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DEFORESTATIONDEFORESTATION

Discription on deforestationDiscription on deforestation

DeforestationDeforestation is the clearance of naturally is the clearance of naturally occurring forests by logging and burning. occurring forests by logging and burning.

Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees or Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees or

derived derived charcoalcharcoal are used as, or sold, for fuel or as are used as, or sold, for fuel or as a commodity, while cleared land is used as pasture a commodity, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities, and for livestock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. The removal of trees without sufficient settlements. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity.biodiversity loss and aridity.

These pictures are showing the These pictures are showing the destruction of plants in certain areasdestruction of plants in certain areas

Environmental problems due to Environmental problems due to deforestationdeforestation

Atmospheric problemsAtmospheric problems Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and

geography. geography. Deforestation is a contributor to global warming and Deforestation is a contributor to global warming and

is often cited as one of the major causes of the is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect. enhanced greenhouse effect.

The incineration and burning of forest plants to clear The incineration and burning of forest plants to clear land releases large amounts of CO2, which land releases large amounts of CO2, which

contributes to global warming.contributes to global warming.

Both the decay and burning of wood releases Both the decay and burning of wood releases much of this stored carbon back to the much of this stored carbon back to the atmosphere. atmosphere.

Trees and other plants remove carbon (in the form of Trees and other plants remove carbon (in the form of carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere during the carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere during the process of photosynthesis and release oxygen back process of photosynthesis and release oxygen back into the atmosphere during normal respiration.into the atmosphere during normal respiration.

Only when actively growing can a tree or forest Only when actively growing can a tree or forest remove carbon over an annual or longer timeframe remove carbon over an annual or longer timeframe

Hydrological problemsHydrological problems The water cycle is also affected by The water cycle is also affected by

deforestation. deforestation. Trees extract groundwater through their roots Trees extract groundwater through their roots

and release it into the atmosphere.and release it into the atmosphere. When part of a forest is removed, the trees no When part of a forest is removed, the trees no

longer evaporate away this water, resulting in longer evaporate away this water, resulting in a much drier climate. a much drier climate.

Deforestation reduces the content of water in Deforestation reduces the content of water in the soil and groundwater as well as the soil and groundwater as well as atmospheric moisture.atmospheric moisture.

Deforestation reduces soil cohesion, so that Deforestation reduces soil cohesion, so that erosion, flooding and landslides ensue. erosion, flooding and landslides ensue.

quicker transport of surface water can translate quicker transport of surface water can translate into flash flooding and more localized floods into flash flooding and more localized floods than would occur with the forest cover. than would occur with the forest cover.

Trees, and plants in general, affect the water cycle significantly:Trees, and plants in general, affect the water cycle significantly: their canopies intercept a proportion of precipitation, which is then their canopies intercept a proportion of precipitation, which is then

evaporated back to the atmosphere (canopy interception); evaporated back to the atmosphere (canopy interception); their litter, stems and trunks slow down surface runoff; their litter, stems and trunks slow down surface runoff; their roots create macropores - large conduits - in the soil that increase their roots create macropores - large conduits - in the soil that increase

infiltration of water; infiltration of water; they contribute to terrestrial evaporation and reduce soil moisture via they contribute to terrestrial evaporation and reduce soil moisture via

transpiration; transpiration; their litter and other organic residue change soil properties that affect the their litter and other organic residue change soil properties that affect the

capacity of soil to store water. capacity of soil to store water. their leaves control the humidity of the atmosphere by transpiring, 99% of their leaves control the humidity of the atmosphere by transpiring, 99% of

the water absorbed by the roots moves up to the leaves and is transpired.the water absorbed by the roots moves up to the leaves and is transpired.

SoilSoil problemsproblems Undisturbed forest has very low rates of soil loss, Undisturbed forest has very low rates of soil loss,

approximately 2 metric tons per square kilometer (6 approximately 2 metric tons per square kilometer (6 short tons per square mile).short tons per square mile).

Deforestation generally increases rates of soil Deforestation generally increases rates of soil erosion, by increasing the amount of runoff and erosion, by increasing the amount of runoff and reducing the protection of the soil from tree litter. reducing the protection of the soil from tree litter.

This can be an advantage in excessively leached This can be an advantage in excessively leached tropical rain forest soils. tropical rain forest soils.

Tree roots bind soil together, and if the soil is Tree roots bind soil together, and if the soil is sufficiently shallow they act to keep the soil in sufficiently shallow they act to keep the soil in place by also binding with underlying bedrock. place by also binding with underlying bedrock.

However most deforestation only affects the However most deforestation only affects the trunks of trees, allowing for the roots to stay trunks of trees, allowing for the roots to stay rooted, negating the landslide. rooted, negating the landslide.

EcologicalEcological problemsproblems Deforestation results in declines in biodiversity Deforestation results in declines in biodiversity The removal or destruction of areas of forest The removal or destruction of areas of forest

cover has resulted in a degraded environment cover has resulted in a degraded environment with reduced biodiversity. with reduced biodiversity.

