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Ecology, Cultivation and Use of Native PlantsHAPPY SPRING!

Tonight, we will get started at 6:10 to allow for local housekeeping on this first night of class.

BARBARA LARSON

Horticulture EducatorKenosha County UW‐Extension

PLANT COMMUNITIESIN WISCONSIN

Ecology, Cultivation and Use of Native PlantsSpring 2012

Influences onWisconsin Vegetation

• Climate• Geology• Disturbance

Wisconsin Climate

yellow ‐moist continental mid‐latitudedark green – moist subtropical mid‐latitude

Source: National Weather Service

Great Lakes Effects

Photo: NOAA

Image: Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey

Glaciers

Photos (L to R): Virginia M. Kline Collection; Stacy Hopke, Burnett County Sheriff’s Dept

Disturbance

John T. Curtis• Evaluation of plant species and distribution

– Percentage of trees– Geographic range of species– Soil moisture

• The Vegetation of Wisconsin: An Ordination of Plant Communities; 1959

Photo: Waller Lab, Univ. of Wisc. Madison

Tension Zone

Source: Vegetation of Wisconsin

Source: Vegetation of Wisconsin

Major Plant Communities, ca. 1840

Wisconsin Ecological Landscapes

Source: Wisconsin DNR

WISCONSIN PLANT COMMUNITIESBased on Curtis’s categories

Forests

Photos: Virginia M. Kline Collection

Forest Layers

Photo: Eric J. Epstein, Wisc. DNR; Univ of Wisc‐ Stevens Point

Southern Mesic Forest

• Moist, fertile soil• Dense canopy• Deep shade mid‐summer

• Missing shrub layer

Photo: Emmet J. Judziewicz, Univ of Wisc Stevens Point & Madison

Sugar Maple – S. Mesic Forest

Photos (L to R): Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension; Virginia M. Kline Collection

Beech – S. Mesic Forest

Photo: Kenneth J. Sytsma, UW‐Madison; Wisconsin State Herbarium; Virginia M. Kline Collections

Basswood – S. Mesic Forest

Photos (L to R): Robert Bierman, UW – Stevens Point; Virginia M. Kline Collection

Ironwood, Slippery Elm

Photo: Dennis W. Woodland, Andrews Universiity, Wisc State Herbarium

Spring Ephemerals – S. Mesic Forest

Photo: Virginia M. Kline Collection

Spring Ephemerals – S. Mesic Forest

Photos: Paul Drobot, Franklin High School; Meryl R. Black, UW‐Stevens Point

White Trout‐lily

Spring Beauty

Dutchman’s Breeches

False Rue Anemone

Understory – S. Mesic Forest

Jewelweed

Photo: Paul Drobot, Franklin High School; UW‐Stevens Point

Southern Dry Forests• Sandy or thin infertile soils

• Thinner canopy• Dense shrub/vine layer


Bur and Black Oaks – S. Dry Forest

White oakBlack oak

Photos: Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension

White and Red Oaks – S. Dry Forest


Black Cherry & Shagbark Hickory

Photos (L to R): Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension; Matthew l. Wagner, Summit Lake, WI; UW‐Stevens Point

Mid‐layer Shrubs – S. Dry Forest

Hazelnut

Grey Dogwood

Photos (L to R): Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension; Meryl R. Black, UW‐Stevens Point

Mid‐layer Vines – S. Dry Forest

Photo: Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension

Understory Forbs – S. Dry Forest

Solomon’s Seal

Wild Geranium

Arrow‐leaved Aster

Photos (L to R): Meryl R. Black, UW‐Stevens Point; Paul Drobot, Franklin High School, UW‐Stevens Point; Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension

