Welcome to the course of

Computer ProgrammingBE I Year

L T P

Credit 3 0 2Marks 76 0 24

Computer Science & Engineering Department

Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala-147004

Instructor : Mr. Deepak Garg

Introduction

Minor1 + Minor2 + Quiz1 + Quiz2 + Final

12 + 12 + 8 + 8 + 36= 76

16 Labs + Viva

16 + 8 = 24

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Fundamentals

What is a computer?

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Introduction

Computer is an electronic device used to process data

Block Diagram:-

Processor+

MemoryInput Device

Output Device

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Need of the subjectNow integrated into all walks of life1. Homes2. Schools3. Colleges & Universities4. Banks5. Hospitals6. Industry7. Biotechnology8. Research & development9. Defense10. Agriculture11. Publishing12. Entertainment

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Relevant to all branches like

-Civil

-mechanical

-electrical

-electronics

-chemical

-instrumentation and

-Biotechnology

Difficult to survive without the knowledge of basic computing

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SyllabusINTRODUCTION : Elements of Computer processing; Hardware and Software; Problem solving- Algorithms and Flowcharts.programming basics: basic program construction; console I/O(printf, scanf), preprocessor directives, comments , data types ,type conversions , operators - arithmetic , relational , logical , conditional , increment/decrement; library functions ;header filesLOOPS AND DECISIONS : for loop , while loop , do loop ; various forms of if statement ; switch statement ; break statement , continue statement , go to statement.ARRAYS AND STRINGS: Declaring an array, Initializing arrays, accessing the array elements, working with multidimensional arrays, declaring and initializing string variables, arithmetic operations on characters, string handling functions.

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Syllabus

Pointers: declaring and initializing pointers, pointer expressions, pointer increment and scale factor, pointers and arrays , pointers and strings

FUNCTIONS : simple functions , passing arguments to functions , returning values from functions , reference arguments , pointers and functions

STRUCTURES: Declaring and initializing a structure, accessing structure members , structure within structure, Array of structures, structures and functions .

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Syllabus

FILES & STREAMS: reading and writing to text and binary files, character I/O , string I/O , file pointers , error handling , redirection , command line arguments

OBJECT oriented programming: exposure of object oriented concepts and its advantages over structured programming

Introduction to C++ in brief covering its enhancements over C

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Four parts

Computer Consists of four parts1. Hardware : The Parts you can see and

touch2. Software: Also called programs consists of

organized sets of instructions for controlling the computer

3. Data : consists of raw facts which the computer can manipulate and process into useful information

4. Users: people are users as operators or programmers

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Hardware

1. Processor

2. Memory

3. I/O Devices

4. Storage devices

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Processor

Also called Central Processing Unit. It manages all devices and performs the actual processing of data

It consists of one or more chips attached to the computer’s main circuit board

(mother board)

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Memory

Smallest unit of memory is byte. It contains 8 bits.

Kilobyte 1024 bytes

Megabyte 1024 KB

Gigabyte 1024 MB

Terabyte 1024 GB

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Memory

Cache Memory (Volatile, inside the Processor, costly, very fast) Primary memory-

RAM-Random Access Memory

(volatile, fast, costly, on the motherboard)

ROM-Read Only memory

(Non-volatile, written by the manufacturer, on the motherboard)

Cache Memory (Volatile, on the board, very fast, various levels)

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Memory

Secondary Memory (Non-volatile, slow, cheap)

e.g. Hard disk

External memory ( CD, Floppy, DVD etc.)