Forests support biodiversity, providing habitat Forests support biodiversity, providing habitat for wildlife; moreover, forests foster medicinal for wildlife; moreover, forests foster medicinal conservation. conservation.

Since the tropical rainforests are the most Since the tropical rainforests are the most diverse ecosystems on Earth and about 80% of diverse ecosystems on Earth and about 80% of the world's known biodiversity could be found the world's known biodiversity could be found in tropical rainforests, removal or destruction in tropical rainforests, removal or destruction of significant areas of forest cover has resulted of significant areas of forest cover has resulted in a degraded environment with reduced in a degraded environment with reduced biodiversity.biodiversity.

Scientific understanding of the process of Scientific understanding of the process of extinction is insufficient to accurately make extinction is insufficient to accurately make predictions about the impact of deforestation predictions about the impact of deforestation on biodiversity.on biodiversity.

Species-area models are known to overpredict Species-area models are known to overpredict the number of species known to be threatened the number of species known to be threatened in areas where actual deforestation is ongoing, in areas where actual deforestation is ongoing, and greatly overpredict the number of and greatly overpredict the number of threatened species that are widespread.threatened species that are widespread.

It has been estimated that we are losing 137 It has been estimated that we are losing 137 plant, animal and insect species every single plant, animal and insect species every single day due to rainforest deforestation, which day due to rainforest deforestation, which equates to 50,000 species a year.equates to 50,000 species a year.

Others state that tropical rainforest Others state that tropical rainforest deforestation is contributing to the ongoing deforestation is contributing to the ongoing Holocene mass extinction.Holocene mass extinction.

The known extinction rates from deforestation The known extinction rates from deforestation rates are very low, approximately 1 species per rates are very low, approximately 1 species per year from mammals and birds which year from mammals and birds which extrapolates to approximately 23,000 species extrapolates to approximately 23,000 species per year for all species. per year for all species.

Predictions have been made that more than Predictions have been made that more than 40% of the animal and plant species in 40% of the animal and plant species in Southeast Asia could be wiped out in the 21st Southeast Asia could be wiped out in the 21st century .century .

Such predictions were called into question by Such predictions were called into question by 1995 data that show that within regions of 1995 data that show that within regions of Southeast Asia much of the original forest has Southeast Asia much of the original forest has been converted to monospecific plantations, been converted to monospecific plantations, but that potentially endangered species are few but that potentially endangered species are few and tree flora remains widespread and stable .and tree flora remains widespread and stable .

Since the tropical rainforests are the most Since the tropical rainforests are the most diverse ecosystems on Earth.diverse ecosystems on Earth.

Economic impactEconomic impact Damage to forests and other aspects of nature Damage to forests and other aspects of nature

could halve living standards for the world's could halve living standards for the world's poor and reduce global GDP by about 7% by poor and reduce global GDP by about 7% by 2050, a major report concluded at the 2050, a major report concluded at the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) meeting in Bonn.meeting in Bonn.

In developing countries almost three billion In developing countries almost three billion people rely on wood for heating and cooking.people rely on wood for heating and cooking.

Historically utilization of forest products, Historically utilization of forest products, including timber and fuel wood, have played a including timber and fuel wood, have played a key role in human societies, comparable to the key role in human societies, comparable to the roles of water and cultivable land. roles of water and cultivable land.

Today, developed countries continue to utilize Today, developed countries continue to utilize timber for building houses, and wood pulp for timber for building houses, and wood pulp for paper. paper.

The forest products industry is a large part of The forest products industry is a large part of the economy in both developed and the economy in both developed and developing countries. developing countries.

Short-term economic gains made by Short-term economic gains made by conversion of forest to agriculture, or over-conversion of forest to agriculture, or over-exploitation of wood products, typically leads exploitation of wood products, typically leads to loss of long-term income and long term to loss of long-term income and long term biological productivity (hence reduction in biological productivity (hence reduction in nature's services). nature's services).

West Africa, Madagascar, Southeast Asia and West Africa, Madagascar, Southeast Asia and many other regions have experienced lower many other regions have experienced lower revenue because of declining timber harvests. revenue because of declining timber harvests.

Illegal logging causes billions of dollars of Illegal logging causes billions of dollars of losses to national economies annually.losses to national economies annually.

According to a study, "in most areas studied, According to a study, "in most areas studied, the various ventures that prompted the various ventures that prompted deforestation rarely generated more than US$5 deforestation rarely generated more than US$5 for every ton of carbon they released and for every ton of carbon they released and frequently returned far less than US$1". frequently returned far less than US$1".

The price on the European market for an offset The price on the European market for an offset tied to a one-ton reduction in carbon is 23 euro tied to a one-ton reduction in carbon is 23 euro (about US$35). (about US$35).

