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MR. DUNN’S WORLD HISTORY CLASS 9/11/2023NOTES AND OUTLINE CH 11

UNIT 2: The Rise of Islam UNIT 2: The Rise of Islam Chapter 11: From the Crusades to New Muslim EmpiresStandards UsedStandards Used

7.2 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the civilizations of Islam in the Middle Ages.

7.6 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the civilizations of Medieval Europe. 7.6.6 Discuss the causes and course of the religious Crusades and their effects

on the Christian, Muslim, and Jewish populations in Europe, with emphasis on the increasing contact by Europeans with cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean world.

7.6.9 Know the history of the decline of Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula that culminated in the Reconquista and the rise of Spanish and Portuguese kingdoms.

7.9 Students analyze the historical developments of the Reformation. 7.9.7 Describe the Golden Age of cooperation between Jews and Muslims in

medieval Spain that promoted creativity in art, literature, and science, including how that cooperation was terminated by the religious persecution of individuals and groups (e.g., the Spanish Inquisition and the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain in 1492).

CH 11 - FROM CRUSADES TO NEW MUSLIM EMPIRES1.11.2 Background on causes for the crusades p.120

1) The Christians in The Byzantine Empire of 15

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By 636 CE, they started to lose territory to the Muslims

1.Syria ( Damascus)2.Egypt ( Cairo) and North Africa3.Assyria (Bagdad)

By 1071 CE, they had lost most of ANATOLIA in the BATTLE OF MANZIKERT and Constantinople was being threatened.

Now they only controlled Part of Anatolia and Greece

2) The Muslims (Islam) By 1050 CE the Muslim lands in the Middle East

had be taken over by the Seljuk Turks from central Asia (who became Muslim)

These rulers SULTANS were more cruel and brutal than the Abbasids and Umayyads of past

1. Christians and Jews were not being treated as fairly as the Muslims of the past had.

2. Stories and rumors were going back to Europe that Christians and their Churches were being destroyed.

The Qur’an teaches that:1. “sincere believers must serve as warriors”2. Large armies were easily created

3) The Christians in Europe

The KING THE LEVELS OF NOBLES/LORDS SOCIETY/POWER KNIGHTS IN EUROPE PEASANTS SERFS

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The Pope was the leader of the Christian Church in Europe, based in Rome.

People in Europe would follow the Pope’s request especially if it was a “Holy Cause”

Many stories and rumors were coming from Jerusalem that reported Christians were being killed and Churches were being destroyed.

Kings were looking for more glory than just fighting among Europeans

The Peasants were eager to leave their situation to travel and become the armies of the Kings.

11.3 The Story of the Crusades pages 121-123

1) In 1095, POPE URBAN II and the Emperor of Byzantium called a council at CLERMONT, FRANCE for a new Christian Unity.

2) 1 ST CRUSADE (1096-1099) 4 Nobles led this Crusade (including Robert Duke of

Normandy/ son of William I of England) 30,000 crusaders went to Constantinople They were very successful! Early 1099 they took Antioch in Syria July 1099 they took Jerusalem Many Jews and Muslims were massacred They established 4 crusader Kingdoms that lasted

until 1144 when they started to fall back into the hands of the Muslims

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3) 2 nd CRUSADE (1146-1148)

Did not go well French and German crusaders were defeated They could not take Damascus and went home

4) 3 rd CRUSADE (1189-1192 )

By the 1180’s the great Sultan Salah al-Din started to unite Egypt, Syria, and lands East

He took Jerusalem in 1187 ending almost 100 years of Crusader control

This shocked the Europeans and they mounted the third Crusade with King Richard I of England as the leader.

In 1191 they re-took the city of Acre, but then killed all the Muslim prisoners

In 1192, both the Crusaders and the Muslims were weak and signed a peace treaty, allowing Christian Pilgrims to re-enter Jerusalem.

5) LATER CRUSADES (ending in 1291)

1. One Crusade the 4th never made it to Israel and ended up Pillaging and burning Constantinople, weakening the Byzantine Empire.

2. 1212 saw the “Children’s crusade”3. Most never made it to Jerusalem4. The crusades ended in 1291 with the fall of Acre the

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5. In the end Christians were still able to enter Jerusalem on pilgrimages.

6) THE RECONQUISTA

This was the war to retake the Iberian Peninsula 1085 Christians took the Moor city of Toledo 1139 the Christian Kingdom of Portugal was

established By 1248 only the small Kingdom of Granada

remained in Muslim hands Many Muslims and Jews remained in the Christian

controlled lands and lived in peace. 1492 Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand finally

captured Granada and ended Muslim rule To unite Spain as a Catholic country they used the

Inquisition against any Muslim or Jew who did not convert to Catholicism

More than 170,000 Jews left their homes forever By 1609 Spain expelled its remaining Muslims

THE SIX PEOPLE ARE: Richard I, Anna Comnena, Salah al-Din (Saladin), Usamah ibn-Munqidh,

Eliezer ben Nathan, and Eleazar ben Judah.

