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CAREER EPISODE 1

1. Introduction

CE1.1 My first project discussion is the design and construction of vehicle tracking system;

the project that I did at COMSATS Institute of Information Technology. This was an

electrical engineering project that I did in my final year of my studies between 5

February 2013 and 10 January 2014.I handled this project as the Project Team Leader

Electrical Engineer at department of electrical engineering located at COMSATS

Institute of Information Technology GT Road, Wah cantt, Pakistan. I was tasked with

implementing the project, demonstrating and presentation to the department.

2. Background

CE1.2 The invention of global positioning systems and global system for mobile

communication has revolutionized the way people interact with environment, making

the global village. With increase in vehicle traffic and automobile robots, there is need

to implement tracking systems to enable these technologies keep in touch with their

owners, ensuring less incidents of theft for such property. Using the mobile networks to

locate these gadgets becomes a challenge, since handoffs and geographical area covered

by these cells are unpredictable and thus inaccuracy of location. However, in this

project, I have designed a tracking system that integrates the global positioning (GPS)

and global mobile communication (GSM) to accurately communicate the positon of the

GPS module and thus the object in which it is mounted. The system uses satellite

communication to identify the location and this information is send by GPS module to

owner’s mobile phone via a GSM network.

CE1.3 Mainly, I did this project to implement a tracking system for moving objects

(vehicles), with specific aim to study the electronic circuit design for GPS modules, to

investigate the effect of satellite communication system in global positioning, to

examine the mobile internetwork nodes function in transmission of the information, to

evaluate the GSM circuit design, model and function, to study liquid crystal display

circuits by determining their performance characteristics, to investigate the interfacing

circuit models and their characteristic for communication between the GSM module,

GPS module, microcontroller and LCD, to define the procedures for coding mobile


application in order to capture GPS data from GSM network and display the location in a

map, to evaluate the performance of the mobile VTS app, to model a simulation for the

whole circuit in a suitable CAD tool and to construct the optimized system.

Figure 1: The organization chart

CE1.4 In the process of executing this project, I carried out the following roles and

responsibilities.

Analysis of vehicle tracking systems/solutions, detailing the electronic circuit

components and distributed control systems for their databases

Study of faults in the current technologies, study of their respective diagnostic

measures and troubleshoot procedures

Design of an integrated vehicle tracking system using GPS and GSM technologies for

precise location of the vehicle


Prototyping and simulation of the general circuit, optimization of performance

characteristics and derivation of input-output relations

Fabrication of components and construction of the overall system, experimentation

with the prototype and derivation of performance.

Safety assurance and project documentation.

3. Personal Engineering Activity

CE1.5 In preparation to begin this project, I reviewed ETSI-ES telecommunication

standards for GSM, considering the network architecture, security, carrier frequencies

and codecs, from where I noted considerable specifications for the system

requirements. I analyzed theICD-GPS-224/IS-GPS-200 standard codes and added a list

of requirements for the design, considering SMS structure. For precise guidelines, I

organized and held a meeting with my supervisor who gave me detailed project design

procedures and timelines for completing the different stages.

CE1.6 The project required huge data, information, knowledge of diverse technologies and

skills for precise execution. I gathered these facts from datasheets for GSM modules,

user manuals for GPS modules, documentations of various microcontroller tools and

reference materials for various designs of display units. From these collections, I made

performance evaluation by inter-relating the input – output plots of the units and fully

characterizing the sub-systems. From surveys and interviews that I conducted to

examine the user specifications, I computed a list of the system requirements that I

considered in design.


Figure 2 –Block Diagram my design

CE1.7 In order to begin the design, I architect the functional block diagram of the circuit

for logical topology analysis, made specifications of the required GSM module that

constituted sub-circuits such as SIM900 chip, interfacing circuits, antenna, input port

and output ports, using the GSM band for transmission and reception of signals. I

selected the 89C51 microcontroller with 8KB internal memory and 128bytes of RAM for

use in decoding, processing and interpreting the SMS send by the GSM and GPS

modules. I designed the GPS module that shared same antenna with GSM module but

worked at the satellite link band to receive the coordinates for the satellite network. I

interfaced these sub-circuits using serial communication (RS232) protocol to form the

complete vehicle module that would be installed in the vehicle. During this design stage,

I made calculations based on the following mathematical formulations and equations

for signal strength in the receiver end.

𝑃𝑟 = 𝐿𝐹 𝐺𝑅𝐺𝑇𝑃𝑇𝐶2(4𝜋𝑓𝑅)2

Where Gr and Gt = transmitter and receiver gains, LF= loss factor, f=frequency of

transmission, R= distance from receiver to transmitter, Pt and Pr= Power transmitted

and power received.