Historical causes Historical causes

PrehistoryPrehistory Small scale deforestation was practiced by Small scale deforestation was practiced by

some societies for tens of thousands of years some societies for tens of thousands of years before the beginnings of civilization. before the beginnings of civilization.

The first evidence of deforestation appears in The first evidence of deforestation appears in the Mesolithic period.the Mesolithic period.

It was probably used to convert closed forests It was probably used to convert closed forests into more open ecosystems favourable to game into more open ecosystems favourable to game animals.animals.

With the advent of agriculture, larger areas With the advent of agriculture, larger areas began to be deforested, and fire became the began to be deforested, and fire became the prime tool to clear land for crops. prime tool to clear land for crops.

In Europe there is little solid evidence before In Europe there is little solid evidence before 7000 BC. Mesolithic foragers used fire to 7000 BC. Mesolithic foragers used fire to create openings for red deer and wild boar. create openings for red deer and wild boar.

In Great Britain, shade-tolerant species such as In Great Britain, shade-tolerant species such as oak and ash are replaced in the pollen record oak and ash are replaced in the pollen record by hazels, brambles, grasses and nettles. by hazels, brambles, grasses and nettles.

Widespread decrease in elm pollen across Widespread decrease in elm pollen across Europe between 8400-8300 BC and 7200-Europe between 8400-8300 BC and 7200-7000 BC, starting in southern Europe and 7000 BC, starting in southern Europe and gradually moving north to Great Britain, may gradually moving north to Great Britain, may represent land clearing by fire at the onset of represent land clearing by fire at the onset of Neolithic agriculture. Neolithic agriculture.

The Neolithic period saw extensive The Neolithic period saw extensive deforestation for farming land .deforestation for farming land .

Stone axes were being made from about 3000 BC not Stone axes were being made from about 3000 BC not just from flint, but from a wide variety of hard rocks just from flint, but from a wide variety of hard rocks from across Britain and North America as well. from across Britain and North America as well.

They include the noted Langdale axe industry in the They include the noted Langdale axe industry in the English Lake District, quarries developed at English Lake District, quarries developed at Penmaenmawr in North Wales and numerous other Penmaenmawr in North Wales and numerous other locations. locations.

Evidence of deforestation has been found in Minoan Evidence of deforestation has been found in Minoan Crete; for example the environs of the Palace of Crete; for example the environs of the Palace of Knossos were severely deforested in the Bronze Age. Knossos were severely deforested in the Bronze Age.

This picture shows An array of Neolithic artifacts, This picture shows An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing

tools.tools.

Area difference of virgin forest in AmericaArea difference of virgin forest in Americain years 1850 and today..in years 1850 and today..

Controlling deforestation Controlling deforestation

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest DegradationDegradation

Major international organizations, including the Major international organizations, including the United Nations and the World Bank, have begun to United Nations and the World Bank, have begun to develop programs aimed at curbing deforestation. develop programs aimed at curbing deforestation.

The blanket term Reducing Emissions from The blanket term Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) describes these sorts of programs, which use direct describes these sorts of programs, which use direct monetary or other incentives to encourage developing monetary or other incentives to encourage developing countries to limit and/or roll back deforestation. countries to limit and/or roll back deforestation.

Accord was reached with a collective Accord was reached with a collective commitment by developed countries for new commitment by developed countries for new and additional resources, including forestry and additional resources, including forestry and investments through international and investments through international institutions, that will approach USD 30 billion institutions, that will approach USD 30 billion for the period 2010 – 2012.for the period 2010 – 2012.

Methodological guidance for forest monitoring Methodological guidance for forest monitoring was emphasized. was emphasized.

Reforestation Reforestation

In many parts of the world, especially in East In many parts of the world, especially in East Asian countries, reforestation and afforestation Asian countries, reforestation and afforestation are increasing the area of forested lands.are increasing the area of forested lands.

The amount of woodland has increased in 22 The amount of woodland has increased in 22 of the world's 50 most forested nations. of the world's 50 most forested nations.

Asia as a whole gained 1 million hectares of Asia as a whole gained 1 million hectares of forest between 2000 and 2005 .forest between 2000 and 2005 .

SummarySummary

Therefore we should plant a new crop if we Therefore we should plant a new crop if we are going to cut another tree.are going to cut another tree.

We should have a habit of planting more and We should have a habit of planting more and more trees and look after them very well.more trees and look after them very well.

If you grow more plants you can reduceIf you grow more plants you can reduce soil erosionsoil erosion increase of COincrease of CO2.2.

Not only that if you grow more trees you can Not only that if you grow more trees you can live a happy and pleasant life. live a happy and pleasant life.

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THIS PROJECT WAS DONE BY:THIS PROJECT WAS DONE BY:

Name:M. ILHAM HASSANALI - 9FName:M. ILHAM HASSANALI - 9F

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Name:M. INSHAAF ANVER - 9FName:M. INSHAAF ANVER - 9F

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