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Page 1: WELCOME [] · Affinity of specific antibodies to allergens: 10‐10 and 1110‐ M for IgE, but only 10‐6‐10‐7 M for IgG *) *) Affinity determinations of purified IgE and IgG

WELCOME !WS 2010/11

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Lecture 514.094 of the Medical University Vienna

The Pathophysiology of AllergyChapter 1: History & Pathophysiology of Allergy

Erika Jensen-JarolimInst. of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research

History and Pathophysiology of Allergy

Erika Jensen‐Jarolim

Page 3: WELCOME [] · Affinity of specific antibodies to allergens: 10‐10 and 1110‐ M for IgE, but only 10‐6‐10‐7 M for IgG *) *) Affinity determinations of purified IgE and IgG

Turn of the 19th century: Infectious diseases

Cholera

Tetanus

Tuberculosis

Diphteria Polio

Pocks

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Diphteria: a major health threat

Corynebacterium diphteriae  

(Klebs‐Loeffler bacillus) produce phage‐encoded toxin

E. von Behring and S. Kitasato (1890): passive immunotherapy with 

antitoxin

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Diphteria treated with immune serum from horse

The production of antiserum from jugular vein Dialysis of precipitate

Antitoxin was the first major success of therapeutic immunology 

Ammon sulfate precipitate of anti‐toxin

Page 6: WELCOME [] · Affinity of specific antibodies to allergens: 10‐10 and 1110‐ M for IgE, but only 10‐6‐10‐7 M for IgG *) *) Affinity determinations of purified IgE and IgG

Harmful effects of passive serum treatments1. Delayed

serum sickness develops after one week: fever, joint pains, rashes

2. Immediatesudden collapse, sometimes followed by rapid death. Anaphylaxis.

Antitoxin in

jection

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1902:  Paul Portier and Charles R. Richet discribe anaphylaxisDogs surviving small doses of Actinaria (sea anemone) toxin were reinjected a few weeks later: death from dyspnea, diarrhoea and vomiting. 

1903: M. Arthus describes Arthus phenomenonDaily intracutaneous injection of horse serum in rabbits induced no obvious local response for the first few days but leads, subsequently, to foci of oedema, inflammation and eventually tissue necrosis

1906: Clemens Freiherr von Pirquet defines „allergy“

Death‐rate after passive immunotherapy with „Antitoxin“ 1890:  60 % 1894:  30 %1910:  10 % 

In: Reports of the Metropolitan Asylums in 1910

The steps to the definition of allergy

1963: Gell PGH, Coombs RRA define Type 1 – 4:  

Page 8: WELCOME [] · Affinity of specific antibodies to allergens: 10‐10 and 1110‐ M for IgE, but only 10‐6‐10‐7 M for IgG *) *) Affinity determinations of purified IgE and IgG

R.R.A. Coombs & P.H.G. Gelldefined „Hypersensitivity reactions“ in 1963

Cytotoxic reaction 

C

IgM,IgGII.

Immune complex reactionIgG, IgAIII.

Delayed type reactionIV.Gell PGH, Coombs RRA. Clinical Aspects of Immunology. London: Blackwell, 1963. 

Immediate type reaction

IgEI. 1966/67 T&K. Ishizakas, S.G.O. Johannsson

1974: H. Metzger et al.

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Hypersensitivity – a highly specific immune reaction

Primary antigen contact secondary response

Interval

2nd contact1st contacts Tertiary contact

IgE

Clinical  reaction 

IgGserum sickness,

Arthus reaction

anaphylaxis

late phase

Interval

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The future of antigen‐specific immunotherapy of allergyRudolf Valenta, Nature Reviews Immunology 2, 446‐453 (June 2002)

Sensitization& memory

Effector phase

Page 11: WELCOME [] · Affinity of specific antibodies to allergens: 10‐10 and 1110‐ M for IgE, but only 10‐6‐10‐7 M for IgG *) *) Affinity determinations of purified IgE and IgG

Programmed and sources of preformed IL‐4 and IL‐13:

• CD4+ Th‐cells

• Basophils, eosinophils, mast cells (Mohr et al., JI 2005)

• CD1‐restricted gammadelta T‐cells (Russano et al, JACI 2006)

Sources of early IL‐4:

• conventional, naive CD4+

(Noben‐Trauth et al, JI 2000)

• Basophils  (Koh et al, Blood 2006)

• TLR‐activated DCs inhibit early IL‐4 by CD4 T cells(Sun et al, JI Feb. 2007)

IL‐13

IL‐4

Moy et al, JMB 310, 2001

IL‐4 and IL‐13 are switch factors for IgE

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From the following article:The regulation of immunoglobulin E class‐switch recombinationRaif S. Geha, Haifa H. Jabara & Scott R. BrodeurNature Reviews Immunology 3, 721‐732 (September 2003)

Deletional class‐switch recombination of human Ig locus. 