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Richard I of England

Richard I was born in England in 1157, the son of King Henry II

and Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine. Henry died in 1189 & Richard was crowned king. He had such a strong reputation for bravery in war, that his

name was Richard the Lionhearted. He taxed the people heavily to raise money for himself and his

soldiers to fight the 3rd Crusade Third Crusade was long and hard. The crusaders needed to

cope with a radically different environment (largely desert), disease, and fierce fighting by the Muslims, led by Salah al-Din.

In June 1191, Richard arrived at the Muslim town of Acre. Fellow crusader King Phillip II of France had begun to surround and attack Acre two months earlier. The Muslims gave up and surrendered to the crusaders

However, when Richard felt that Salah al-Din was too slow to follow through on a promised exchange of prisoners, he became frustrated and ordered the deaths of all 2,700 Muslims inside Acre’s city walls.

By the time Richard and his soldiers finally neared Jerusalem, the men were exhausted and many had been hurt badly in battle. Realizing that he could not capture the city from the Muslims, Richard turned around without ever seeing Jerusalem and headed back to England.

He signed a truce with Salah Al-Din to allow Christian Pilgrims to enter Jerusalem

Richard was devoted both to the Catholic Church and to the knightly ideals of courage and honor in battle. He loved the thrill and challenge of battle and the respect he received for leading the fight in God’s name to capture the Holy Land. According to legend, when Richard and his troops were close to Jerusalem, Richard rode his horse to the top of a hill overlooking the Holy City. When he realized that after so long and so many battles,

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he might finally be able to see Jerusalem, he threw his shield over his face to cover his eyes and began to cry, pleading to God that he never wanted to look upon the city if he could not have the honor of capturing Jerusalem from the Muslims. Richard refused to enter Jerusalem as a loser. He promised, “O Holy Land, I commend thee to God, and, if His heavenly grace grants me so long to live, I hope, pledge to come one day to succor [help in time of distress] thee.”

ANNA COMNENA

Born in 1083 CE daughter of Emperor Alexius Comnenus of

Byzantium She wrote about the 1st Crusades: It describes the problems she and her family faced when the

crusaders arrived, despite the fact that they had supposedly come to help Anna’s family and the Byzantine Christians against the Turks.

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She was shocked and amazed at seeing such vast numbers of fanatical crusaders storm into Constantinople.

Her father, according to Comnena he treated them kindly because they were Christians.

Comnena had mixed feelings about the crusades. She respected the crusaders because they were, like herself and the Byzantines, Christians.

She understood that one of the reasons for the crusade was her father’s need for help in fighting the Turks and defending the Byzantine Empire.

At the same time, Comnena expressed fear and dislike of many of the crusaders, whom she described as unstable and dangerous, even cruel

She saw that huge numbers of fanatical Christians were overtaking her city. To Comnena, this seemed to be an invasion.

ANNA COMNENA continued

She believed that once the Europeans had begun to fight for a cause, they were uncontrollable.

She included descriptions of crusaders roasting children in the fire and tearing off the limbs of others, like a massacre

Comnena was also suspicious of the crusaders. Although she admired the dedication of some of the soldiers to Christianity, she questioned whether many were truly fighting for God.

She believed that some of the crusaders, men like the leader Bohemond, fought mainly for glory in battle and the greedy urge to acquire more wealth and land.

Emperor Alexius was similarly suspicious. Comnena defended her father’s decision to stay in Constantinople as emperor and not to go on the crusade.

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Salah al-Din

(Saladin) was born in 1138 CE As a soldier, Salah al-Din was respected and successful. Salah al-Din’s military performance brought him more honors

and leadership positions In 1169, he was chosen commander-in-chief of the entire army Salah al-Din was a strong leader and was widely respected

among many different Muslim groups. In 1174, he became Sultan of both Syria and Egypt. On October 2, 1187, Salah al-Din and the Muslim army

reconquered Jerusalem. Unlike the crusaders who massacred Muslims and Jews when

they captured the holy city in 1099, Salah al-Din was generous with the Christians and other inhabitants of Jerusalem who surrendered to his army.

The Third Crusade was difficult for Salah al-Din and his army. The crusaders were vicious to the Muslims they attacked and captured.

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After the crusaders’ victory under King Richard I at Acre in 1191, many Muslims were massacred and the others left exhausted.

Salah al-Din’s army began to lose some of its energy and spirit. Salah al-Din was a devout Muslim, dedicated to the cause of Islam and his people.

Salah al-Din continued

He was also wise and careful. When he realized he could not defeat the Christians in the Third Crusade, he signed a peace treaty with King Richard in September 1192.

Under the agreement, the crusaders remained in control of the cities on the Mediterranean coast and the Muslims remained in control of Jerusalem and surrounding lands, but the Christians were still able to visit the holy sites in Jerusalem.

It was largely due to Salah al-Din’s leadership that the crusaders failed to recapture Jerusalem during the Third Crusade and that Richard turned around and went home to England.

Despite the pain and deaths the Muslims had endured from the crusaders, Salah al-Din was able to talk reasonably with King Richard.

