western europe a comparative perspective ap world history notes: chapter 10
TRANSCRIPT
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WESTERN EUROPEA COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE
AP World History Notes: Chapter 10
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Catching Up
Western Europe was much less developed than: the Byzantine Empire, China, India, and the Islamic world Smaller cities Politically weaker Less international
economy Inferior technology
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Europe’s Willingness to Borrow
From: Received:
Arabs Scientific ideas, business practices, goods like spices and sugar
Pagan Greeks Philosophical and artistic ideas
India Mathematical concepts, spices
China Silks, porcelain, gunpowder, papermaking, compass, iron casting, nautical technology, a public postal service
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Europe’s Own Breakthroughs
In agriculture = new heavy wheeled plow that could handle the dense soils of Northern Europe
In energy = non-animal sources = windmill, water-driven mill, complex gearing mechanisms, etc. Revolutionized production
in many industries In the military = 1st to use
gunpowder in cannons
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Pluralism in Politics
Political life in Western Europe became a system of competing states Ex: France, Spain, England,
Sweden, etc. Why no single European
empire? Geographic barriers Ethnic and linguistic
diversity Shifting balances of power
among the many states
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Pluralism in Politics
Result of this type of political system: Frequent
warfare Enhanced the
role and status of military men
Drove the “gunpowder revolution”
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Pluralism in Politics
3-way struggle for power in western European states between: monarchs, high-ranking nobles, and church leaders
As a result = most cities ended up making their own laws and appointing their own local officials
In many cities kings granted charters = allowed citizens to have their own courts, laws, and governments
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Paving the Way for the Future… Development of capitalism Development of representative
institutions and parliaments First parliaments represented “estates” First estate = the clergy Second estate = the landowning nobility Third estate = Urban merchants
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Reason and Faith
Rising tension in Europe between: human reason and faith
Classical Greek philosophy Does it contradict religion? Or can it be used to help disclose the truths of Christianity
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Rise of European Universities
Considered “zones of intellectual autonomy”
Professors and students could pursue their studies with some freedom from political and religious authorities
Guild of scholars organized
Major universities in: Paris, Oxford, Cambridge
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Medieval Universities
Cambridge in England
University of Paris in France
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Medieval Universities
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Reason and Faith
At these universities is where scholars and students began to examine faith and religion using reason and logic Example of a student’s
question = Can you prove that God exists based solely on reason, without the Bible or other source of divine revelation?
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Reason and Faith
However, many scholars and students believed that reason could coexist with faith Logic, philosophy, and rationality would
operate in service to Christ
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Desire for Ancient Greek Texts
Focus on reason and rationality = led scholars to seek out original Greek texts Especially those of
Aristotle his writings became the basis for university education
Many translated from Greek and Arabic into Latin
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Thomas Aquinas
Helped develop scholasticism = type of learning that balances reason with religious teachings
Integrated Aristotle’s ideas into Christian doctrine
Said reason was God’s gift, given to us to answer philosophical questions