Secreted IgE Membrane IgE

Page 13: WELCOME [] · Affinity of specific antibodies to allergens: 10‐10 and 1110‐ M for IgE, but only 10‐6‐10‐7 M for IgG *) *) Affinity determinations of purified IgE and IgG

Affinity of specific antibodies to allergens: 10‐10 and 10‐11 M for IgE, but only 10‐6‐10‐7 M for IgG *)

*) Affinity determinations of purified IgE and IgG antibodies against the major pollen allergens Phl p 5a and Bet v 1a. Hantusch B, et al. Immunol Lett. 2005.15;97:81‐9.

The germinal centre microenvironment: Maturation of IgE

From the following article:Germinal centres: role in B‐cell physiology and malignancyUlf Klein & Riccardo Dalla‐Favera, Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 22‐33 (January 2008)

Sensitization& memory phase

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From the following article:The regulation of immunoglobulin E class‐switch recombinationRaif S. Geha, Haifa H. Jabara & Scott R. Brodeur. Nature Reviews Immunology 3, 721‐732 (Sep.2003)

Biological effects of IgE binding.

FcRI: high affinity for IgE (109 to 1010 M)FcRII: lower affinity for IgE (106 to 107 M) 

Arming effector cells: 99% of IgE bound to receptors, LOW serum levels.

Effector phase

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The immediate type symptoms  

Rhinoconjunctivitis

Oral allergy syndrome

Diarrhea

Urticaria

Asthma bronchiale

Anaphylactic shock

Effector phase

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Turn of the 20th century: allergic diseases

birch pollen

milk

mites

Harmless agents

weed pollen

grasspollen

danderfish venom

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http://www.allergome.org/

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Protease functionCystein protease activates basophils to Th2 cytokine productionSokol et al, Nat. Immunol. 9, 310‐318. 2008

Structural mimicry. Der p 2 has structural homology to MD‐2 in TLR4 complex.Allergenicity results from functional mimicry of a Toll‐like receptor complex protein. Trompette et al, Nature 457 (7229): 585‐8. 2009

Protease allergens induce the expression of IL‐25 via Erk and p38 MAPK pathway. Yu et al, J. Korean Med. Sci 25;2010

Papain

Böhmer & Nussenzweig.  EMBO Rep. 5, 8: 766‐71. 2004.

TLR4

MD‐2

LPS

Molecular Allergology

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Allergen dimers‐oligomers‐multimersABA 1  McGibbon et al. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 39: 163.  1990. Tropomyosin  Gimona et al. PNAS 92: 9776 .  1995. Phl p 1   Petersen et al. in: Progr. Allergy Clin Imm, 4: 139.  1997. Ara h 1  Shin et al. JBC 273: 13753.  1998. Tropomyosin Reese et al. IAAI 119: 247.  1999.Equ c 1  Gregoire et al. Acta Cryst D Biol Cryst 55: 880.  1999. Equ c 1  Lascombe et al. JBC 275: 21572.  2000. ABA‐1 Xia et al. Parasitology 120: 211.  2000.Ara h 1  Maleki et al. JI 164: 5844.  2000. Ves v 5  Suck et al. IAAI 121: 284.  2000.Profilin Wopfner et al. Biol Chem. 383:1779‐89  2002.Parvalbumin  Das Dores et al. Allergy 57, Suppl 72: 79;  2002.Ara h 2  Sen et al. JI 169:882.  2002.Phl p 5b  Rajashankar et al. Acta Cryst D Biol Cryst 58: 1175; 2002.Phl p 7  Verdino et al. EMBO J 21: 5007.  2002.Fel d 1 Grönlund et al. J. Biol Chem 278 (41): 40144.  2003.Bet v 1 Schöll et al. J. Immunol. 175 (10): 6645.  2005. 