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Usamah ibn-Munqidh

Usamah ibn-Munqidh (oo-SAW-mah ib-in moon-KEED) was born in 1095 CE

Usamah was strongly influenced by his father. Usamah’s father was widely respected for his strength in battle,

bravery, honor, and religious devotion, especially the Qur’an. Born one year before the First Crusade, Usamah spent his

childhood surrounded by danger. He fought many battles against Christians during the 2nd

Crusade. He also wrote extensively about the conflict. His memoir,

Memoirs of an Arab-Syrian Gentleman, is filled with descriptions battles.

He describes his first battle against the crusaders and comments: “O my lord that was the first fight in which I took part [August 4, 1119]…. But the moment I saw that the Franks [crusaders] were in contact with our men, and then I felt that death would be an easy matter for me. So I turned back to the [crusaders], either to be killed or to protect that crowd.”

Yet Usamah fought in battle after battle, neither fearing death nor injury he endured.

His greatest sadness came in old age when he was forced to accept his physical weakness

Usamah ibn-Munqidh

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Usamah lived to know that the Muslims recaptured Jerusalem in 1187.

He died a year later in Damascus. Usamah also wrote extensively about dedicated Muslims—

including the heroic actions of Muslim women—defending themselves against the enemy.

Usamah called the crusaders “devils” and “infidels” who were betraying, according to him, the true religion of humankind, Islam.

After mentioning the crusaders in his writing, Usamah often made the comment that they should be cursed by God, when he wrote, “May Allah render them helpless!”

He compared the crusaders to animals whose only good quality is their bravery in battle.

An important reason for Usamah’s relatively open-minded attitude toward the crusaders was his intense belief in Islam, considering Christians and Jews spiritually similar to Muslims sharing the belief in 1 God.

He was not afraid of being killed in battle, because he was confident he was fighting for a just cause: the liberation of the Holy Land from the crusaders.

This confidence came from his view that whether he lived or died, he would be fulfilling the role God had assigned him.

This belief enabled Usamah to fight courageously time after time, never showing cowardice in the face of his adversaries.

Usamah continues to be recognized for his inquisitive mind and his keen observations of life during the crusades.

ELIEZER ben NATHAN

Eliezer (pronounced ell-ee-AY-zar) ben Nathan, a Jewish poet and writer, was born around 1090CE

He studied the Talmud, a book of writings about the Jewish Torah, with some very famous men.

His chronicle The Persecutions of 1096 told about the violence in the European Jewish cities of Speyer, Worms, Mainz, & Cologne.

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MR. DUNN’S WORLD HISTORY CLASS 9/11/2023NOTES AND OUTLINE CH 11 The Persecutions of 1096 was probably written many years after 1096,

and Eliezer may have relied on other sources besides his own. With passionate language, he describes how the European crusaders

stole from the Jews, destroyed their homes, and murdered anyone who refused to convert to Christianity and be baptized.

He writes that the crusaders stole the Torah, stomped on it in the mud outside Jewish homes,

One of the most shocking parts of Eliezer’s account of the crusades is his description of Jews who killed their children and themselves rather than be forced to give up their religion and convert to Christianity or be killed

Although many of the Jews who did choose to convert in order to save their lives continued to secretly practice Judaism, Eliezer still felt that the Jews who killed themselves displayed more dedication to God.

Eliezer’s description of the effect of the First Crusade on Jews is extremely emotional. He wrote about his enormous feeling of sadness that God allowed so many Jews to be killed.

Toward the Christian crusaders, he expresses great hate, describing them as arrogant (excessively proud) enemies and oppressors whose anger and violence caused great harm to Eliezer’s people.

ELIEZER ben JUDAH

Eleazar (pronounced ELL-ah-zar) ben Judah was born around the year 1165 CE

Eleazar was born in the town of Mainz and later spent a great deal of time traveling and studying in Germany and France.

He lived most of his life in the town of Worms, where he was one of the most famous Jewish scholars of the MA.

His work and writing covered many fields, including the Talmud (a book of writings about the Torah), poetry, astronomy, and the Kabala.

Eleazar was personally and deeply affected by the Second Crusade. He and all the Jews of Worms and the surrounding towns were forced to

leave their Torah scrolls, books, & other belongings behind in order to escape crusaders.

Several years after this escape, in 1196, Eleazar was at home, when two crusaders forced their way in.

The crusaders killed Eleazar’s wife, Dulcina, his two daughters, Belat and Hannah, and his son, Jacob. Eleazar was badly hurt, but he survived the attack.

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MR. DUNN’S WORLD HISTORY CLASS 9/11/2023NOTES AND OUTLINE CH 11 After this night, Eleazar’s life changed dramatically. Dulcina had sold

parchment scrolls to support the family and allow Eleazar to spend all his time studying and writing. Now Eleazar had no one to support him.

After seeing the tragedies that happened to his family and to other Jews in his town, Eleazar wondered if his people and their religion would survive in Europe

During the crusades, Jews did their best to defend themselves in any way possible.

Many Jews who were captured by crusaders refused to become Christians, even when savagely tortured to death.

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