Rough‐leaved Sunflower

Understory Ferns – S. Dry Forest

Maidenhair Fern

Interrupted FernPhotos: Virginia M. Kline Collection

Grasses/Sedges ‐ S. Dry Forest

Pennsylvania Sedge

Photo: Matthew L. Wagner, Summit Lake, WI; UW‐Stevens Point

Southern Lowland Forests

• Floodplain• Various soil types, fertile• Open canopy with dense understory

Photo: Emmet J. Judziewicz, UW‐Stevens Point & Madison

Cottonwood and Black Willow

Photos (L to R): John Kohout, donated to Wisc DNR, UW‐Stevens Point; Steve Garske, Great Lakes Fish and Wildlife Commission;UW‐Stevens Point

River Birch & Silver Maple

Photos (L to R): Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension; Matthew L. Wagner, Summit Lake, WI; UW‐Stevens Point

Swamp White Oak & Elm

Photos: Matthew L. Wagner, Summit Lake, WI; UW‐Stevens Point

Green Ash, Black Walnut

Photos (L to R): Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension; Dennis W. Woodland, Andrews University, Wisc State Herbarium

Buttonbush‐ S. Wet Forest


Vines ‐ S. Wet Forest

Photo: Christopher Noll, Madison; UW‐Stevens Point

Common Carrionflower

Forbs & Sedges – S. Wet Forest

Nettles

Photos (L to R): Meryl R. Black, UW‐Stevens Point; Univ of Georgia; Christopher Noll, Madison, UW‐Stevens Point

Green Dragon

Cattail Sedge

Northern Mesic Forest

• Dominant forest in northern Wisc• Less fertile soils than south• Minimal mid‐ and understory


Sugar Maple & Hemlock


Yellow Birch & White Pine

Photos (L to R): Kenneth J. Sytsma, UW‐Madison; Wisc State Herbarium; Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension

Mountain Maple, LeatherwoodN. Mesic Forest

Photos (L to R): Virginia M. Kline Collection Matthew L. Wagner, Summit Lake, WI; UW‐Stevens Point

Mountain Maple Leatherwood

Ferns – Northern Mesic Forest


Club‐mosses – N. Mesic Forest

Flat‐branched ground‐pineRunning club‐moss


Club‐mosses – N. Mesic Forest

Flat‐branched ground‐pine

Photo: Matthew L. Wagner, Summit Lake, WI; UW‐Stevens Point


Running club‐moss

Forbs – N. Mesic Forest

Photos (L to R): Christopher Noll, Madison, UW‐Stevens Point Meryl R. Black, UW‐Stevens Point

Large‐leaved aster

Canada mayflower

Yellow trout‐lily

Northern Dry Forest

• Sandy, rocky soil• Nutrient poor• Open canopy• Fire every 50 – 200 years


Pines – Northern Dry Forest


After Logging – N. Dry Forest


Sweet Fern, Hazelnut, BlueberryN. Dry Forest

Photos (L to R): Derek Anderson, UW‐Superior; Dennis W. Woodland, Andrews University; UW‐Stevens Point

Sweet‐fern

Canada blueberry

Evergreen forbs – N. Dry Forest

Pipsissewa

Photos: Meryl R. Black, UW‐Stevens Point; Virginia M. Kline Collection

Bearberry

Trailing Arbutus

“Conifer Swamps”Northern Lowland Forests

• Poorly drained • Varies with soil type & nutrients• Evergreens all levels (canopy, mid‐story, understory)


White Cedar Swamp


Mid and Understory – Cedar Swamp

Photos (L to R): Derek Anderson, UW‐Superior; Kitty Kahout, donated to Wisc. DNR; Joshua J. Nemec, UW‐Stevens Point; UW‐Stevens Point

American Fly Honeysuckle

Oak Fern

Calypso Orchid

Tamarack/Black Spruce Swamp

Photo: Virginia M. Klein Collection

Tamarack/Black Spruce Swamp

Labrador‐tea

Photos (L to R): Meryl R. Black, UW‐Stevens Point; Joshua A. Horky, Botanist ‐ Lake Superior Research Institute; University of Wisconsin‐Superior;Keir Morse, Keir’s Botanical Photo Archive; Derek Anderson, UW‐Superior: UW‐Stevens Point