Many allergens are multimers

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mediatorschemokinescytokines 

multimericantigens/allergens

monovalentantigen/allergen

Flexible, multivalent antigens

Effector cell crosslinking by allergensnon‐productive          productive

IgE‐effector cells

enhanced cell survival &

FceRI expressionmonomeric IgE

Page 21: WELCOME [] · Affinity of specific antibodies to allergens: 10‐10 and 1110‐ M for IgE, but only 10‐6‐10‐7 M for IgG *) *) Affinity determinations of purified IgE and IgG

From the following article:Integrated signalling pathways for mast‐cell activation

Alasdair M. Gilfillan and Christine TkaczykNature Reviews Immunology 6, 218‐230 (March 2006)

Crosslinking is a critical event

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multimericantigens/allergens

monovalentantigen/allergen

flexible, multivalent antigens

B‐lymphocyte crosslinking by allergensnon‐productive          productive

B‐lymphocytes areepitope‐restricted:„AAMPs“Allergen‐associatedmolecular patterns

Jensen‐Jarolim, Mechtcheriakova, Pali‐Schoell. From:Cancer and IgE: Instroducting  the concept of allergooncology. Springer, 2010

Page 23: WELCOME [] · Affinity of specific antibodies to allergens: 10‐10 and 1110‐ M for IgE, but only 10‐6‐10‐7 M for IgG *) *) Affinity determinations of purified IgE and IgG

Lecture 514.094 of the Medical University Vienna

The Pathophysiology of AllergyChapter 1: History & Pathophysiology of Allergy

Erika Jensen-JarolimInst. of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research

Additive factors

smoking

Medications, food Gender‐Medicine sexual hormones

Hygiene Environment

Climate changes

1st Austrian Allergy Report 2006 ‐ 20% prevalence.

IgE incidence tripled during last decades. Predicted 40% in New Zealand.

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Devereux Nature Reviews Immunology 6, 869–874 (November 2006) | doi:10.1038/nri1958

The variation in the global prevalence of asthmaNumbers indicate the percentage of individuals in each country who have asthma. (2004) World Health Organization.

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From The many paths to asthma:phenotype shaped by innate and adaptive immunity. Nature ImmunologyVolume: 11 ,Pages: 577–584Year published: (2010)DOI: doi:10.1038/ni.1892

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Ragweed (Ambrosia): climate-dependent distribution

11.9.2007: Ragweed Conference in Austria

Page 27: WELCOME [] · Affinity of specific antibodies to allergens: 10‐10 and 1110‐ M for IgE, but only 10‐6‐10‐7 M for IgG *) *) Affinity determinations of purified IgE and IgG

Urban plants: Pollen containmore and stronger allergens

Pollution – Nitrogen oxides and ozone: Nitration of allergens enhances allergenic potentialGruijthuijsen et al, Int Archs Allergy Imm. 2006

Natural factors: Pollen carry lipid mediators with „adjuvant properties“: PALMsTraidl‐Hoffmann et al, J.Exp. Med. 2005. 

Page 28: WELCOME [] · Affinity of specific antibodies to allergens: 10‐10 and 1110‐ M for IgE, but only 10‐6‐10‐7 M for IgG *) *) Affinity determinations of purified IgE and IgG

Food protein

digested non‐digested

tolerance allergy

Digestion hampered byanti‐ulcer therapeuticsMedications and

Food allergies

Page 29: WELCOME [] · Affinity of specific antibodies to allergens: 10‐10 and 1110‐ M for IgE, but only 10‐6‐10‐7 M for IgG *) *) Affinity determinations of purified IgE and IgG

WHO: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/biotech/en/ec_jan2001.pdf

FDA: http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/biotech/

Sequencing and Database search

no

Serologic tests using allergics´sera

Most likely no allergenic potential

Animal model

Known allergen ?

Stability test in in vitro ‐ digestion

yes

yes

yes

Labeling orExclusion

yes

yes

Astwood JD et al. Nat Biotechnol 1996

no

no

no

no

Declaration obligatory since 2005WHO: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/

biotech/en/ec_jan2001.pdfFDA: http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/biotech/

In vitro digestion test in SGF

Page 30: WELCOME [] · Affinity of specific antibodies to allergens: 10‐10 and 1110‐ M for IgE, but only 10‐6‐10‐7 M for IgG *) *) Affinity determinations of purified IgE and IgG

pepsin

pH 2.0

in vitro digestion

protein

1.) PEPTIC Level of Digestion: 

Stomach fluid: Protein digestion• HCl ‐ Acid• Enzyme: Pepsin

Activation by low pH

In vitro digestion test in SGF

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Peptic digestion is pH‐dependent

Richter C et al. Biochem J 1998.