CE1.8 In the second design phase, I selected a GSM modem for communication with vehicle

module, considering the decoding, encoding, modulation and demodulation capabilities,

installed the SIM card to this module for access to mobile network and sourced C

programming language for coding the different modules. I made algorithms for the

controller code, considering inputs from GPS and GSM modules and drew the flowchart

for the PC application that would display the location of the vehicle on a map, upon

receiving the coordinates read from modem, practiced, coded, debugged and published

the software.

CE1.9 For the second design phase, I mathematically modeled the systems, based on the

following equations and calculations.

𝐺𝑚 = 20 log ( 𝑉𝑜𝑉𝑖𝑛) (𝑑𝐵)

Where Gm= modem/controller amplifier gain (dB), VIN= input voltage and VO= output

voltage. The modulated signal phase angle is given by; Ø = ∆𝑇. 𝐹

In which F= Input signal frequency, T=delay time, and Ø= phase angle

CE1.10 After designing the system, I modeled simulations for the various modules of the

circuit in different platforms, and specified the various components for interfacing

circuits. I downloaded the executable files (binary codes) from the programs I had

coded into the controller and PC, from where I made design optimization for the system

performance, considering different inputs and different outputs, and interconnected the

modules in the final circuit simulation model for design verification. I tabulated a bill of

materials for the components required to fabricate a sample model, acquired the tools

and materials that I used to construct the final product. Upon testing this physical

system, I certified its operation within design specifications.

CE1.11 During the development of the system, I solved challenges such as the failure by the

RS232 chip to output the logic levels for signal reception in the computer system.

Investigation of this serial communication interface indicated wrong coupling


mechanism for CMOS and TTL logic levels. I considered increasing the biasing voltage

for the chip to leverage the two, which worked well to enable signal detection.

CE1.12 Some of the CAD tools that I used in developing this project included the Proteas

simulation where I imported the 89C51 controller libraries and codes from the C

language, interfaced the controller with external circuits, added models for GSM and

GPS circuits and simulated their performance. I made use of CST microwave studio in

analyzing the signal strength, noise and SNR for the transmission channel, from the

vehicle module to the nearest GSM network base station and modem signal reception.

CE1.13 In order to achieve the targets, set in this project, I made innovations by modeling

an LCD screen for displaying the outputs (GPS coordinates i.e. latitude, longitude and

altitude) from the controller, which would be useful in system troubleshooting by

assisting the technician locate the fault in the network. I included mobile application for

the system, for easy monitoring of individual cars other than the fleet and retained

modifications, for scalability of the system by using high bandwidth capacity system

that can transmit more data such as fuel consumption, distance of travel and speed, by

addition of new sensors and re-coding of the controller.

CE1.14 For the documentation, I made simulations for flow of information from the satellite

link, through GPS module to the controller and from controller to the reception module

via GSM network. This demonstrated clearly the operation of the system and served as

user manual. I made datasheets from the tests carried out on the physical devices, by

varying several parameters and observing the behavior of the system. I compiled a final

report for the project from the weekly reports, outlining the analysis and design with

detailed circuits for the construction procedures involved.

CE1.15 Working as a team ensured timely delivery of the project, where I consulted widely

with my supervisor for hands on skills, innovative techniques and research methods,

holding weekly meetings for progress assessment and project planning. I kept in touch

with laboratory technician who assisted in experimentation, testing, data collection and

analysis for characterization of the designed system.

CE1.16 For affordable solution, I made use of laboratory equipment and tools to fabricate

the devices, lowering cost of production while maintaining quality of work. I


aggressively bargained for least prices after conducting a market survey and making

price comparisons from different manufacturers and vendors. I provided a procedure

for mass production of the controller circuit, to capture the benefits of large scale in

mass production cases and provided per unit cost of the VTS system, comparing them

with currently existing prices.

CE1.17 I managed the project by using PERT techniques to carry out planning for the

project design phases and evaluate the degree to which had solved the problem, making

progress reports for each stage of development. Critical Path Analysis (CPA) was highly

useful in separating tasks and making sequences for project execution, where I made

network diagrams to avoid collision of activities and delays due to such occurrence. I

made use of Gantt charts to determine the task orientation and objectives achievement

rate.

CE1.18 Privileged to have learned and gained a wide range of skills and experience in

process of developing this project, where I increased my skills on electronic

communication, processor based control systems, computer programming, simulation,

design optimization and sensor networks. I got the opportunity to utilize theory in

creating real and practical solutions to solve problems in the society, making use of

available tools and technologies.

