weeks 8 2008is33 hci /cscw 1 comp3470 is33 people-centred information systems development week 8:...
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Weeks 8 2008 IS33 HCI /CSCW 1
COMP3470 IS33 People-Centred Information Systems DevelopmentWeek 8: Lecture 1
2 topics:HCI revisitedCSCW – what is it?
School of ComputingFACULTY OF Engineering
IS33 HCI /CSCW 2Weeks 8 2008
System acceptability vs usability(Nielsen, 93) – from VD’s HCI lecture
Sys
tem
acc
epta
bilit
y
Practicalacceptability
Social acceptability
Etc.
Reliability
Compatibility
Cost
Usefulness
Utility
USABILITY
Easy to learn
Efficient to use
Easy to remember
Few errors
Subjectivelypleasing
IS33 HCI /CSCW 3Weeks 8 2008
Overview of data gathering techniques (Preece et al., 2002) – VD’s
IS33 HCI /CSCW 4Weeks 8 2008
Task description: scenarios – from VD’s HCI lecture
Informative narrative description of human activities or tasks in a story that allows exploration and discussion of contexts, needs, and requirements
It does not explicitly describe the use of software
Does not use technical language, natural way for describing the task
Produced by stakeholders and analysed by designers
Scenarios can be ‘moment-by-moment’, ‘day-in-the life’ or , rather rare, ‘year-in-the-life’ of …..
IS33 HCI /CSCW 5Weeks 8 2008
What is CSCW?
= Computer Supported Cooperative Work “The generic term covering the
application of information technology in support of co-operative work-groups. The individuals in such group use a wide range of computer-based support systems linked by various kinds of communications networks" (DTI/EPSRC 1992).
2 components - technology + human
IS33 HCI /CSCW 6Weeks 8 2008
4 levels of computer-based group interaction
Informing (no acquaintance) Co-ordinating (some acquaintance) Collaborating (working relationship) Cooperating (goals are common)
By Bair quoted in Lubich H P , Towards a CSCW Framework for Scientific Cooperation in Europe, Springer Verlag, 1995
IS33 HCI /CSCW 7Weeks 8 2008
Technology for these group activities Also known as ‘groupware’ or
‘collaborative tools/technology’ Any suggestions (learned from IS23)? Remember the next slide?
IS33 HCI /CSCW 8Weeks 8 2008
Applegate's Framework
Process
Information
Sharing
Communication
STSP DTSP STDP DTDP
Normative
& restrictive
Customizable
Non-restrictive
degree of
restrictiveness
level
of
support
time and space
Applegate L, "Technology Support for Cooperative Work: a Framework for Studying Introductionand Assimilation in Organisations" in Journal of Organizational Computing, Vol 1, No 1, 1991
IS33 HCI /CSCW 9Weeks 8 2008
Some examples of groupware
Workflow management software: Wikipedia entry is fairly comprehensive: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workflow_management
Group decision support systems (see BPR paper earlier and GroupSystems: http://www.groupsystems.com/ esp. demo of ThinkTank)
A peer-to-peer system: MS Office Grove (used to be called ‘Groove Workspace’ by Groove Networks)http://office.microsoft.com/en-gb/groove/HA101672641033.aspx?pid=CL100604881033
IS33 HCI /CSCW 10Weeks 8 2008
E-science applications
For UK, http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/escience/ “e-Science will refer to the large scale science that will increasingly be carried out through distributed global collaborations enabled by the Internet. Typically, a feature of such collaborative scientific enterprises is that they will require access to very large data collections, very large scale computing resources and high performance visualisation back to the individual user scientists.”
GRID computing is the underlying technology to support the above vision.
IS33 HCI /CSCW 11Weeks 8 2008
Web 2.0? Read a Microsoft white paper “Bringing Web 2.0
to the Enterprise with the 2007 Office System” – at least pp. 1-8 (available in resource page)
Web 2.0 = more user oriented? See Sharepoint demo
http://www.microsoft.com/sharepoint/demo.mspx
People issues?
Weeks 8 2008 IS33 HCI /CSCW 12
COMP3470 IS33 People-Centred Information Systems DevelopmentWeek 8: Lecture 2
Domain: CSCW
School of ComputingFACULTY OF Engineering
IS33 HCI /CSCW 13Weeks 8 2008
Borghoff & Schlichter: lessons learned regarding ‘acceptance’
System must be accepted by all team members, but they have different preferences
Group dynamics must be considered (e.g. changing roles, membership, awareness of others)
Failure caused by A disparity between the person doing the work and the
person benefited from it The lack of exception handling (e.g. workflow related)
Difficult to generalise results from evaluative studies
(Borghoff, U.M. & Schlichter, J. H., 2000, “Computer supported cooperative work – introduction to distributed applications”, Springer, Chapter 2.)
IS33 HCI /CSCW 14Weeks 8 2008
Borghoff & Schlichter: 8 challenges for developers of groupware
Disparity between cost and benefit (who has to do the work and who benefits from it)
Critical mass of users Violation of social taboos and challenge to
organisational structure Support for exception handling Complexity of the user interface (trying to do everything) Problems in evaluating and analyzing cscw systems Lack of experience in design of multiuser applications Problems with introducing groupware systems in
organisations.