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Non‐digested

Acidic gastric juice:digested

The gate‐keeping function of the stomach depends on acid

Hypoacidic:non‐digested

gastritis

ulcus

• PPIs

• H2‐blocker

• Sucralfat

Untersmayr & Jensen‐Jarolim, JACI 2008.

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Prescriptions of anti‐ulcer therapeutics on the rise

USA 1990 ‐ 1993          1998 ‐ 2001

Outpatients visits 1,7% /100 4,7% /100

Prescriptions / total prescriptions:H2‐blockers 58.1%  20.7%PPIs 13.2%  64.6%

Alternative, „over the counter“ recommendations:18.8% 6.6%.

Dietary recommendations   n.d  27.2%Smoking advice n.d. 3.9%Stress management advice   n.d.  3.9%

Kenneth W. Altman, Laryngoscope, 115:1145–1153, 2005

134.384

147.935149.528

155.252

120000000

125000000

130000000

135000000

140000000

145000000

150000000

155000000

160000000

Mio €o

2004 2005 2006 2007

Development of PPI expenses in Austria 2004 - 2007, 2007 - € 155,2 Mio.

Data from: PEGASUS/BIG

Steigerung auf 200510,08 %

Steigerung auf 20061,08 %

Steigerung auf 20073,83 %

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ER

EstrogenIgE

Allergen

Allergies stronger inmenstruation, pregnancy, HRT

Mast cell

Gender‐Medicine: Sex hormones

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Sensitizations in kids

Govaere E, et al. The influence of age &gender on sensitization to aero‐allergens. Pediatr All. Immunol. 2007, 18(8):671‐8.Abramson M et al. Risk factors for asthma among young adults in melbourne, australia. Respirology 1996;1:291–297.Strachan DP et al, Incidence and prognosis of asthma and wheezing illness from early childhood to age 33 in a national british cohort. BMJ 1996;312:1195–1199.

Tot: overall; GP: mixed grass pollens; TP: tree pollens; Alt: Alternaria tenuis; 

GIRLS

BOYS

GIRLS

Page 36: WELCOME [] · Affinity of specific antibodies to allergens: 10‐10 and 1110‐ M for IgE, but only 10‐6‐10‐7 M for IgG *) *) Affinity determinations of purified IgE and IgG

Chhabra SK, Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 47,  2005.  Vrieze et al, J Allergy Clin Immun 112, 2003.Siroux et al, J Allergy Clin Immunol 114, 2004.Svanes C et al, Thorax 60, 2005.Martinez‐Moragon et al, J Allergy Clin Immunol. 113, 2004.Kiriyama K et al, Dermatology 206, 2003.

• Premenstrual asthma affects 40% of all women with asthma associated with eosinophilia (p= 0.01). 

• Irregular menstruationassociation with asthma and hay fever

• Near fatal asthma in menstruation

• Exacerbation of atopic dermatitis

Menstruation

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• Induction of IgE, independent on age and smoking. 

Siroux et al, Role of gender and hormone‐related events on IgE, atopy, and eosinophils ….JACI 114, 2004.

Oral contraceptives and allergy

• Women at OCs: risk of wheeze and asthma…..In women without asthma, OC use was associated with higher risk of current wheeze (odds ratio [OR], 1.75; 95% CI, 1.15‐2.65)….

Salam MT et al, J Allergy Clin Immun 117, 2006. 

….Women using oral contraceptive pills had more asthma. This was found only in normal weight and overweight women,..

Marcali et al, J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009 Feb;123(2):391‐7. 

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Postal questionnaire

Gomaz Real F. et al, Thorax 61, 2006

8588 responded, included: 2206 women aged 46–54 years

HRT in perimenopause & asthma

Low BMI with HRT:same risk

for 

• asthma 

• wheeze 

• hay fever

n=535

High BMI: increased risk of asthma: n=1648

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• Estrogens suppress T‐cell function • Estrogens enhance antibody production • Receptors for sex steroids on 

lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, fibroblasts,epithelial and smooth muscle cells and mast cells  

Dimitropoulou C et al. Drug News Perspect. 20, 2007. Wizeman TM et al,  National Acad. Press 2003.  Balzano et al, Allergy 56, 2001.; Zhao XJ et al, Thorax 56, 2000. 

