Welcome to your AP GoPoExam Review Session

Agenda

• Grab a snack (be neat, please, for my custodian)

• Concepts review (~ 1 hour)

• Group practice exam (~45 min)

• Reminders: Review materials available at

What to expect• 2 hours, 25 min. of time to show off!!– 60 MC in 45 min.– 4 FRQs in 100 min. (25min each)

• Breakdown:– Constitutional Underpinnings (5-15%)– Political Beliefs & Behaviors (10-20%)– Political Parties, Interest Groups & Mass Media (10-

20%)– Institutions of Govt (Cong, Exec, Courts) (35-45%)– Public Policy (5-15%)– Civil Rights & Liberties (5-15%)

FoundationsArticle 1: Legislative

“make laws”Power of the Purse

•Override presidential veto• Establishes courts/sets #• Impeachment: House brings charges; Senate holds trial• House: Budget control• Senate: advice & consent; ratifies treaties; confirms apptmts

Article 2: Executive“enforce laws”

Power of the Sword•proposes laws• appoints judges• grants pardons• vetoes/signs bills• calls special session of Congress

Article 3: Judicial“interpret laws”

Power of the Law•federal judges appointed for life• judicial review: can declare laws & executive orders/actions unconstitutional

Bill of Rights1. Speech, Press, Religion,

Assembly, Petition2. Bear arms4. Search & seizure5. Rights of the accused6. Court proceedings8. Punishment/bails/fines9. Unenumerated10. Reserved powers

14th Amendment• Due Process: procedural/substantive• Equal Protection• Incorporation Doctrine

Amendment Process• 2/3 Congress proposes OR nat’l convention called by 2/3 states•3/4 states ratify OR ratified by ¾ state conventions

• Purposes of Government (preamble)•Influences on Decl of Inde•Weaknesses of Articles of Confed•popular sovereignty•separation of powers•checks & balances•enumerated powers•reserved powers•Connecticut (Great) Compromise•NJ v. Virginia Plans•Federalist #10 & #51•Feds v. Anti-Feds arguments• factions

Federalism

Delegated Powers of the Nat’l Gov’t

Reserved Powers to the States

Concurrent Powers

Powers denied to both st/natl

Powers denied to natl govt

Powers denied to state govts

•Supremacy Clause•McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)•elastic clause•enumerated v. implied powers•marble cake (cooperative) federalism•dual federalism•fiscal federalism•devolution•mandates•block grants•categorical grants•formula grants•Full Faith & Credit•Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)•Interstate Commerce Clause

Public Opinion

How is public opinion measured?

•polling•elections

•direct contact•interest groups

• Political ideology• Political culture• Factors that influence public opinion• Conservatives v. Liberals• Demographic group preferences: age, gender, race, religion, region, class, education• Sampling error• Role of the media in public opinion

Left wing Right wing

ModerateLiberals

Democrats

Conservatives

Republicans

Participation

•Linkage institutions•Suffrage•Types of participation:Voting, contacting officials, donating time or $, litigation, political discussion, running for office, protest•Voting rates/tendencies•Devices used against blacks: grandfather clause, poll taxes, white primaries, literacy tests•What factors encourage/discourage participation?•efficacy

Expanding the Vote•Jacksonian Democracy: most white males• 15th A’t (1870): African-American males• 19th A’t (1920): women• 23rd A’t (1961): DC votes• Voting Rights Act of 1965: banned literacy

tests• 26th A’t (1971): 18-yr-olds• Motor Voter Act (1993): easier to register

Political PartiesLinkage Institution

•Goals of parties• Party machine• Nat’l convention• Primary elections• Reasons for a 2-party system

• Role of minor parties• Ticket-splitting• Winner-take-all system• Divided gov’t• Gender gap• Platform

Interest GroupsLinkage Institution – Advocating for Policy Outcomes

•Primary goal of interest groups• Strategies: electioneering, lobbying, litigation, PACs• Who joins?• Root causes of int grps?• Theories of elitism: pluralism, hyperpluralism, class & elite

• Amicus curiae briefs• Iron triangles (subgovernments)• Grassroots• Big name examples (NAACP, NRA, AARP)•free rider problem•protected by…?