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Cache Memory

Hard Disk RAM

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Floppy CD drive interior Pen or thumb drive

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Abacus (750 BC) Napier’s Bones (1600 AD)

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Pascal’s Adding Machine

Marie Jacquard’s Loom

with Punched Cards (1810 AD)

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Babbage’s Difference Engine

1822 ADBabbage’s Analytical

Engine (1833 AD)

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Hollerith’s Card

Reader (1877AD) Mark-I (1937

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ENIAC : (1946 AD ) EDVAC : (1949 AD )

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UNIVAC (1951 AD ) IBM 650 (1955)

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PDP – 8 1964 CDC 3600(1965)

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IBM 370 (1970) PCs(1977)

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CRAY SV1 (supercomputer) Workstation

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Laptops Handheld computers

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Input Devices

Accept data and instructions from the user or from another computer system

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KeyBoard Mouse

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Scanner Joy Stick

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Light Pen Web Camera

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Touch Screen Mike

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Output Devices

Return Processed data back to the user or other computer system

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Laser Printer Ink Jet Printer

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Dot Matrix Printer Line Printer

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Speakers Monitor

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Software

System Software- To help the computer to perform specific functions for itself. One major example is operating system. All computers require an operating system. E.g. DOS ( Disk operating System, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows NT, Linux, UNIX etc.

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OS as a resource manager

Memory Management

Device Management

Storage Management

GUI ( Graphical User Interface)

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Application Software:

Tells the computer how to accomplish tasks the user requires

Word processing Programs

Database management

Presentation Programs

Graphics Programs

Entertainment and education

Networking software

Internet applications

Business application etc.

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Programming Languages

Machine Language

Assembly Language

Procedural Languages BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, Pascal

Structured Language C

Object oriented languages C++, Java etc.

Visual Programming VC++, VB etc.

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Compiler

Compiler : Converts a program from High Level Language to Low level Language

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Networking

A network is a collection of a number of computers to allows sharing of information and resourses in a computer system

LAN

MAN

WAN

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Modem Router NIC Card

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Internet

Largest network on earth

Machine and language independent

Searching

Communication

Online shopping

Cultural changes

Repository of data

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History of C

Evolved from two other programming languages BCPL and B in 1971 and 1972

“Dennis Ritchie (Programmer at Bell Laboratories)

Added data typing, other features 1978 first version of C came

Development language of UNIX Hardware independent

Portable programs

1989: ANSI standard 1990: ANSI and ISO standard published

ANSI/ISO 9899: 1990

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History of C++

Extension of C

Early 1980s: Bjarne Stroustrup (Bell Laboratories)

“Spruces up” C

Provides capabilities for object-oriented programming

Hybrid language

C-like style

Object-oriented style

Both

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number systemDecimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal

0 0000 0 01 0001 1 12 0010 2 23 0011 3 34 0100 4 45 0101 5 56 0110 6 67 0111 7 78 1000 10 89 1001 11 910 1010 12 A11 1011 13 B12 1100 14 C13 1101 15 D14 1110 16 E15 1111 17 F

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Conversion to decimal

binary number 101101 20 * 1 + 21 * 0 + 22 * 1 + 23 * 1 + 24 * 0 + 25*1 = 1+0+4+8+0+32 = 45

Octal number 652

80 * 2 + 81 * 5 + 82 * 6 = 2+40+384 = 426

Hexadecimal Number 1AF73 160 * 3 + 161 * 7 + 162 * F + 163 * A + 164 * 1 = 160 * 3 + 161 * 7 + 162 * 15 + 163 * 10 + 164 * 1

= 3 + 112 + 3840 + 40960 + 65536 =110451

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Algorithm

An Algorithm is a finite sequence of

steps where each step is unambiguous

and which terminates for all possible

inputs in a finite amount of time.

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Flow Chart

Visual Representation of the steps to solve a problem.

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Problem Solving

use a systematic approach to arrive at the solution of a problem

Understand the problem statement

First think about the known and unknown variables in the problem

Think of the logical steps to solve the problem

What is the input and output of problem

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Algorithm-computing the Sum

Compute Sum:

1. Initialize sum to 0

2. Input new number

3. If new number is 0 go to step 6

4. Add the next number to the sum

5. Go to step 2

6. Report the sum

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Questions are welcome !