IS33 HCI /CSCW 15Weeks 8 2008
Toward understanding of team work - distributed cognition Traditional cognitive studies examine
the individual’s interaction with the task/computer
Distributed cognition “encompass interaction between people and with resources and materials in the environment”
Hollan J, Hutchins E & Kirsh D, “Distributed Cognition:Toward a New Foundation for Human-Computer Interaction Research” in Human-Computer Interaction in the New Millennium, ed. By John Carroll, ACM Press, 2002.
IS33 HCI /CSCW 16Weeks 8 2008
Distributed cognition - 3 principles1. Cognitive processes are socially distributed
across the members of a group as well as interactions between people and structure in their environments
2. Cognition is embodied – i.e. work materials are more than mere stimuli to individual’s cognitive system, they can become “elements of the cognitive system” (e.g. a blind person’s cane, the computer’s desktop?)
3. Consider the cultural context – culture shapes the cognitive processes of systems that transcend the boundaries of individuals
IS33 HCI /CSCW 17Weeks 8 2008
A case study on an ‘electronic meeting environment’ Possible solution: use of shared workspace
(MingFang Wu’s MSc research in SOC)
Requirements analysis: Literature reviewed a study on a typical task-
oriented meeting in an engineering environment (using specially equipped room with cameras to
record all the interactions)
IS33 HCI /CSCW 18Weeks 8 2008
Requirements in tasks oriented meetings
for example, working on a conceptual design
List Draw Gesture Total
Storeinformation
18% 8% 1% 27%
Expressideas
1% 28% 15% 44%
MediateInteraction
0% 9% 20% 29%
Total 19% 45% 36% 100%
Tang et al (Xerox PARC 1991)
IS33 HCI /CSCW 19Weeks 8 2008
Human Factors in electronic meetings
do we need face-to-face meetings? awareness of the self as a part of a group
activity (on-line and off-line?) shared on-line awareness (WYSIWIS? shared
feedback? in a synchronous multi-user authoring environment?)
Read Mackay W E, Media Spaces: Environments for Informal Multimedia Interaction, in Computer Supported Cooperative Work (ed. By Beaudouin-Lafon) Wiley 1999.
IS33 HCI /CSCW 20Weeks 8 2008
Evaluation of collaborative systems
Possible criteria: Functionalities (specific to context, e.g. for
communications, info sharing or process support in a specific environment)
Public versus private spaces Awareness Role support & others ?
Methods: Use of scenarios + role play Controlled lab sessions Ethnographic techniques
IS33 HCI /CSCW 21Weeks 8 2008
An example of a scenario From http://www.gslis.org/index.php?title=Examples_of_Scenarios
Use and Refinement of a Teaching Aid.
Jane is trying to facilitate more productive discussion in her graduate class. Students are required to annotate electronic copies of the weekly assigned readings. The prototype collects these, and merges them, enabling Jane to project and point to different versions on the 3 large displays in the teaching room, and start discussing why different students had highlighted or commented on different parts of the research paper. The next day Jane meets with the research team to review what happened when she tried out the prototype in class. They review the use log data, trying out different visualizations to help in understanding what worked well, what was awkward to use, or performed poorly, and why. Next they work on how they can improve the design before the next class.
IS33 HCI /CSCW 22Weeks 8 2008
Some examples of human factors evaluation studiesStudy 1. Using self reported logs
Lau et al, Use of Virtual Science Park Resource Rooms to Support Group Work in a Learning Environment, in GROUP'99 conference proceedings, pp 209-218, ACM, 1999.
Study 2. Using scenarios and role playingLau et al, Use of scenario evaluation in preparation for deployment of a collaborative system for knowledge transfer in: 12th IEEE International Workshops on Enabling Technologies (WETICE 2003): Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises, pp. 148-152 IEEE Computer Society Press. 2003
Study 3.Using scenarios and lab evaluation – an MSc project by Yu-Ting Chiu 2003-04
IS33 HCI /CSCW 23Weeks 8 2008
Study 1: Common Information Space (CIS)
Examined how well the following human issues in CIS were addressed by the system:
importance of shared awareness need to retain some ‘private space’ importance of having ‘protocols for interaction the provision of multi-channel
communications
Findings: see paper for details
IS33 HCI /CSCW 24Weeks 8 2008
Study 2: User & Project Centric System
Examined the ‘match’ between expectation by the designer and that by the users
For the scenario, three episodes were designed, each has an objective to be achieved. Users were asked to find their own way to achieve those objectives.
For this module, it’s the evaluation process that might be of interest…. See paper
IS33 HCI /CSCW 25Weeks 8 2008
Study 3: a systematic way to investigate human factors
See http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/mscproj/reports/0304/chiu.pdf
Scenario: see p.25;
Design of the experiment: see table of contents
IS33 HCI /CSCW 26Weeks 8 2008
My scenario paper:
Lau, Lydia M S. Scenarios are only part of the story? In Ned Kock (ed.) Encyclopedia of E-Collaboration, USA, IGI Global, 2008, pp.547-553.
IS33 HCI /CSCW 27Weeks 8 2008
The main message of these evaluative studies
Need to understand our behaviour better in order to design effective tools for ourselves
Many of today’s groupware have come a long way after iterations of
design/build/evaluation
IS33 HCI /CSCW 28Weeks 8 2008
Research activities tracking Computer Supported Cooperative Work
(CSCW)-The Journal of Collaborative Computing, Kluwer (available via electronic resources)
CSCW conferences (ACM) Paul Dourishhttp://www.ics.uci.edu/~jpd/index.shtml
Yvonne Rogershttp://mcs.open.ac.uk/yr258/