CE1.19 By doing my own research work, using my design skills and experimentation to

make original solutions ensured conformance to ethics, copyright and patent rights

protection. I made sure of acknowledging all the contributors and listing all reference

materials that assisted in research, analysis and design. I made safety precautions

during the operation of the system, providing for user defined, picture based

procedures and clearly outlined maintenance schedule for longer lifespan of the

machinery.

4. Summary

CE1.20 In conclusion, I researched on possible tracking solutions for vehicles locations,

analyzed the available technologies and created a new VTS system, capitalizing on the

GPS and GSM technologies,which I interfaced with a microcontroller system and made a

computer application for mapping the coordinates in 3D. I made documentation with


recommendations for future improvement methods to ensure technological evolution

and knowledge transfer. I maintained the least cost of production for affordability and

thus impacting on wide application and finally computed the benefits and limitations of

using the system, which proved superior.

CAREER EPISODE 2

1. Introduction

CE2.1 My second Engineering project at COMSATS Institute of Information

Technology was the Design, development & Implementation of Rectenna for Mobile

phone charging. I handle this project during semester six (6) of my electrical

Engineering degree from September 2012 to Jan 2013.The venue for this project was

Department of electrical engineering at COMSATS Institute of Information Technology

Wah Cantt, Pakistan. I handled this project with a group of other members but I will

discuss the roles and parts that I worked on.

2. Background

CE2.2 Energy harvesting systems are diversely evolving, with effort concentration on

green and renewable systems design for environmental friendliness. However, energy

conservation in the transmission and utilization sections of these systems requires re-

engineering for higher efficiency. Electromagnetic waves possess high power from

transmitting stations but the receiving ends receive smaller amounts of energy but over

wide geographic areas. These radiations exist for different communication systems

such as FM or AM radio broadcasting, Television systems, mobile communication,

satellite networks, RADAR systems, WiMAX, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth etc. Such waves are

captured by antennas and filtered (some energy at particular frequencies prevented

from flowing to the next circuit) in order to serve certain purpose. In this project, I have

developed an EMF energy harvesting system (Rectenna) that rectifies this energy

instead of filtering, to gather enough power for operating the same device.

CE2.3 Objectively, I meant to develop EMF energy harvesting system that will convert high

frequency electromagnetic waves in space into electrical energy and rectify the energy

for use by low power electronic devices. Specifically, I aimed at researching on the best


receiving power antenna, to evaluate the most suitable bandwidth of the antenna, to

examine the variation of SWR in relation to efficiency of the system, to find out array

factor and array elements for the most suitable antenna, to characterize the matching

circuit for the system, to design a rectifier circuit for optimum DC power output, to

examine the performance of the power boost circuit, to use HFSS, P-Spice and network

analyzer simulation platforms in modeling, design and performance optimization of the

various circuits and to investigate the effect of fabrication parameters on the system

performance.

Figure 1: The department structure.

CE2.4 In the project development process; I was tasked with the following roles and

responsibilities.

Analysis of antenna technologies, design tools and modeling procedures for

wideband antennas with keen focus on maximum output power.


Conceptualization and modeling of different sub-circuits of the RF energy harvesting

system, considering useful power levels for electronics.

Design of the various modules and circuits of the system and overall interconnection

of components to deliver the expected system performance.

Simulation and circuit board layout derivation for the system modules and

theoretical characterization of their behavior

Fabrication and testing of model RF energy harvesting system, safety and

operational optimization for the system.

3. Personal Engineering Project

CE2.5 As part of preparation, I revisited the ITU-T standard codes and frequency allocation

regulations for telecommunication industry, specifically focusing on TV, GSM, UMTS,

CDMA and LTE network transmission frequencies and power levels. I reviewed the

IEEE802.15 for Wi-Fi in local area networks and listed down Bluetooth power level

specifications. I organized and held discussion with my supervisor on guidelines for the

project, deadlines for different project phase completion and detailed research areas of

interest in the project. I made consultations with experienced telecommunication,

electronics and electrical engineers from where I gathered system requirements.

CE2.6 In order to provide sufficient knowledge, skills and expertise required throughout

the project execution, I gathered a wide range of data and information from datasheets

of antennas (patch, monopole and dipole arrays), collected design handbooks for the

system and read widely on power electronics design from varied journals. I made a

collection of scholarly articles and novel ideas concerning mobile energy and wireless

power transmission systems, from where I gained intuition on technological evolution

and design interests.

CE2.7 By architecting a functional block diagram as the initial design conceptualization, I

was able to modularize the design into 4 main sub-systems: EMF receiving antenna,

matching circuit, high frequency rectification system and voltage multiplication system.

