Welcome Back! • The plan...

– Now until Summer – Coursework content on the Thursday and Friday double. Monday double is for your own independent study use. You may use history rooms during this time.

– Summer – coursework and Germany reading – Next year – 4 lessons on Germany per week

with me and 2 lessons per week on coursework– A level make-up – 25% Africa, 25% Britain,

15% Coursework, 35% Germany

• Ireland Folders –1st divider

• How have Anglo-Irish relations developed up to 1800?

Coursework Ireland and the Union 1815-1922 • Source based

– A question focuses on a depth study focusing on a key event or individual. Primary and secondary sources.

• E.g. 1. What was the short term significance of the Famine in the development of Irish Nationalism?

– B question focuses on change over a 100 year period. Mainly secondary source.

• E.g. How significant was O’Connell for the development of Irish nationalism?

• What is the Irish question? – Content of Ireland and the

Union • Constitutional relationship

between Britain and Ireland early 19th C

• Leadership and objectives of Catholic and Protestant communities in the period

• Response of British government to pressure for change

• Partition of Ireland and reasons for it

The Irish Question was a phrase used mainly by members of the British ruling classes from the early 19th century until the 1920s. It was used to describe Irish nationalism and the calls for Irish independence.The phrase came to prominence as a result of the 1800 Act of Union which forced the parliament of Ireland into a single governing body with the parliament of Great Britain, based in Westminster, with its usage persisting until the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1921, which partitioned the island into two territories: a state now called Ireland (which was originally called the Irish Free State), and Northern Ireland, which remains part of the United Kingdom

How did Anglo-Irish relations develop up to 1800 and why did

they develop in this way?

What is the long-term history of Anglo-Irish relations?

• 1170-1250 England gradually conquered more and more of Ireland, mainly for land and wealth and to win support in battles for the crown. By 1250 they had ¾ of Ireland and introduced English county and judicial systems and land ownership and inheritance procedures. The Irish largely became serfs and in 1264 a new Anglo-Norman parliament was established to maintain further control. Members of this parliament became increasingly powerful as the English kings were preoccupied with European laws.

• The Tudors took back more control of Ireland and in 1541 Henry VIII became King of Ireland and gained greater control of the land. With the reformation the English were worried that Ireland would be conquered on behalf of the pope.

• Elizabeth I controlled Ireland even more tightly to stop the papacy taking Ireland over. She stationed more English troops there. To justify her actions she said Ireland was a ‘rude and barbarous’ nation. There were a number of rebellions – both by the Irish and the Old English lords opposed to recent land policy. Charles I and Cromwell went on to ruthlessly suppress rebellions. In 1700 a rebellion broke out in Northern Ireland, or Ulster, and this was then bought under stronger English control.

Show on these maps Anglo-Irish relations. Shade the map, use symbols, annotations and explanations.

1. The Act of Union 1800: the origin of all Ireland’s troubles?

Key areas:How was Ireland governed before the Act?

•Grattan’s Parliament•Catholic reforms in 1790s/90s

Wolfe Tone and the Society of United Irishmen•Aims•Rebellion 1798 and its impact

The Act of Union•Contemporary arguments for and against the Act•Passage of the Act •Terms of the Act•Results of the Act

The Anglican Ascendency – the 1700s• This was the domination in Ireland of protestants, which naturally had

stronger links to England, and of those who had links to England • They achieved this domination by

– Owning most of the land through the introduction of English land inheritance laws and seizures of land - members of the Church of Ireland owned 95% of the land

– Dominating the Irish parliament in Dublin – Making the Anglican Church of Ireland very strong – It introduced penal laws to try to force catholics to convert to the Church of

Ireland - Catholics weren’t allowed to vote, sit in parliament in Dublin or Westminster, inherit or own land, join the legal profession or even own a house worth more than £5. They couldn’t bare arms and their education was curtailed.

• It resulted in..– Ireland being governed indirectly by England – Curtailing the powers of the Irish parliament – Oppressing the Irish Catholics

ANGLICAN SOCIAL ELITE

Church of Ireland

Church of Ireland

GovernmentGovernment

Land ownership

Land ownership

Religion

Politics

Economics

Using the previous slide and pp. 15-17

explain how the Anglican was formed using your theme.

What impact did the American War of Independence have on Anglo-Irish relations?

Irish Patriots marching song

What does the above source tell you about the impact of the American Civil War on Anglo-Irish relations?

• ‘The Irish protestant can never be free, till the Irish Catholic had ceased to be a slave’ Henry Grattan– What is Grattan saying?– What does he want to happen?

• However, even this Anglican ruling class resented restrictions placed on them from England – they asked for more constitutional freedom in the 1750s when Henry Grattan was a leader of a group of MPs known as Patriots in the Irish House of Commons – they denounced the subordination of Ireland to Great Britain they wanted commercial equality for Ireland and legislative independence with regular elections. The Catholic Committee was formed 1760 which was more moderate group trying to redress Catholic grievances.

