire engine flypaper safety belt

>ahuvrihi ompounds% the term bahuvrihiS refers not to their pattern of formation but to the relation they have with

their referents e.g. sabretooth it is neither a sabre nor a tooth , but a feline with sabre-like teeth birdbrain, blockhead, bluebell, butterfingers, egghead, fathead, featherbrain, featherweight,

hardback, hardtop, heavyweight, hunchback, loudmouth, paleface, paperback

!73( '?@( hibit com-plementation by FFs=

*03) airsick air-tight camera-ready carsick dustproof duty-free fireproof foolproofhomesick oven-ready ta>-free war-weary

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c. fence, hedge, rail, walld. butter, cream, curry, pepper, salt, sugare. anger, awe, panic

) #rivative *to deprive ofBremove from)=*13) core, cream, dust, gut, husk, louse, peel, skin, stone, weed

0) 4esultative =*14) a. ditch, hole, tunnel, beam, flame, smoke, steam, spark

b. campaign, compromise, counterattack, e>periment, ourney, lecture, tour9) ausative = i. make & of GBmake G into &

*16) beggar, cripple, cuckold, orphan, widowii. convert into &=

*18) coke, compost, cashiii. form into=

*29) ball, bundle, corral, package, terraceiv. make & of G, represent G in &=

*21) caricature, cartoon, film, picture;) Lo"ativeA7ire"tional *to put inBon &, go into &, be in &, keepBstore in &)=

*22) bottle, carpet, corner, catalogue, list, blacklist, floor, garage, position, shelve,dock, land, ail, pocket, camp, tent, kennel, stable+) !s"riptive *beBact as &, act like &)=

*2') a. captain, censor, chaperon, father, model, mother, nurse, profiteer, pilot,referee, star, witness

b. ape, fo>, hawk, parrotc. bolt, dart, flake, rocket, telescope

=) ?nstrument = a. comb, hammer, iron, mop, saw, towelb. elbow, finger, shoulder, handc. belt, button, clasp, nail , pin, screw, tackd. cane, bayonnet, knife, bomb, gun, machine-gun, mortar, stonee. bicycle, canoe, parachute, motor, ship skate, ski, sledge, yacht

f. drum, fiddle, harp, trumpet

7(-!73( '?@!L !onversion to verbs from ad ectival bases can be interpreted inchoatively*Vto become "B"-erW) or causatively *Vto make "B"-erW)=

*20) dry, empty, grey, narrow, sour, tense, thin, warm, yellow*23) blind, clean, dirty, empty, grey, humble, lower, narrow, soundproof

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onversion to ad$e"tives7(6

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0) L?##?6D process of shortening a word without changing its cognitive meaning or its part of speech,

though fre:uently with the effect of making it stylistically less formal

ad from adSvertisement *also adverStisement in "mE)advert *;rE)Scosec BSkausekB from cosecant BkauSsi=kantB *in trigonometry)Sdemo from demonSstration *but in ;rE chiefty in the political

7enseI in "mE Va demonstration carW)eS>am from *academic) e>amiSnation *but not the verb e;0amine

or e>amiSnation in the medical senseNrench fries *esp "mE) from Nrench fried potatoes *esp "mE)gents from gentlemenSs *especially [ gentlemenSs lavatory)lab from laSboratory *;rE),Slabora,tory *"mE)lib from libeSration *but only in le>icali

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!lphabetisms "bbreviations which are pronounced as se:uences of letters *also called alphabetismsS), e.g.

'# #3# B,si= au Sdi=B, are most like ordinary abbreviations and hence most peripheral to word-formation

i. #he letters may represent full words=*2) cBo *in) care of @used on envelopesA

!.%.D. cash on deliveryD$L *informa$ ;rE) do-it-yourself @used of self help repairs, etcAEE! European Economic !ommunityeg e>empli gratia @(atin, Vfor e>ampleWAE7F e>tra-sensory perceptionN;$ Nederal ;ureau of $nvestigationie id est @(atin, that is AH$# Hassachusetts $nstitute of #echnologyF! personal computerC$F very important person

ii. #he letters represent constituents in a compound or ust parts of a word=

*') M X Meneral ead:uarters$D identification *card)#; tuberculosis#C television

"lphabetisms are sometimes given a :uasi-phonetic written form=*/) a. H.!. vs Emcee @Haster ef !eremoniesAb. DK vs dee ay @Disc KockeyA

#rodu"tivit in word formation #4 7C '?@?'5 is a general term used in linguistics to refer to the creative capacity of languageusers to produce and understand an indefinitely large number of linguisticconstructionsI may be &F %D !#$CE or &%&-F %D !#$CE

reativit is the native speakerSs ability to e>tend the language system in a motivated, butunpredictable *&%&- (E-M%CE &ED) way.*(