Welcome to Seminar for Unit 9With Professor Kimberly Maring #9

Unit 9’s Seminar is about Sigmund Freud and the development of psychoanalysis, antecedent influences on psychoanalysis, treatment methods, criticisms of psychoanalysis, and contributions of psychoanalysis. 

How were mentally ill

people treated before

Freud?

Prehistoric and Ancient BeliefsDemonology (demonic possession) treated by

sorceryGreco-Roman (500 BC – 500 AD)

Naturalistic explanations supplanted supernatural

Hippocrates believed deviant behavior caused by brain pathology, the dysfunction of brain

Middle Ages (5th – 10th centuries)Monastic care for the afflicted

15th – 17th centuriesInstitutionalization.

The Renaissance (14th – 16th centuries)The rise of humanism

Humanism: Emphasizes human welfare and the worth/uniqueness of the individual

Johann Weyer (1563), German physician challenges witchcraft

Reform Movement (18th-19th centuries)Phillippe Pinel, French physician, moral

treatment movement: shift to more humane treatment of mentally ill

Dorothea Dix, New England school teacher, campaigned for reform legislation, modern mental hospitals.

Biological ViewpointBelief that mental disorders have physical or

physiological basisEmil Kraepelin, psychiatrist

Symptoms occur in clusters (syndromes) to represent mental disorders, each with a unique cause, course, and outcome.

Classified mental disorders based on organic causes: metabolic disturbance, endocrine difficulty, brain disease, heredity

Eventually became DSM of APA

Led to Pasteur (germ theory)

Psychological ViewpointPsychological and emotional (not biological/organic) factors

cause many disordersFriedrich Mesmer, Austrian physician

Mesmerism and Hypnotism Jean-Martin Charcot, French neurosurgeon

Lead to the the Nancy School Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud

Relief by talking about traumatic experiencesCathartic method: Therapeutic use of verbal expression to

release pent-up emotional conflicts Behaviorism

Stressed conditions that evoke, reinforce, extinguish directly observable behaviors

Rooted in laboratory science

Freud’s clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality, included the following concepts

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Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)

Culver P

ictures

Freud’s clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality, which included the concepts of 1. unconscious mind .

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Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)

Culver P

ictures

Freud’s clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality, which included the concepts of 1. unconscious mind2. psychosexual stages .

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Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)

Culver P

ictures

Freud’s clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality, which included the concepts of

1. unconscious mind2. psychosexual stages3. defense mechanisms.

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Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)

Culver P

ictures

Freud believed that the mind was a reservoir (unconscious mind) of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. Freud asked patients to say whatever came to their minds (free association) in order to tap the unconscious.

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The mind is like an iceberg. It is mostly hidden, and below the surface lies the unconscious mind. The preconscious stores temporary memories.

Personality develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between our biological impulses (id) and social restraints (superego).

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What are the psychosexual

stages of development?

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What are defense

mechanisms?

The ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

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1. Repression banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.

2. Regression leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage.

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3. Reaction Formation causes the ego to unconsciously switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites. People may express feelings of purity when they may be suffering anxiety from unconscious feelings about sex.

4. Projection leads people to disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.

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5. Rationalization offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions.

6. Displacement shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.

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7. Denial is unconscious defense mechanism

characterized by refusal to acknowledge

painful realities, thoughts, or feelings

regardless of the reality.

Like Freud, Adler believed in childhood tensions. However, these tensions were social in nature and not sexual. A child struggles with an inferiority complex during growth and strives for superiority and power.

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Alfred Adler (1870-1937)

National Library of M

edicine

Jung, through analytic psychology, believed in the collective unconscious, which contained a common reservoir of images derived from our species’ past. This is why many cultures share certain myths and images such as the mother being a symbol of nurturance.

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Carl Jung (1875-1961)

Archive of the H

istory of Am

erican Psychology/ U

niversity of Akron

By the 1960s, psychologists became discontent with Freud’s negativity and the mechanistic psychology

of the behaviorists.

26Abraham Maslow

(1908-1970)Carl Rogers(1902-1987)

http://ww

w.ship.edu

What is Maslow’s

Hierarchy of Needs?

Maslow proposed that we as individuals are motivated by a hierarchy of needs. Beginning with

physiological needs, we try to reach the state of self-actualization—fulfilling our potential.

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http://ww

w.ship.edu

Ted Polum

baum/ Tim

e Pix/ G

etty Images

Carl Rogers also believed in an individual's self-actualization tendencies. He said that

Unconditional Positive Regard is an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings.

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Michael R

ougier/ Life Magazine ©

Time W

arner, Inc.

Littell, T. (2010). Unit 9 Seminar slides. Kaplan University.

Schultz, D. P. & Schultz, S. E. (2008). History of psychology. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.