welcome to mr160 pharmacology/lab medicine week-1 … textbook chapters 10, 11, and 12 alexander...
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Welcome to MR160 Welcome to MR160 Pharmacology/Lab Pharmacology/Lab MedicineMedicineWeek-1 … Textbook chapters 10, 11, and 12
Alexander Niyazov PharmD., RPh
Seminar RemindersSeminar Reminders We begin promptly at 8 pm EST
◦Wednesday’s ◦Class is one hour (8 - 9 pm EST)
Please do not announce yourself or apologize if …◦ you arrive late ◦ you get bumped out due to
technical issues… just join right in !
Seminar Reminders Seminar Reminders Be open to new thoughts and ideasThere is no such thing as a stupid
question ... please ask! Type a “?” if you have a questionAlternative Seminar Assignments if
you miss (Seminar Option 2) ◦ due Tuesday 11:59 pm EST of assigned
unit
Course Policies and Course Policies and Procedures Procedures
Discussion BoardPost initial response by NLT*
Saturday Post responses to your classmates by
NLT* Tuesday 11:59 pm ESTGrading
◦See Rubric for details in syllabus◦For full credit must post on more than 1
day!
*(NLT = No-Later-Than)
Course Policies and Course Policies and ProceduresProcedures
Projects and AssignmentsLabel your work properly … PLEASE!place your name within the
assignment’s file-name, as seen in this example from “John Doe” and his HS140 “Unit-3 Calculations” assignment:
Doe_Calculations_Unit3 or JDoe Unit3 Calc HS140 or DoeHS140unit3assignment
Course Policies and Course Policies and Procedures Procedures
Projects and Assignments (continued)
TITLE your work properly ... PLEASE! Title example. This is how your Title would
appear at the top of your assignment which is being submitted as a Word-document (using old John Doe again):
Week 3 Calculations Assignment John Doe
Kaplan University
Course Policies and Course Policies and Procedures Procedures
ReferencesPharmacology is constantly
changingEvery year ...
◦New drugs come onto the market◦Other drugs are no longer
manufactured◦New generics become available◦New warnings need to be documented ◦Approval for new indications is reported
Course Policies and Course Policies and Procedures Procedures
ReferencesBooks - must be current ...
… published within the last 2 years
Websites - these 3 are very useful ... ◦www.rxlist.com◦www.webmd.com◦manufacturer’s website
when information about a specific brand name drug product is needed, (for example ... go to Lilly.com for detailed info on Prozac)
Course Policies and Course Policies and Procedures Procedures
ReferencesMust be reputableMust be sited using APA reference
format ◦Take the Plagiarism Policy very
seriously!◦Reference any drug-information you turn
in that you had to look up (except textbook)
Unsure how to reference?◦Seek help by going to the ‘Writing
Center’
Role of Medication (Drugs)Role of Medication (Drugs)The administration of medication
is one of the most important responsibilities of the healthcare professional
We must strive to gain all possible knowledge medicines, their use, and their abuse
This knowledge is of utmost importance in giving the best possible patient care!
Role …continuedRole …continuedThe types of things we must learn
about medications are …Proper useAbuse (improper use)Correct dosagesMethods of administration (delivery)Symptoms of overdosageAbnormal reactions
(allergic,idiosyncratic)
Benefits vs. Risks of drug Benefits vs. Risks of drug usage usage Correctly used – can be life-savingUnwisely used – can cause
permanent harm, may even be fatal“Crutches” – drugs can be thought
of this way, as aides in helping a patient heal
Common-sense must be used when administering drugs … and never assume!