Campaigns, Elections & The MediaLinkage Institutions

Money

Make a Name

Announce

Iowa/NH

Nat’l convention • Winning the nomination v. winning the general election• Open v. closed primaries• Caucuses• PACs & 527s• Frontloading• Realignment• Pres v. congressional campaigns• Federal Election Campaign Act 1973• Hard v. soft money• Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act 2002• Citizens United v. FEC (2010)• Federal matching funds (for whom?)• Initiative v. referendum• coattails• Horserace journalism• Role of the media in elections: gatekeeper/scorekeeper/

watchdog• Soundbites

The Executive BranchThe President & The Bureaucracy

President

Chief Manager of the Economy

Chief Citizen

Chief Legislator

Chief Diplomat

Commander-in-Chief

Chief Administrator

Factors/people affecting Presidential Powers & Actions

•Closest advisors• Congress• SCOTUS• Bureaucracy• Political parties• Media• Citizenry

•Electoral College (Who? How? When? What?)• 22nd A’t• 25th A’t• Formal v. informal powers• Bully pulpit• Cabinet (relationship w/Pres)• Factors affecting public approval• Executive privilege• Executive orders & agreements•reasons for growth of power• US v. Nixon (1974)• Revolving door• Federal Reserve Board• OMB• Administrative discretion• Patronage v. civil service system• Independent regulatory commissions• Gov’t corporations• 16th A’t• Budget process• Uncontrollable v. discretionary spending

Chief of his Party

Chief of State

CongressThomas Jefferson once expressed his doubts about the usefulness of the Senate. “Why did you pour that coffee into your saucer?” George Washington asked. “To cool it,” Jefferson replied. “Even so,” Washington declared, “we pour legislation into the senatorial saucer to cool it.”

Senate upper house 6 yrs 100 advice/consent confirmation

House of Representatives lower house 2 yrs 435 originate tax bills

•Bicameralism• Reapportionment• Redistricting• Gerrymandering• Major diffs b/HoR & Senate• Const’al powers• Franking• Filibuster/cloture• Casework• Pork barrel• Oversight• Leadership positions• Powers of majority party• Caucuses• Standing v. conference committees

• House Ways & Means Committee• Appropriations• House Rules Committee• Closed v. open rule• Incumbency advantages• Congressional staff• Lawmaking process (yikes!!)• Single-member v. at-large districts• Budget resolution• Continuing resolution• Authorization v. appropriation bill• Progressive v. regressive tax

Public Policy•Stages of policy making (who does what in each?)• Unemployment• Inflation• Fiscal policy• Monetary policy• Anti-trust• SEC• EPA• FDA• Means-tested programs• Entitlements• Environmental impact statement• Welfare Reform Act 1996• Clean Air Act 1970• Endangered Species Act 1973• Isolationism• Containment• UN• NATO• EU

The Federal Judiciary• district courts• appellate courts• Jurisdiction: original v. appellate• brief• civil v. criminal law• Opinions: majority, concurring, dissenting• judicial activism v. restraint• precedent• Rule of Four

• senatorial courtesy

• Solicitor General• stare decisis• strict constructionist• writ of certiorari• writ of habeas corpus•”typical” judicial nominee (factors affecting)•Public Opinion: how protected from & how responsive to…

Civil Liberties & Civil Rights• Incorporation doctrine• civil liberties v. civil rights• Due Process Clause of the 5th/14th A’ts• Establishment v. Free Exercise Clause• Exclusionary rule• Prior restraint• probable cause• symbolic speech• defamation• double jeopardy• Equal Protection Clause • de jure v. de facto segregation

• affirmative action• Americans with Disabilities Act 1990• Civil Rights Act of 1964• Voting Rights Act 1965• Title IX• Review a PLETHORA of cases… you know which ones are the LANDMARK, society- and history-changing ones!