For the antenna system, I considered a design of an array constituting of broadband E-

shape monopole patch antennas, considering return loss, gain, array factor, VSWR,

directivity and polar plots. I made a matching circuit for the system impedance,


maximizing the power transfer ratio. I plotted graphs for efficiency and performance

parameter inter-relations of these two circuits.

CE2.8 During this first design stage, I used the following mathematical formulation to

calculate the values of components and antenna dimensions.

𝑤 = 𝑐𝑅𝐹√ 2𝜖𝑟+1

Where w= width of the antenna, c= velocity of light, F= frequency of the target signal,

R= distance between transmitter and receiver, 𝜖𝑟= effective dielectric constant of the

material.

𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑃𝑖𝑃𝑜)

Where R= return loss, P= input or output power.

CE2.9 For the rectifier system, I traded off between rectifier with voltage doubler and

power cast 2110 integrated circuit, and by plotting performance curves, selected the

powercast2110 due to high ranges of HF operation, high output voltage, higher stability

and less cost. I designed the time setting and storage capacitor size, considering cycle of

operation. I designed the voltage boosting circuit, consisting of TPS6122X series of DC-

DC power converters with higher temperature range and adjustable output voltage

switch. During this second design consideration, I made use of the following

mathematical calculations and modeling equations. 𝐶 = 15𝑇0𝑉0𝐼0 𝑇0,𝑉0,𝐼0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶= cycle time, output voltage, output current and capacitor size

respectively. 𝑝0 = 𝑒 ∗ 𝑝𝑖

Where Pi, Po= power input and power output respectively, e= efficiency of the system.


CE2.10 After the design, I modeled simulations in P-Spice for the various circuits and

carried out theoretical analysis of the system, standardized the models, derived

performance curves and optimized the designs for each module, which I interconnected

to form the larger circuit and over-ally parameterized the system. I drafted the circuit

board layouts, from where I minimized the area and efficiently used the space. From

these simulations and 3D PCB diagrams, I derived a bill of materials and tools, acquired

them, fabricated and tested a prototype product, whose performance met the design

specifications as expected.

CE2.11 During the execution, I faced several challenges including low EMF energy

conversion rate by the antenna system. Upon investigation, I realized the narrow

bandwidth and high directivity and the contributing factors and provided a broad array

of elements, which I modeled for omni-directinality and with high bandwidth to capture

a large portion of the EMF, a solution that proved best in performance and gave

expected results. A small storage output capacitor was contributing to short operation

cycles while a large one would be slow in charging and discharging cycles. I

interconnected a compromise of series and parallel capacitor connections, to derive

higher values with optimized operational cycles.

CE2.12 In order to fasten the product prototyping, I used CAD tools. HFSS for modeling the

finite element structure of the antenna, deriving its performance parameters in 3D full

wave analysis, from where I made curves for VSWR-efficiency, polar plots for

electromagnetic radiation patterns and dimensions of the various array elements. I

used P-Spice to model the rectification and voltage multiplication circuits for the power

processing and made final parameter relational behavior, using the network analyzer

platform for measurements and testing.

CE2.13 In order to deliver the expectations defined in the research areas of interests, I made

innovations on the technology, utilizing the voltage doublers to boost the signal with

parallel-series capacitor circuits for optimum operational cycles. I used array technique

to alter the directionality and bandwidth of the antenna, which led to derivation of

maximum EMF energy from the various frequencies of transmission and used

simulations in the design procedure to avoid lengthy calculations.


CE2.14 For the documentation, I made a final project report, outlining the justification of the

project to solve the stated problem, enumerated the detailed literature review for the

various circuits, included the design procedure for the antenna, matching, rectifier and

booster systems, incorporating the overall system circuit design and discussed the data

from the simulations in comparison to performance testing of the prototype project. I

created animations to illustrate the power harvesting mechanism and utilization in

same electronic device.

CE2.15 In order to ensure diversification of ideas, I leveraged on teamwork, where I sought

experimentation assistance from the laboratory technologists for testing of the

prototype performance and data analysis, specifically capturing the operational

advantages of the system. I consulted with experienced engineers in their field of

specialization to derive best solutions for the particularly varied module designs.

Working closely with colleagues assisted in exchange of ideas and criticism that helped

shape the final product.

CE2.16 Economically, I made sound decisions for energy efficiency, conservation and

management within the module, by utilizing low power technologies for switching and

processing. I considered using integrated circuits over discrete components, since these

devices are comparatively cheaper due to economies of large scale, and perform better

than discrete components in different perspectives. I made a market survey for the

various components to establish least cost for the project.

CE2.17 In order to efficiently manage this project with minimum possible wastage, I utilized

the PERT technique to plan and evaluate the necessary project achievements in

developing the different stages of the project. I made use of network diagrams to plot

the paths for sequential execution of different tasks, avoiding unnecessary collisions

and or delays in the development lifecycle. I scheduled all the activities within the given

timeframe and ensured adherence to deadlines.

