week 9 borrowing ideas eng 305 academic english survival skills ii unit 1 (pp. 65-68) cankaya...

WEEK 9WEEK 9

BORROWING IDEASBORROWING IDEAS

ENG 305ENG 305Academic EnglishAcademic EnglishSurvival Skills IISurvival Skills II

Unit 1 (pp. 65-68)Unit 1 (pp. 65-68)

CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

Good excuse (!)Yet, it doesn’t refute the fact that the girl has plagiarised “the article they read last week.”


Borrowing ideas

• Scholars are required to present accurate and adequate support to convince their readers of their ideas in academic writing.

• It often is not convincing enough to write about one’s personal experience; therefore, reference to an authority in newspaper, magazine article, or a book that supports an argument will make ideas more valid.


Borrowing ideas

Paraphrasing

-A restatement of an idea in language that keeps the meaning but changes the exact wording- used when borrowing maximum two or three sentence-long information

Direct Quoting

-A word-for-word

transcription of

what an author

says

- used when the

original has a

memorable, clear,

or economical

language.

Summarizing

- a short restatement in your own words of the main points in a passage, an article, or a book

- Used when borrowing information from various sources ranging from the length of one paragraph to an article or even a book

• To paraphrase is to say the same thing in another way, using your own words.


BASICS of PARAPHRASING

• A paraphrase is usually the same length as the original passage and includes all the information.


BASICS of PARAPHRASING• You may decide to paraphrase any densely written, or

confusing material.

• It is essential to rewrite a material in your own style by making sure that:

- You use your own words and,- You change the grammatical structures.


BASICS of PARAPHRASING• In order to avoid plagiarism, the paraphrased part

needs; proper paranthetical reference (in-text reference) specifying;- the writer’s surname,- year of publication,- page / paragraph number.


BASICS of PARAPHRASING• When changing grammar, you can;

- divide the longer sentences into shorter ones,- join shorter ones with sentence connectors,- or make other grammatical changes.


BASICS of PARAPHRASING• Original ideas remain unchanged in a paraphrase, that is,

keeping the original meaning is the core of paraphrasing.

• You replace the language of the original text by using different vocabulary, grammar, and writing style.

• The paraphrase is approximately the same length as the original.


What if you don’t understand a text?

• You can even use paraphrasing as a tool for explaining to yourself the main ideas of a difficult passage

HERE’S HOW:• Rewrite the parts that you have understood, and• Pinpoint the ones that you did not fully understand.• It’s easier to understand long texts in smaller groups of

sentences of your own.

Therefore, paraphrasing can be a learning tool as well.

What if you don’t understand a text?

• General temptation* of the students who find a text “very difficult” is to skip that material.

RESIST THIS TEMPTATION!

*temptation (n.): the desire to do or have something which you know you should not do or have.


HOW TO PARAPHRASE• First of all, make sure that you understand

the source passage.• Write what you understand without looking

at the original.


HOW TO PARAPHRASE

• Paraphrase as much as possible by writing the text in your own style, making the necessary changes in the wording and grammar.

• Compare your paraphrase with the original to make sure that you included all the ideas and you did not change the meaning.


We can simplify paraphrasing by dividing it into 4 steps:

STEP 1: Read the selection carefully several times until you understand it fully.

STEP 2: Look up any words you do not understand; find synonyms for them.

STEP 3: Write a brief outline, including:a. The main idea (topic and controlling idea)b. The main supporting pointsc. Primary and secondary supporting details

STEP 4: Write the paraphrase. Use your own words and do not omit any essential ideas.


HOW TO PARAPHRASE• Rearrange your own sentences so that they

read smoothly. Sentence structure or even sentence order need not be based on those of the original.

AND• Do not forget to include an in-text reference

in your paraphrase.


A Model Paraphrase• Original:

When Maracaña soccer stadium [in Rio de Janerio, Brazil] was opened to the public in 1950, and Brazil lost the World Cup to the Uruguayan team, the Brazilians were so disheartened that one had the impression that the country itself had died. And people did die of sadness. Mere threats of defeat in a championship match can cause heart attacks and the despair of the public is so great that many beat their heads against the cement posts. Such is the Brazilian’s passion for soccer.

• Outline:A. Brazil lost the World Cup in 1950.

1. Entire country was sad.2. Some people died.

B. Possible defeat causes strong reaction.1. Some experience heart attacks.2. Some beat their heads.

C. Brazilians are very emotional about soccer.

A Model Paraphrase

• Paraphrase:

In 1950, Brazil lost the World Cup in soccer to Uruguay in Rio de Janerio. The entire country was overcome by sadness; some people even died from it. Brazilians react very strongly to potential defeat in championship soccer games. Some people have heart attacks, and others beat their heads against cement posts. Brazilians are very emotional about soccer.

• Outline:A. Brazil lost the World Cup in 1950.