GENERAL pharmacology GENERAL pharmacology termstermsPharmacology -the study of drugs
and their actionsPharmacy - art of
preparing/dispensingDrug - any substance used in
medicineChemical substance – can be
synthetically madePlant products – crude drugsAnimal products – insulin, thyroid hormFood substances – vitamins/minerals
SPECIFIC pharmacy termsSPECIFIC pharmacy termsAdditive effect – “1 + 1 = 2”Adverse effect – negative,
unplanned Allergic reaction – marked reactionAntagonism – “1 + 1 = less than 2”Idiosyncratic – abnormal reactionProphylactic – to prevent disease Side-effect – unpredictableSynergism – “1 + 1 = more than 2”Tolerance – increasing resistance
Drug Laws and RegulationDrug Laws and RegulationControlled Substances Act of
1971, which introduced the DEA (Drug Enforcement Agency)
Established drug ‘Schedules’, or categories, based on the drug’s potential for abuse
Schedules1 - 5 (often Roman Numerals)… with (1) being highest abuse-potential and (5) the least abuse potential
Schedule 1 drugs (aka C-Schedule 1 drugs (aka C-1’s)1’s)HIGHEST potential for abuseNO currently accepted medical
use in the United StatesLack of accepted safety dataexamples: *heroin *LSD *marijuana
Schedule 2 drugs (aka C-Schedule 2 drugs (aka C-11’s)11’s)High potential for abuseDOES have currently accepted
medical use in the U.S. with severe restrictions
Abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence
examples: *morphine *oxycodone *cocaine
*methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Schedule 3 drugs (aka C-Schedule 3 drugs (aka C-111’s)111’s)Abuse potential less than C-1 and C-
11’sCurrently accepted medical use in U.S.Abuse may result in moderate/low
physical, or high psyhological dependence
examples: *codeine (small amounts)
*hydrocodone *phendimetrazine (appetite suppressant)
Schedule 4 drugs (aka C-Schedule 4 drugs (aka C-1V’s)1V’s)LOW potential for abuseCurrently accepted medical use
in U.S.Abuse may result in limited
physical or psychological dependence
examples: *diazepam *propoxyphene
*meprobamate *phenobarbital
Schedule 5 drugs (aka C-Schedule 5 drugs (aka C-V’s)V’s)Lowest potential for abuseCurrently accepted medical us in U.S.Abuse tends to be very limitedexamples: *compounds (mixtures) containing
limited amounts of codeine, dihydrocodeine, hydrocodone
*Lomotil (diphenoxylate + atropine)
Drug StandardsDrug Standards‘Drug Standards’ list known
values, strengths, quality, and ingredients of various drugs
USP – American Drug Standard
IP – International Drug StandardsBP and The Pharmaceutical
Codex – British Drug Standards
Sources of Drug Sources of Drug InformationInformationThese are all things you can use
to research information on drugsRxlist.com – great website!Drugs.com – another great
website!WebMD – disease and drug infoDrug manufacturer’s website
– useful only if searching the Brand-name drug
Brand-name vs. generic-Brand-name vs. generic-namenameBrand-name is also referred to as
the ‘Trade’ name, or ‘Proprietary’ name … this simply means the original manufacturer ‘owns’ the name.
Brand-names are always CAPITALIZED
Generic drug names are always recorded in LOWER CASE … this is important!
Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutical PreparationsPreparationsDifferent types of dosage forms
are needed for different applications
These variations are necessary because of the wide range of drug properties and drug uses
See pages 31 and 32 for fully detailed information
Oral Dosage formsOral Dosage formsCapsules - swallowTablets/pills – swallow/sub-lingualTroches – dissolve in mouthLong-acting/Extended-release
tabs/capsElixirs – contains alcoholEmulsions – fat globule suspensionSyrups – sugar, liquidAerosols/inhalers - spray
Topical Dosage forms Topical Dosage forms (apply)(apply)Gels – easily spread over large
areasCreams – absorbs quickly into skinOintments – stays on surfacePowders – wound treatmentLotions/LinimentsSolutions – often used on scalpTinctures/SpiritsSuppositories – insert rectally
Review Questions …Review Questions …Which drug schedule
represents the highest potential for abuse ?
Answer …Answer …Schedule 1, may also be listed as
C-1
Review Question 2 …Review Question 2 …The main American drug
standard text is called the …
Answer 2 …Answer 2 …USP (United States
Pharmacopoeia)
Thanks guys …Thanks guys …
Hope you all have a great week!