CE2.18 Continuous training and knowledge acquisition that I experienced during this

project included improvements in programming skill set, where I utilized new HF

simulation codes to derive models for circuit operation. I added in to my list of design

procedures, new techniques of systems selection and specification, while widening my


technical abilities in statistical measurements, analysis, regression modeling and

inferencing. I gained wide experience on the methods used to transform theoretical

knowledge into practical solutions.

CE2.19 In the construction process, I provided the required personal protective equipment

for safety and used them appropriately when fabricating the system. I installed the

antivirus software in my PC to ensure data and information security for the models,

where I scanned all external sources of files and activated the firewall while accessing

material from the web. Earthing all the metallic parts and electrical enclosures of the

system, ensured safety from leakage current and thus eliminating accidents resulting

from shock.

4. Summary

CE2.20 In summary, I analyzed, modeled, designed and experimented with HF energy

harvesting system with capacity to capture wide range of electromagnetic waves from

space, and transform them into electrical energy for utilization in low power

electronics. I included several innovative techniques in the project to make it suitable

for the particular problem solution and derived characteristic curves for the system

performance to assist in identification of fault and diagnosis measures, while guiding

new user and designers who would like to incorporate the technology in complex

systems. I documented the project work undertaken to transfer knowledge to the new

researchers, making recommendations on possible alterations for better perfomance.

CAREER EPISODE 3

1. Introduction

CE3.1 My last Engineering project that I did at COMSATS Institute of Information

Technology, Wah Cantt, Pakistan. The project was the Design and development of solar

based efficient power system for domestic applications. The time period for this project

was 5th semester during my studies towards Bachelor of electrical engineering at

Department of Electrical. I worked on this project between February 2012 and June

2012 at COMSATS, electrical department located at Wah Cantt, Pakistan. The project


was group work but I did my part as discussed below and presented it to the

department members

2. Background

CE3.2 Conversion of energy from one form to another form is a critical design

consideration that determines the cost of production of electrical energy. Over the last

few decades, concentration has shifted focus to renewable energy sources such as wind,

solar and biomass. Of these three, solar systems dominate the advantages and will most

likely dominate the climate change campaign. However, these systems have one great

limitation of low energy conversion efficiency with two different methods for the

process, i.e. generators (solar energy used to heat water into steam, which turns the

turbine and thus supplying mechanical power to generator) and photovoltaic process

(where solar cells are used to convert the solar radiation directly to electrical energy).

In this project, have analyzed the technologies in these power systems and derived

efficient methods for conversion, transmission, storage and utilization of solar power.

CE3.3 Purposely, I did this project to model solar power systems technology for efficient

energy generation, storage, distribution and utilization, to study the solar cell

conversion efficiency parameters and their respective determining factors, to

comparatively investigate the monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar cell

technologies, to examine efficient energy storage to cater for supply when there is no

solar radiation, to find out the suitable servomechanism for tracking solar radiation, to

evaluate the various DC and AC load types detailing their respective energy

consumption dynamics, to establish cost analysis for operating solar power systems, to

investigate the accuracy of solar tracking by in cooperating temperature and light

sensors, to study the processes of solar installation, maintenance scheduling and repair

of frequent faults and to propose energy management strategies and conservancy

measures, which can be deployed to enhance system performance.


Figure 1: Project Organizational Chart

CE3.4 As the research electrical engineer in charge of this project, I was tasked with

following roles and responsibilities.

Detailed literature review of the available solar power systems, identifying the fault

diagnosis mechanisms for the frequent problems

Modeling of system sub-circuits, including the solar cells, power lines, storage,

converters, loads and maximum power point trackers

Design of efficient solar technologies for different capacities, ratings, materials

design and fabrication effects/defects

Systems performance optimization for solar power system dynamics, developing

strategies for energy management and conservation.

Deriving bills of quantities for different technologies and carrying out cost

comparison for solar power models

Safety regulation and project documentation.

3. Personal Engineering Activity


CE3.5 As part of preparations to begin this project, I reviewed the IEEE 1547/2030

standard codes for solar grids and listed down specific system requirements for

interoperability and compatibility with other systems. I also revisited the ISO/TC 180

solar energy specifications and added more considerations to the circuit models. ET

28/6496 IS standards for uninterruptible power supplies gave detailed quantification

methods for the various techniques used in this project. I organized and held a

consultative meeting where I got the guidelines and time plan for the project phases

from my project supervisor.

