welcome to mars 01. thesis goals this thesis will strive to answer three parallel questions. social...
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Welcome to Mars01
Thesis Goals This thesis will strive to answer three parallel questions. Social and Design Challenge:How can a small group of people create a viable community in isolation? How can the habitable spaces be made sustainable and pleasant for humans living in extreme conditions? Engineering and Scientific Challenge:What are the engineering and structural imperatives, constraints, and opportunities in constructing habitable environments on Mars? Architecture and Engineering SynergyThe two themes will be bound by the question of to what extent can architectural considerations have an impact on a construction with tight engineering constraints?
First Permanent Settlement on Mars02
Mars
Radius = 3397km
Day = 24h 40min
Year = 687 days
= 667 sols
Earth
Radius = 6378 km
Day = 24h
Year = 365.25 days
23.5o 25.2o
Mars – size and orbit03
50o
C
0oC
-50oC
-100oC
15oC mean
-30oC mean
50oC max
30oC max
Temperature
MarsEarth
Gravity
1G 0.38G
Mars – gravity and temperature04
Solar wind
Cosmic rays
Solar flares
Radiation sources
Atmospheric Pressure
Mt. Everest = 320 mb
Potosi, Bolivia = 620 mb
Sea level = 1013 mb
Elevation
8854 m
4000 m
0 m
24000 m
-6000 m
-11000 m
Hellas Planitia = 10 mb
Olympus Mons = 1 mb
Mariana Trench
Mars – elevation, atmospheric pressure and radiation05
Establish a permanent base on Mars from which high-value scientific and engineering research can be performed
1. search for past and present life on Mars
2. basic science research to gain new knowledge about the solar system’s origin and history
3. applied science research on how to use Mars resources to augment life-sustaining systems
Settlement mission06
NASA’s ‘Mars Reference Mission’- first three missions land at the same site and accumulate infrastructure for an outpost with 12 crew members. - Habitat is 4 vertical cylinders, 2 stories, 7.5 meters in diameter. - Power by two 160 kW nuclear power plants and photovoltaic arrays. - Greenhouses, a life support and in-situ recourse utilization machinery. - Three pressurized rovers with attachments to aid in construction.
Construction of the permanent habitat begins with the arrival of the fourth crew.
Setting07
Private Suites
12 single x 25m 2 6 double x 40m 2 Air, Water, Chemical P lants = 150m 2
Garage = 60m 2
Shop = 40m 2
EVA room = 30m 2
Maintenance
Laboratories = 150m 2
Conference room = 20m 2 Medical = 40m 2
Command room = 20m 2
WorkSocial
kit chen = 20m 2
dinning/ meet ing = 40m 2 common bath = 20m 2
Exercise/ meditat ion = 20m 2
Entertainment / mult imedia = 40m 2
total population = 24 (12 on Mars and 12 more arriving every 2.7 years) 12 single + 6 couples 6 builders + 6 ‘alchemists’/engineers + 4 farmers + 7 scientists + 1 commander/administratortotal habitable area = 1000 m2 + 2400 m2 greenhouses
Builders – work on expanding the habitat. Mainly on EVA + some studio planning workEngineers – Establish and maintain life support. Repair the exterior chemical plant. Or bring farmers modules in garage for work. Develop new resources in vicinity of base. Farmers – Work mainly in plant preparation area. Occasionally go inside plant rated greenhouses.
Share research space with the scientists.Scientists – Rotate on roving trips. Analyze samples in open lab space. Synthesize results in more private area or at private quarters.Commander – Leads and coordinates work at base. Commutates with ground control.Cooking and Cleaning – shared equally by all or rotated.