1. Entire country was sad.2. Some people died.

B. Possible defeat causes strong reaction.1. Some experience heart attacks.2. Some beat their heads.

C. Brazilians are very emotional about soccer.


• Original:When Maracaña soccer stadium [in Rio de Janerio, Brazil] was opened to the public in 1950, and Brazil lost the World Cup to the Uruguayan team, the Brazilians were so disheartened that one had the impression that the country itself had died. And people did die of sadness. Mere threats of defeat in a championship match can cause heart attacks and the despair of the public is so great that many beat their heads against the cement posts. Such is the Brazilian’s passion for soccer.

• Paraphrase:

In 1950, Brazil lost the World Cup in soccer to Uruguay in Rio de Janerio. The entire country was overcome by sadness; some people even died from it. Brazilians react very strongly to potential defeat in championship soccer games. Some people have heart attacks, and others beat their heads against cement posts. Brazilians are very emotional about soccer.


PARAPHRASINGPARAPHRASINGTechniquesTechniques

Tactics to

rewrite something

in a

different way


ParaphrasingParaphrasing

We can successfully paraphrase by We can successfully paraphrase by using a combination of using a combination of techniques. techniques.

Paraphrasing Paraphrasing TechniquesTechniques

1.1. Change from a Change from a ClauseClause to a to a PhrasePhrase (or vice versa)(or vice versa)

2.2. Change from Change from Quoted SpeechQuoted Speech to to Indirect SpeechIndirect Speech (or vice versa) (or vice versa)

3.3. Change from Change from Active VoiceActive Voice to to Passive VoicePassive Voice (or vice versa) (or vice versa)

4.4. Change to Change to SynonymsSynonyms5.5. Change Change Word FormsWord Forms


Change from a Change from a ClauseClause to a to a PhrasePhrase

After he After he studiedstudied, John took a nap., John took a nap. AfterAfter studyingstudying, John took a nap., John took a nap.

The house across the street is new.The house that is across the street is new.

“I am ready I am ready for lunch.”for lunch.”

Change from Change from Quoted Quoted SpeechSpeech to to Indirect Indirect

SpeechSpeech Mr. Lee said, Mr. Lee said, “I am ready for lunch.”“I am ready for lunch.” Mr. Lee Mr. Lee said said he was ready for lunchhe was ready for lunch..

Change from Active Voice Change from Active Voice to Passive Voiceto Passive Voice

A hotel employee A hotel employee will carrywill carry your bags.your bags.

Your bags Your bags will be carried bywill be carried by a hotel employee.a hotel employee.

…………and replace and replace words withwords with synonyms.synonyms.

A hotel employee will carry your A hotel employee will carry your bags.bags.

Your bags will be carried by a Your bags will be carried by a hotel employee.hotel employee.Your luggage will be picked up by a bell boy.

Change Word FormsChange Word Forms Use an Use an adverb adverb instead of an instead of an adjectiveadjective Use a Use a verbverb to replace a to replace a noun.noun.

GROGGROG is an is an accurate typistaccurate typist. . GROG GROG typestypes accuratelyaccurately..


Change to SynonymsChange to Synonyms

Replace the original words with wordsReplace the original words with words that mean the same. that mean the same.

The stallion was The stallion was content content with the mare.with the mare.

The stallion was happy with the mare.

When You can’t find a SynonymWhen You can’t find a Synonym

Replace the original word with a definition.Replace the original word with a definition.

The The stallion stallion was content with the was content with the maremare.. The The male horsemale horse was happy with the was happy with the female female

horsehorse..

Change to Synonyms

• Your best friend when trying to find the synonym of a vocabulary item is a THESAURUS DICTIONARY.

• You can own a thesaurus dictionary, or download a soft version of it on your computer.

• You can also search for online thesaurus dictionaries.

Change to Synonyms

• However, be careful when choosing among the synonyms of a word, especially of a verb: Always check the meaning twice if you see that word for the first time.

Combine TechniquesCombine TechniquesChange to a phrase & add synonyms or Change to a phrase & add synonyms or

definitionsdefinitions

After After he ate lunchhe ate lunch, , MikeMike took a nap took a nap.. After After eating luncheating lunch, , MikeMike slept a littleslept a little..


Combine TechniquesCombine TechniquesChange to a phrase & add synonyms or Change to a phrase & add synonyms or

definitionsdefinitions The house The house that is across the street is oldthat is across the street is old.. The house The house across the streetacross the street is old. is old. The house The house on the other side of the streeton the other side of the street is old. is old. The The dwellingdwelling on the on the other side ofother side of the roadthe road is is ancientancient..

Interpret MeaningInterpret Meaning…….…….Identify the underlying Identify the underlying meaning of a statement.meaning of a statement.

The wolf The wolf said, “said, “I am ready for lunchI am ready for lunch.” .”

I am ready for

Lunch

The wolf complained about being hungry which made the sheep extremely anxious.

The sheep looked very worried.

Change transitionsChange transitions Although it was raining, Bob walked to workAlthough it was raining, Bob walked to work.. It was raining, but Bob walked to work.It was raining, but Bob walked to work. It was raining; however, Bob walked to work.It was raining; however, Bob walked to work.