CE3.6 In order to avail the required techniques, skills and design procedures required in

this project, I gathered a widely varied data and information from datasheets of

different designers and manufacturers of these technologies, used scholarly articles and

published journals to derive technological advancements, made in these technologies

over time. By survey and interviews and compiled detailed customer focused system

requirements that I incorporated in this analysis.

CE3.7 For the first design phase, I modeled solar, wind, hydro and bio-mass energy

systems for performance comparison in terms of power outputs, availability, power

factor and per unit cost of production, from where I tabulated the resultant findings. I

considered design measurement parameters for the power production equipment,

determining their efficiency, ease of use and maintenance requirements for equal

capacities of power production.

CE3.8 During this design, I made calculations based on the following mathematical

equations and formulations. 𝑊𝑠 = 𝑊𝑙 ∗ 𝑇𝑐

Where Ws= watt-hour rating of the solar system, Wl= connected load in watts and Tc=

operating time (hours). 𝑃𝑎 = 𝑃𝑝 ∗ 𝑓0

Where Pa= actual power output of solar system, Pp= peak power produced and f0=

operating factor.


CE3.9 In the second design phase, I modeled each component of the system on its own,

considering a battery bank with a deep cycle and a high rating (Ah), designed charge

controller using low power logic families, made a solar panel on a polycrystalline

structure for high efficiency and a solar tracking system, for turning the solar panel in

the direction of solar radiation, using a servo motor controlled by microcontroller with

a solar sensor. I modeled the DC loads for light tubes, energy saving bulb, ceiling fan, air

coolers and exhaust fans, optimizing the energy consumption for each. For the second

design phase, I calculated the component values for each circuit, by mathematical

modeling as follows. 𝑄 = 𝐼 ∗ 𝑇

Q= battery capacity in Ah, I= current in A and t= operation time in hours 𝐵𝑤 = 𝑉𝑛 ∗ 𝑄

Bw= battery rating in watt-hour, Vn= nominal voltage and Ah=ampere hour rating.

CE3.10 After the modeling and analysis of the solar power system, I made simulations using

Power world computer simulation model with solar power plant generators, high rating

for battery storage capacities and DC loads. From these models, I derived the voltage-

current characteristics of the components, their efficiency, availability for different

weather conditions and their effect on the overall system performance and cost of

transmission from the solar plants to consumer loads. From these measurements, I

made the plots and graphically determined the optimization strategies.

CE3.11 Some of the challenges that I faced during the process of project development

included tracking the direction of the solar intensity, which I solved by utilizing a servo

motor, run by a relay, depending on the calibrated sensor values and controller

algorithm decisions. I solved the fan out and fan in loadings for the devices connecting

the control mechanism with the power supply network, by using an opto-coupler to

isolate the signals and thus prevent over loading of the components. Variation of power

and imbalances between input power available from solar panel and from battery was


also a major challenge that I solved by coding the duty cycle on a power levels control

loop

CE3.12 In order to ensure rapid prototyping, I made great use of CAD tools. Power world

simulation platform assisted greatly in modeling the system by including the solar

generators and power lines in schematics, which I used to study the load flow in the

solar power system. I made use of GRIDLAB simulation platform to model the sizing

design optimization, dynamic behavior modeling, mitigation and power quality

analysis, co-ordination and protection and fault analysis for the interconnected system.

CE3.13 Making use of innovative procedures and techniques was necessary in realizing the

goals set forth in this project. I strategically modeled a timing automation system to

switch the power off when the battery level went below critical charge, to avoid

excessive discharge and thus lengthening the lifespan of the battery. I made provision to

control the solar panel isolation by including humidity and temperature sensors in a

control loop for operations of the designed system.

CE3.14 For the documentation, I made datasheets for the system operation, from the

simulations that I carried out, plotting the input-output characteristics of the

components used in the design and modeling. Deriving user manuals on picture based

procedures served to assist users in designing particulate and suitable systems for

specified applications. I made a final project report, outlining all the component design

tradeoffs and system characteristics, justifying the necessity of interconversion

efficiency of the energies from solar to electrical to chemical to electrical and final forms

depending on the types of loads.

CE3.15 In order to achieve the specific objectives, I worked collectively with other team

members where I consulted widely with experienced engineers, on solar technologies

and components for solar power processing, that I modeled and simulated on a

complete power system circuit. I kept updating the project supervisor on progress

made in various stages of development, for timely delivery and planning. For continued

supply of ideas and techniques, I maintained close relations with colleagues and

academic advisor, who assisted me in realizing the expected solutions.


CE3.16 In order to ensure affordability of the designed system, I conducted market surveys

to determine the minimum prices for all components in the system, without

compromising on quality and minimized the energy consumption of auxiliary

equipment and electronic gadgets by using low power logic families. I tabulated a bill of

quantities for all the materials and equipment for ease of procurement and made

listings for several manufacturers’ total prices.