First phase of development – 24 inhabitants08
Arriving1st Landing - 124 builders2 engineers4 farmers2 scientists
2nd Landing -122 builders4 engineers
6 basic science
3rd Landing – 12
4 engineers4 farmers4 basic science
Total
4 builders2 engineers4 farmers2 scientists12 total
6 builders6 engineers4 farmers7 basic science1 commander24 total
6 builders10 engineers8 farmers11 basic science1 commander36 total
Completed base
1 commander4 communications
- command and communications room5 doctors/psychologists
- labs40 basic science
- 2 three-person expeditions at all times- 34 work in labs at base
10 builders- work outside and small indoor planning
room24 farmers
- greenhouses and supporting areas12 engineers
- fix machinery everywhere, monitor systems from central location
96 total
settlement growth09
Mesas in Candor Chasma
Site10
scaled Earth city texture
-Venice, Italy
-US capitol, Washington DC
-North End, Boston MA
-Suburb, Champaign IL
-1 tick = 100m
Site11
masonry- manufacture bricks using regolith reinforced with fibers from used parachutes- using leaning arches and self supporting domes, one can construct a wide range of spaces using no scaffolding.
inflatables with rigid support- low mass - advantage in weight to volume ratio compared to rigid shell structures. - relatively small deployment operations - can be tested on Earth
- Need for Local Construction- Continuing to rely on habitats brought from Earth is an unsustainable strategy unless truly revolutionary advances in transportation technology are made. - Maximize use of Martian materials and simple, well understood, and tested building techniques.
Construction Methods12
pressurized inflatables vs. weight of regolith cover
Rigid floor structure from which a bladder is inflated.Bladder provides all the resistance to internal pressure.
- allow view- compartmentalized space-maximize the bladder as a pressure membrane- brick vaults:
- hold weight of radiation protection - remain rigid in case of pressure loss- some thermal insulation- noise insulation- protects bladder during inflation
Masonry is lined with non-structural linerand covered with regolith which balances
the internal pressure.
-allows larger open spaces - no view
-1.5 g/cm3 regolith density and 60kPa internal pressure – 10 m of regolith are
required. -assuming igneous rocks – 6 m of cover.
-Make sure that load lines for both load pressurized and unpressurized load
case fit inside the masonry.
Use inflatables for spaces that require access to the exterior – airlocks, greenhouse support, and private quarters.
Use regolith covers vaults for larger spaces with no view – public areas, kitchen/dinning, labs, and baths.
supporting the internal pressure13
leaning arches – no scaffolding
14 Vaults
techniques from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia – no scaffolding
15 Domes
Adopted for gravity environment from technology demonstrated by the Transhab proposal for ISS – rigid internal structure from which the bladder inflates
16 Inflatables
- airlocks, inflatables, greenhouses
17 Imported elements
Organization Diagrams – Linear City – Keeps the settlers alive18
Linear CityDerived from historical precedents by Arturo Soria and Le Corbusier.Efficiency in transportation, infrastructure, safety, and ease of expansion.
Separately pressurized segments with inflatables or regolith supported masonry
Keeps the settlers alive.
Organization Diagrams
Utilities
Air, water and power distribution in sub floor panels
19
Entrance
20 Organization Diagrams
21
Formal meeting space
Organization Diagrams
22
Work spaces
Organization Diagrams
23
Private quarters
Organization Diagrams
24
Social spaces
Organization Diagrams
25
Spaces arranged along the infrastructure organized through the relationship between the humans and the vegetation.
Organization Diagrams
Diagrams – Vegetation – Makes the settlement a city
vegetation as symbolA special place immediately between the main entrance and the formal meeting space.
Plant five special trees on arrival – one for each continent.
Symbolize hope in the future of the settlement.
The trees will grow as the settlement expands.
When people arrive from Earth the first thing they’ll see as they enter is the grove of trees.
big, long lasting trees
26
Diagrams – plant spaces
vegetation as life supportPlant-rated greenhouses optimize atmosphere, light, structure and safety for specially designed plants.
The farmers plant seedlings and harvest the crops from inside a pressurized area with the aid of robots.
fast growing, engineered plants
27
plant as mediation of view Views of Mars are mediated by vegetation.
Look at RED through GREEN
Every private suite has a small garden area in front of its window.
Terminate connector segments with small gardens and a window to Mars.
small potted plants
Diagrams – plant spaces28
vegetation as green beltWhere work areas need to provide a connection, use a row of vegetation to separate the circulation from the work spaces.
dense plantings of bamboo
Diagrams – plant spaces29
vegetation as mediator of social life – version 1The common
The trees are at the center of the social space. The various social spaces are arranged around the periphery. Every space looks at the others through the vegetation. The trees provide much needed change in the underground space.