…… …… and change word formsand change word forms

Although it was raining, Bob walked to work.Although it was raining, Bob walked to work. It was raining, but Bob walked to work.It was raining, but Bob walked to work. It was raining; however, Bob walked to workIt was raining; however, Bob walked to work..Despite the rain, Bob went to work on foot.


Your TurnYour TurnParaphrase the following:Paraphrase the following:

• Today, people are worried about internet security.

• Advocates of internet tracking believe that it helps marketers to understand what people want.

• People who oppose internet tracking believe that it is an invasion of privacy.

• This information age will cause more and more people to become concerned with the level of personal detail that can be found from the Internet.

Variations:Variations:• Today, people are worried about internet security.

- How secure their Internet is a topic of concern for users, nowadays.

- It bothers people to think about internet security these days.

- It’s bothering to think about internet security nowadays.


Variations:Variations: Advocates of internet tracking believe that it

helps marketers to understand what people want.

- Those who support internet tracking maintain that it makes it easier for marketers to have an idea about people’s demands.


Variations:Variations: People who oppose internet tracking believe

that it is an invasion of privacy.- Opponents of internet tracking think that it is

disrecpecting privacy.- Opposers to internet tracking claim that this is

intervening with people’s private lives.


Variations:Variations: This information age will cause more and

more people to become concerned about the level of personal detail that can be found from the Internet.

- Even more people will be worried about how much of their personal information can be tracked on the Internet in this information age.


SAMPLE PARAPHRASES SAMPLE PARAPHRASES (p. 66)(p. 66) Examine the given paragraph and its paraphrases. Which one is Examine the given paragraph and its paraphrases. Which one is

better? Discuss reasons.better? Discuss reasons.

ANSWER:ANSWER:Paraphrase 1 is NOT correct firstly because Paraphrase 1 is NOT correct firstly because - it gives wrong information (that the typical voter is deeply - it gives wrong information (that the typical voter is deeply interested in political issues, with which the original disagrees), interested in political issues, with which the original disagrees),

- secondly because it does not mention a key element in the - secondly because it does not mention a key element in the original text (television), original text (television),

- and lastly because it does not include any in-text citation.- and lastly because it does not include any in-text citation.

TASK 7 TASK 7 (p. 67)(p. 67)

Read the given paragraph and its paraphrases. Read the given paragraph and its paraphrases. Decide which one is better and discuss why.Decide which one is better and discuss why.

ANSWER:ANSWER:1.1. This is not a good paraphrase because the This is not a good paraphrase because the

writer only replaced the words with new writer only replaced the words with new words but has not changed the structure of words but has not changed the structure of the original.the original.

2.2. This is a better version.This is a better version.

TASK 7 TASK 7 (continued)(continued)

Look at paraphrase 2 again. Why are the Look at paraphrase 2 again. Why are the phrases “frontier background” and “financial phrases “frontier background” and “financial and real estate investments” in quotation and real estate investments” in quotation marks?marks?

ANSWER: ANSWER: - Because they are direct quotations; that is, they - Because they are direct quotations; that is, they

are taken as they are from the original text are taken as they are from the original text without being changed.without being changed.


PARAPHRASE ACTIVITY WORKSHEET


TASK 8 (p. 67-68)

STEP 1: Read the first paragraph and try to find synonyms and/or definitions of the words in the paragraph.

STEP 2: Have a look at the given synonyms.

STEP 3: Paraphrase it.


• reasonable (adj.): logical, sensible• reasonable man: man who can judge well

• praise (v.): admire, approve, give approval

• contempt (n.): a strong dislike, antipathy, despisal


• admit (v.): accept; accept the truth

• benefit (v.): to be beneficial, to be useful / get benefits, get advantages

• proud (adj.): self-important, boastful

• ruthless (adj.): merciless, brutal

• obsessed with (v.): preoccupied with; unable to stop thinking about


• challenge (v.): threaten, dare

• determined (adj. / v.): resolved, having made up one’s mind

• rid (v.): get rid of, free oneself from,

• stamp out (v.): destroy, eradicate


• dreaded (adj.): terrifying, terrible, fearful, terrorizing

• No strangers to violence: to be used to / accustomed to violence

• temporarily (adv.): for a short time, for a limited time / period


Now Paraphrase the paragraph.

SAMPLE PARAPHRASE (Paragraph 1)1. Although very few people admire B. Mussolini because of

what he has done for his country, even people who despise him accept that the country derived great benefits from the way he fought with Mafia. It was an obsession with Mussolini, a cruel and arrogant dictator, that Mafia was a challenge to his authority. As he was determined to destroy any group which he could not keep under control, Mussolini, with the help of police officials who were themselves quite familiar with violence, was able to control the much feared mafia, however, for a temporary period (Flemming, 1999, p.20).


TASK 8 (p. 67-68)

Paragraph 2Paragraph 3


Study Pack

• Do the exercises on pp. 26-28• Do the multiple Choice Questions on p. 32


week 9 borrowing ideas eng 305 academic english survival skills ii unit 1 (pp. 65-68) cankaya...

Documents

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borrowing ideas paraphrasing

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