CE3.17 I applied several project management techniques and skills, including the use of

Gantt charts to plan the various activities and tasks of the project, to ensure smooth and

sequential running of the project. I modularized the design by breaking down the larger

tasks into simpler and smaller tasks that I scheduled in a time frame, and maintained

program execution rate to deliver the right task at the right time. Net Present Value

(NPV), Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) evaluation

techniques enabled me to validate the project.

CE3.18 Privileged to have gained wide experience in transforming theoretical knowledge

into practical experience and widening my design skill set, I added into my technical

record, new ways of finding solutions to problems in society. To keep at par with

technical knowledge requirements of this project, I took online tutorials on

programming languages and simulation platforms, which assisted me in making precise

model designs and to completely specify the parameters of the circuits.

CE3.19 For safety assurance, I made provisions for earthing all the metallic structures and

electrical enclosures, protecting the operators and users of the solar systems from

electrical shock and leakage of currents, provided precautions for handling the delicate

panels to avoid breakage of glass covers and made clear procedures for designing and

modeling the various modules. I protected the data and information in my PC from

corruption by malicious programs and deterring viruses from the web.

4. Summary

CE3.20 In short words, I carried out intensive study to determine the design parameters of

solar power systems, modeled the various components of the system and widened the

scope of application of the designed system, for efficient power management and

conservation. I made innovations to the current technologies in diverse ways by making


automation and control algorithms for maximum power point tracking, solved all the

challenges identified in fault analysis for the current technologies and outlined

economic valuation for the solar system to serve as basis, for solar systems project

economic evaluation and maintenance scheduling. I documented the project work

undertaken to ensure knowledge transfer and to enhance future research on the same

field.

SUMMARY STATEMENT FOR PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER

Competency Element A brief summary of how you have applied

the element

Paragraph in the career

episode(s) where the

element is addressed

PE1 KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL BASE

PE1.1 Comprehensive, theory-

based understanding of the

underpinning natural and physical

sciences and the engineering

fundamentals applicable to the

engineering discipline

a) Among the knowledge that I applied

in my electrical engineering projects

include both physical and natural

science and also the fundamental

principles in Electrical Engineering

CE1.7, CE1.8, CE1.9,

CE1.10,

CE2.7, CE2.8, CE2.9,

CE2.10,

CE3.7, CE3.8,CE3.9,

CE3.10 , CE3.11

PE1.2 Conceptual understanding of

the mathematics, numerical

analysis, statistics and computer

and information sciences which

underpin the engineering discipline

a) I collected the relevant data to my

electrical Engineering projects to

make sure I achieved all the design

objectives.

b) The alternative design methods that

I adopted for my Electrical projects

was using Engineering softwares.

c) I did calculations when I was doing

the design in my projects to confirm

some parameters.

CE1.6

CE2.6

CE3.6

CE1.12

CE2.12

CE3.12

CE1.7, CE1.9

CE2.8, CE2.9

CE3.8, CE3.9,


PE1.3 In-depth understanding of

specialist bodies of knowledge

within the engineering discipline

a) I leveraged my Electrical engineering

experience and knowledge to design,

analyze and implement my projects.

b) I applied the latest electrical

engineering softwares that helped

me in my design works.

c) I have in-depth knowledge in

electrical calculations that I applied in

my projects

CE1.7, CE1.8

CE2.7, CE2.9

CE3.7, CE3.9

CE1.12

CE2.12

CE3.12

CE1.7, CE1.9

CE2.8, CE2.9

CE3.8, CE3.9

PE1.4 Discernment of knowledge

development and research

directions within the engineering

discipline

a) I solved the challenges in my

projects through research and

consultative.

b) I went through the information of the

projects to understand it like the

applicable standards and codes.

c) I took part in training during the

implementation of my projects to

improve on my delivery.

CE1.11

CE2.11

CE3.11

CE1.5

CE2.5

CE3.5

CE1.18,

CE2.18,

CE3.18,

PE1.5 Knowledge of contextual

factors impacting the engineering

discipline

a) I leveraged on the project

management skills to ensure the

project was completed on time and

within its specifications.

b) I used understandable and clear

language for documentation to avoid

the issue related to communication

CE1.17

CE2.17

CE3.17

CE1.14

CE2.14

CE3.14


barrier.

c) I embraced teamwork because I

knew the impacts of working singled

handedly in the project where there

is no sharing of ideas.