The trees need the same protection as the humans. Both share the safest space under the hill.
Use the bamboo for building material. Fruit trees for food.
bamboo and other useful trees
Diagrams – plant spaces30
vegetation as mediator of social life – version 2Clearing in the woods
A Chinese garden
Social space is surrounded and protected by trees.
The edges of the space are hidden thus the limited size of the space is obscured.
bamboo and other useful trees
Diagrams – plant spaces31
vegetation as mediator of social life – version 3Pocket gardens providing focused diagonal views between social spaces.
bamboo and other useful trees
Diagrams – plant spaces32
hybrid – green belt & pocket gardens
bamboo and other useful trees
Diagrams – plant spaces33
Inflatable sits on a masonry foundation, inside a masonry dome.
The bladder and frame resist the interior air pressure.
The masonry:- holds one meter of regolith for radiation protection.- maintains overall stability if pressure is lost to one unit.- protects bladder from meteorites- protects bladder from abrasion by dust storms.
Inflatables34
Inflatables35
Frames at ends support windows and doors.
Belts and transverse cables force the bladder into a roughly prismatic form.
Beams resist gravity live loads
Inflatables36
Air ducts and power lines run in the floors and sit above the transverse cables.
Tray in front the windows can allow each resident to grow some personal plants.
Inflatables37
Floor panels span between the beam and cantilever out to the bladder.
Originally they could be made of imparted material, but eventually out of locally grown bamboo.
Vertical partitions can also made in modules that can attach the to superstructure.
Inflatables38
Inflated bladders.
Inflatables39
The unit inside the masonry vault.
Inflatables40
The frame spans between two masonry foundations, allowing the pressure on the bottom to be resisted by a bladder as well.
Inflatables41
Ducts connect to the main utility lines between the floors.
Inflatables42
Double units for a couple can be made by connecting quarters of the module vertically or horizontally.
Social Diagrams43
Spaces for an INDIVIDUAL
Social Diagrams44
Spaces for TWO PEOPLE
Social Diagrams45
Spaces for
INFORMAL SUBGROUPS
Social Diagrams46
Spaces for
FORMAL SUBGROUPS
Social Diagrams47
Spaces for the
WHOLE COMMUNITY
Social Diagrams48
Gradient of social spaces
first phase – 24 residents49
Original baseAirlocks and life-support GreenhousesPrivate quartersPublic spacesWork spaces
full base with 96 residents - expansion in linear bands50
Original baseAirlocks and life-support Greenhouses Private quartersPublic spacesWork spaces
full base with 96 residents - expansion in linear bands51
Original baseAirlocks and life-support GreenhousesPrivate quartersPublic spacesWork spaces
Construction estimates for first phase52
Excavation:
-Total excavation 11500 m3
-30o slope-30 meters deep-45 meters long
Drilling and blasting – 4 man-weeksSetting up slusher – 4 man-weeksSlusher excavation – 10 man-weeksBackhoe excavation – 2 man-weeksTotal Excavation = 20 man-weeks
Masonry Construction:
-8 vaults 3.25m radius x 10 m long-6 vaults 2m radius x 8 m long-3 vaults 1.5m radius x 13 m long-3 vaults 1.25m radius x 8 m long-28 small domes 2m radius-1 large dome 5m radius
On Earth each of the small domes and vaults can be built in 2 days. Assume on Mars it takes 3 times as long. Including arches and walls each unit takes 2 weeks or 4 man-weeks.
The large vaults are twice as big, so they’ll take 8 man-weeks each.
The large dome will require special construction so assume 50 man-weeks.