Immunological facts

Page 40: WELCOME [] · Affinity of specific antibodies to allergens: 10‐10 and 1110‐ M for IgE, but only 10‐6‐10‐7 M for IgG *) *) Affinity determinations of purified IgE and IgG

Additive effect with IgE

Zaitsu M et al, Mol Immun. 44, 2007

ER‐

17‐beta Estradiol

beta‐hex,LTC4

Ca2+

IgE

RBL‐2H3, BMMC, HMC‐1

rat o

vary

(+)

(‐) RBL‐2H

3

HMC‐1

BMMCs.

Mast cells express Estradiol receptor‐

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Narita S, et al, Environmental estrogens induce mast cell degranulation and enhance IgE‐mediated release of allergic mediators.Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan;115(1):48‐52. 

Environmental Estradiols activate mast cellsDioxins, dichlorodiphenyl‐trichloroethane (DDT), its metabolite dichlorodiphenylethylene (DDE), hexachloro‐cyclohexane, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),  alkylphenols and their derivatives (nonylphenol, octylphenol, bisphenol A). 

Aroclor

Nonylphenol

Endosulfan

Dieldrin

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270 patients, 288 controls in Texas:High levels of IgE, IgG and IgM to progesteron and estrogen and late phase reactions.

Roby RR et al, Am J. Reproductive Immunol. 55, 2006.Itsekson A, et al. Premenstrual syndrome and associated skin diseases… J Reprod Med. 2004

IgE

IgE to estrogenIgE to progesteron

Perimenstrual: Asthma, migraine, joint pain. 

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Itsekson AM et al, Am J Reprod. Immunol 57, 2007.

Women with recurrent miscarriage (>3, mean 5,6): 23/29 Estrogen hypersensitivity20/29 Progesterone hypersensitivity10/10 controls negative

„…Consequence of local immune response to sex hormones...“PMS desensitization to sex hormones: improvement in 50–87%

PMS and recurrent pregnancy loss

Jensen‐Jarolim & Untersmayr: Gender‐medicine aspects in allergology.Allergy. 2008 May;63(5): 610‐5.

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Diagnosis of Allergy• Anamnesis• Serology• Skin test • Food Provocation test: DBPCFC 

Therapy• Allergen‐avoidance • Antihistamines• Beta‐Mimetics for Asthma• Glucocorticoids

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Allergen immunotherapy

Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SIT)• 1911 in EU (Noon & Freeman, Lancet 1911)

• 1915 in US (Cooke, Laryngoscope 1915)• Current standard of care: rhinitis, asthma, venom

Oral immunotherapy• 2005 no published data to support clinical efficacy.Medical Policy & Technology Assessment Committee (MPTAC) Review

(04/18/2005; http://medpolicy.unicare.com)

Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) • 1986  (Scodding & Brostoff, Clin Allergy 1986, 

Warner, Clin. Allergy 1986)• > 20 double blind, placebo‐controlled studiesconfirm clinical efficacy in rhinitis

(Canonica & Passalacqua, JACI 2003)

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Mechanisms of allergen immunotherapy  I.

• Activation of T‐regulatory lymphocytes

Clark & Cupper, JID 2005: „Immature dendritic cells are polarized by the binding of type 1, type 2, or regulatory PAMP and differentiate into mature dendritic cells that induce the formation of Th1, Th2, or T regulatory T cells, respectively. In general, viral‐associated PAMP give rise to Th1 responses, and PAMP from parasitic organisms favor Th2 responses….“ 

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Mechanisms of allergen immunotherapy II. 

• On B‐lymphocyte: Blocking antibodies: IgG1, IgG4 act via FcRIIb

• Similar mechanism on FcRI bearing effector cell

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From the following article:Treatment strategies for allergy and asthmaStephen T. Holgate & Riccardo PolosaNature Reviews Immunology 8, 218‐230 (March 2008)

Cytokine‐based therapies in asthma.

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Lecture 514.094 of the Medical University Vienna

The Pathophysiology of AllergyChapter 1: History & Pathophysiology of Allergy

Erika Jensen-JarolimInst. of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research