CE1.15

CE2.15,

CE3.15,

PE1.6 Understanding of the scope,

principles, norms, accountabilities

and bounds of contemporary

engineering practice in the specific

discipline

a) I used well known project

management tools to make sure the

project was implemented as per the

schedule.

b) I implemented my projects as

professional electrical engineering by

following all the applicable standards

and codes.

c) I made sure the projects was

implemented within the provisional

cost by strictly following the budget.

CE1.17

CE2.17,

CE3.17

CE1.5

CE2.5

CE3.5

CE1.16

CE2.16,

CE3.16

PE2 ENGINEERING APPLICATION ABILITY

PE2.1 Application of established

engineering methods to complex

engineering problem solving

a) I found the solution to the challenges

that I encountered through research

and consulting my project

supervisor.

b) I did Electrical calculations when I

was designing to get the

specifications of the components

that I used.

c) I followed well known international

standards in electrical engineering

as per the requirements in the

CE1.11,

CE2.11

CE3.11

CE1.7, CE1.9

CE2.8, CE2.9

CE3.8, CE3.9,

CE1.5,


university. CE2.5

CE3.5

PE2.2 Fluent application of

engineering techniques, tools and

resources

a) I applied safety tools and techniques

to mitigate any form of injuries or

damage to the equipment that I was

using.

b) I used the electrical engineering

softwares to implement my project

as part of innovation that I adopted

in my projects.

c) I applied valuable tools and

techniques in project management to

track all the progress in my projects.

CE1.19

CE2.19

CE3.19

CE1.12

CE2.12

CE3.12

CE1.17

CE2.17,

CE3.17

PE2.3 Application of systematic

engineering synthesis and design

processes

a) As a person who embraced latest

technology, I adopted the use of the

softwares to improve my design

CE1.12

CE2.12

CE3.12


work.

b) I deployed elaborate process when I

was finding the solution to the

problems that I was faced with.

c) I did my documents in professional

and accurately to ensure all the

information were captured well.

CE1.11

CE2.11

CE3.11

CE1.14,

CE2.14

CE3.14

PE2.4 Application of systematic

approaches to the conduct and

management of engineering

projects

a) I leveraged on the project

management to make sure I followed

the schedule that I had prepared and

the project was completed on time.

b) Safety was paramount in my project,

thus I used the correct PPEs

c) I implemented my project within the

budget by making economical and

cost considerations.

d) I managed my project by following all

the codes and standards

CE1.17,

CE2.17

CE3.17,

CE1.19,

CE2.19,

CE3.19

CE1.16

CE2.16,

CE3.16

CE1.5

CE2.5

CE3.5


PE3 PROFESSIONAL AND PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES

PE3.1 Ethical conduct and

professional accountability

a) I implemented the projects with

safety in mind as the regulations that

were set COMSATS Institute of

Information Technology.

b) I respect and embraced the

contribution of all the team members

in order to get different views of the

projects.

c) In order to meet the rules and

regulations in the department of

electrical engineering, I followed the

relevant standards and codes.

CE1.19,

CE2.19,

CE3.19,

CE1.15,

CE2.15,

CE3.15

CE1.5

CE2.5

CE3.5

PE3.2 Effective oral and written

communication in professional and

lay domains

a) I can communicate well through

speaking as per the discussion that I

had with my supervisors.

b) As a good communicator I was able

to use well written documents for

communication purpose.

CE1.14

CE2.14

CE3.14

CE1.5,


CE2.5,

CE3.5

PE3.3 Creative innovative and

proactive demeanor

a) As part of creativity in my projects

implementation, I utilized the

electrical engineering softwares.

b) I used creative methodology to solve

the problems that faced me in my

implementation.

c) I introduced the innovative

techniques and procedure to

implement the projects successfully.

CE1.12

CE2.12

CE3.12

CE1.11

CE2.11

CE3.11

CE1.13

CE2.13

CE3.13

PE3.4 Professional use and

management of information

a) I used my knowledge in data

management to collect the important

information that I used subsequently

to implement my projects.

b) I studied the information that were

available that helped me in

understanding the projects detail

and scope.

c) I am good in written communication

therefore I was good in

documentation.

CE1.6

CE2.6

CE3.6

CE1.5

CE2.5,

CE3.5

CE1.14,


CE2.14,

CE3.14

PE3.5 Orderly management of self,

and professional conduct

a) I managed my projects well by using

tools and techniques in project

management.

b) I managed my projects by following

the standards and codes applicable.

c) I improved my skills related to the

projects by taking part in the training.

CE1.17

CE2.17

CE3.17

CE1. 5

CE2. 5

CE3.5

CE1.18

CE2.18

CE3.18

PE3.6 Effective team membership

and team leadership

a) I participated in teamwork as the

leader and the member.

.

CE1.15,

CE2.15,

CE3.15


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