Leather‐leaf

Twin‐flowerDwarf red raspberry

Bog

• North of tension zone• Open wetland• Peat soil• Water – precipitation only

Photos (L to R): Emmet J. Judziewicz, UW‐Stevens Point & Madison; Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension

Carnivorous Plants ‐ Bog


Boreal Forest

• Taiga• Cold, short growing season

• Along Great Lakes

nurse log Photos (L to R): Barbara Larson, UW‐Extension; Virginia M. Kline Collection

Boreal Forest

Yellow Clintonia

Mountainash & white spruce

Photos (L to R): Meryl R. Black, UW‐Stevens Point; Virginia M. Kline Collection

Savannas and Barrens

• Less than 50% canopy; minimum 1 tree per acre• Loamy to sandy soils• Fire dependant Photo: Virginia M. Kline Collection

Oak Savanna


Understory Oak Savanna


Pine Barrens

Photo: Emmet J. Judziewicz, UW‐Stevens Point & Madison, and Matthew L. Wagner, Summit Lake, WI, UW‐Stevens Point

Prairie or Grassland

Illustration: Prairie Plants of the University of Wisconsin‐Madison Arboretum

Prairie

• Less than 1 tree per acre• Grasses > 50% of plants• South of tension zone


Mesic Prairie

Photo by Eric Epstein, Wisc DNR

Mesic Prairie Restoration


Grasses ‐mesic

Photos (L to R): Dorothy J. Lott, UW‐Stevens Point; Merel R. Black, UW‐Stevens Point; Paul Drobot, Franklin, WI, UW‐Stevens Point

Big blue‐stem

Indian‐grass

Prairie Dropseed

Forbs ‐mesic

Photos (L to R): Theodore S. Cochran, UW‐Madison; Kurt Stuber, Kurt Stuber’s Online Library; Merel R. Black; Margery Melgaard, Door Co., all from UW‐Stevens Point Freckmann Herbarium

smooth aster

rattlesnake master

flowering spurge

yellow coneflower & beebalm

Shrubs ‐mesic

Photos (L to R): Christopher Noll, Madison, WI, Craig Rekoske, UW‐Stevens Point

New Jersey tea

prairie rose

Dry (xeric) Prairie

Photo: Christina Isenring, Wisc DNR

Grasses – dry

Little blue‐stem

Photos (L to R): ; Christopher Noll, Madison, UW‐Stevens Point; Stephen L. Solheim, UW‐Madison, Stevens Point

side‐oats grama

Forbs/shrubs ‐ dry

Photos (L to R): Eric J. Epstein, Wisc DNR; Scott A. Milburn, Midwest Natural Resources, Inc.; UW‐Stevens Point; aster & violet Merel R. Black, UW‐Stevens Point

Lead‐plant

Silky aster

Pasqueflower, prairie‐smoke Bird’s‐foot violet

Wet Prairie


Grasses & Sedges ‐ wet

Photos (L to R): Robert W. Freckmann, Merel R. Black, UW‐Stevens Point

Blue‐joint grass

Prairie cord grass

Tussock sedge

Forbs/shrubs ‐ wet

Photos (L to R): Paul Drobot, Franklin, WI; Mark Mittelstadt, Mineral Point, WI; Matthew L. Wagner, Summit Lake, WI; all UW‐Stevens Point Freckmann Herbarium

Prairie blazing‐star

Bottle gentian

White meadowsweet

Other Plant Communities

• Sedge meadows• Calcareous fens• Aquatic & marshes• Cliffs – dry and moist

• Shorelines – dunes, beaches, bedrock

• Others


What can a plant’s native community/environment tell you about its cultural needs?

Check out the Discussion section on the blog.

welcome! the presentation...photo: emmet j. judziewicz, uw‐stevens point & madison, and...

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