• In the 1760s Britain began the process of reforming the patronage system and introduced 8 yearly elections• 1775-1782 American Civil War • Recognising the risk of the Volunteer (a new group of militant Irish protestants who wanted Irish independence)

and Patriot alliance, free trade was introduced in 1779/80 to help to lower tensions. Greater change occurred when the British lost the War of Independence and North resigned – Rockingham took over as Prime Minister and he had been a strong supporter of the Patriots cause.

• In 1782 they finally achieved legislative independence in the ‘constitution of 1782’ as a result of the American Civil War. This allowed them to set their own legislature. The crown still retained a final veto but the initiative for laws was now with the Irish House of Commons and they could pass laws without the approval of Great Britain. It was called Grattan’s parliament, as he was still the leader of the patriot party and one of it’s most important leaders.

• Many of the restrictions on Catholics in the penal laws were also lifted – they could now vote and own property freehold over 40s.

Grattan’s Parliament

How did conditions for Irish people improve?

Why did they improve?

Ireland is now a nation. Grattan.Do you agree? How could you

challenge him? Think about why he is saying this.

How far did constitutional reform in 1782 go towards giving Ireland independence from England?

Pp. 18-19

Points that agree Points that disagree

• 1789 - French Revolution • This encouraged Irish nationalists – the volunteer movement remained powerful, the Catholic

Committee became more radical– In 1791 the Society of United Irishmen was founded by Wolfe Tone to try to bring about Irish

independence. He hoped to ally with France during their revolution and defeat England together. In 1793 England worried about this as they began to fight France and they were concerned about a Catholic-Presbyterian vote. In 1793 Irish Catholics were granted the right to vote and most civil and military posts were thrown open to them. O’Connell – someone you will study later – became a member of the Irish Bar. However, these didn’t help as Catholics still couldn’t sit in parliament or hold public office

– By 1797 the Society of United Irishmen was secretive and aggressive, and had 100,000 active supporters. Tone became increasingly anti-British and pro-French. An English landowning force moved against them in Belfast – they managed to destroy the society’s structure, leadership, and support. In 1798 they then attacked them in Dublin and martial law was declared.

– The society attempted a revolution in 1798. However, because of the attacks in the previous year they couldn't get a hold on it and the revolution became a series of isolated rebellions based on local grievances. They were easily defeated by the English due to their lack of leadership and organisation. The leaders were executed or transported to Australia and the rank a file were allowed to go back to their homes. The French surrendered as they only had 1000 men. The PM of England believed there was too much division between England and Ireland which was how the rebellion had taken place. Some of the Anglican ascendancy believed it was a Catholic rebellion against Protestantism. In South East Ireland, Wexford, it became a bloody religious war. The English PM pushed for a stronger legislative union between Great Britain and Ireland – which would become the Act of Union when the Irish parliament would be abolished.

The 1798 Rebellion

Who are these groups and how did the affect Anglo-Irish relations?

• The Patriots• The Volunteer• The Society of United Irishmen • The Catholic Committee

How did Anglo-Irish relations develop up to 1800 and why did

they develop in this way?

The Society of United Irishmen & the rebellion of 1798

Task:

You are going to be given a set of cards. Your group must come up with a speech which summarises your argument and your stance towards the Act of Union. Your aim is to persuade the rest of the group to your views.

You must include all of your arguments in your speech.

The Act of Union 1800

Lord Clare, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, in a speech to Irish Parliament in 1799

Source Arguments for/against the Act of Union

Provenance

Pitt, British Prime Minister, explaining the Act of Union in January 1799

John Foster, the Attorney General 1799

Why did the anti-Unionists fail?

• The Acts ratified eight articles which had been previously agreed by the British and Irish Parliaments:

– Articles I–IV dealt with the political aspects of the Union which included Ireland having over 100 MPs representing it in the united parliament, meeting in the Palace of Westminster. Ireland gained 100 seats in the House of Commons and 32 seats in the House of Lords: 28 representative peers elected for life, and four clergymen of the (Anglican) Church of Ireland, chosen for each session.

– Article V created a united Protestant church, the United Church of England and Ireland.

– Article VI created a customs union, with the exception that customs duties on certain British and Irish goods passing between the two countries would remain for 10 years (a consequence of having trade depressed by the ongoing war with revolutionary France).

– Article VII stated that Ireland would have to contribute two-seventeenths towards the expenditure of the United Kingdom. The figure was a ratio of Irish to British foreign trade.

– Article VIII formalised the legal and judicial aspects of the Union.

How far were the hopes for the Act of Union fulfilled?

Completely Not at all