Total masonry work = 298 man-weeks
Brick manufacturing:
-2200 m3
- Use material from excavation of hill- Use waste heat from the nuclear reactors to operate kiln.-2 kilns, 1.5 m3 capacity each.- Firing time 8 hours – 2 batches/day- 6 m3 of brick/day- 370 days to make the brick
- Automated pressing and firing - Only human intervention is for maintenance of equipmentTotal brick manufacturing = 20 man-weeks
Construction estimates for first phase53
Construction time:
1. Fragmentation – 4 man-weeks2. Excavation – 16 man-weeks3. Transport - 20 man-weeks4. Processing – 20 man-weeks5. Placement (masonry) - 298 man-weeks6. Placement (cover) - 20 man-weeks
Total 378 man-weeks
Total available for construction (2.7 years, 4 builders) = 560 man-weeks
182 man-weeks – for safety and helping the engineers with installation of inflatables, airlocks, doors, windows, skylights
Construction equipment54
Slusher
0.5 m3 bucket – 500kg 11500/0.5 = 23000 cyclesassume 1 cycle = 2 minutesexcavation phase = 32 days8 days setting up the systemTOTAL EXCAVATION = 40 days
Construction equipment55
Front end loader- excavating, loading, and transporting material- good mobility
1 m3 bucket – 6000kg
cycle time 30 sec - 2 m3 min
Hydraulic excavator (backhoe)- excavation, some fragmentation- high precision, high force- complex hydraulic system
0.4 m3 bucket – 10,000kg
cycle time 15 sec – 1.6 m3 min
Construction equipment56
Trucks- moving material - can be a pulled by a rover
Rover mounted drill- drilling holes for explosives or anchors
- drilling rate 6 m/hour
Construction equipment massSlusher - 2,000kgFront end loader - 6,000kgBack Hoe - 10,000kgTruck – 5,000kgBallistic transporter – 5,000kgDrill - 2,000kgCrane - 5,000kgTOTAL 35,000kg
Mass estimate fro complete base57
HumansConstruction equipment
Greenhouses12 Nuclear Reactors
Life support machineryScience equipment
Initial food cache2 Very long range rovers
4 pressurized rovers125 Inflatable modules
Skylights and mirrorsSubtotal
20% SafetyTOTAL
Per person
9 tons (90kg/person)
35 tons (sea above)
400 tons (from Obayashi Corporation estimate)
128 tons (SP-100 reactor = 10.7 tons)
32 tons (extrapolation from Mars Reference Mission)
30 tons (extrapolation from Mars Reference Mission)
200 tons (20kg/person/day x 12 people x 2.7 years)
50 tons 20 tons625 tons (5 tons per module)
100 tons 1629 tons 306 tons1935 tons
19 tons/person
Obayashi corporation base design for 150 people = 4002 tons, 26tons/person
Welcome to Mars58
Extra Slides00
masonry openings
00
Construction operation units
1. Fragmentation – explosives, drill2. Excavation – slusher, backhoe, front end loader3. Transport - front end loader, truck, ballistic transporter4. Processing – kiln, chemical plants5. Placement – robots, humans, ballistic transporter
Construction estimates for first phase00
bamboo0
- full height in 3 months- maturity in 3 years- lifespan 20 years- leaves always green
- very strong in tension - strong in compression
- poles, beams, flooring, siding, scaffolding, furniture, musical instruments, and other tools
Excavation
- Excavation will be necessary in any case for cover, and extraction of resources.
- Lower precision requirement
- Building the cover provides accuracy and safety
- Can be done in a hill with loose soil
- fragment rock and permafrost using methane explosives
Tunneling
- Relies on strength of rocks above
- Need a hill with solid rock
excavation vs. tunneling58
miniature wheaton portable racks
water purification
external chemical plants
Series of nodes.- each node has complete capability of cycling water, air and nutrients- minimizes distance to nearest unit – smaller pipes- redundancy - if one unit fails demand can be covered by adjacent units
life support36
light transmittance into underground spaces60
Himawari Sunlighting System
-transmits only visible light
-XF-160S – 1.4 m2 area – 600 kg
- assume same area required as area of tree growing space.- need 73 m2 of collection surface
52 units = 31200 kg(current design not optimized for Mars)
– vertical chimney opening with reinforcing that brings the tensile forces down to the dome might also be possible
Greek baths at Piraeus61
light transmittance into underground spaces61
Heliobus Light Pipes System
– Catalan vaults – made famous in the United States by Rafael Guastavino in the late 19th century.
- requires fast setting mortar so might not be available at first
Thin tiles08
Linear City by Arturo Soria and Le Corbusier
bands of development between centralized nodes
1 housing band with small and large buildings2 industrial band 3 transportation band
Linear City 19