week 6 presentation

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 1

The Language Of The Language Of MedicineMedicine

1010thth edition editionDavi-Ellen ChabnerDavi-Ellen Chabner

Chapter 10Nervous System



Chapter Goals

Name, locate, and describe major organs of the nervous system and their functions.

Learn nervous system combining forms and use them with suffixes and prefixes.

Define pathological conditions affecting the nervous system.

3


Chapter Goals (cont’d)

Describe laboratory tests, clinical procedures, and abbreviations that pertain to the system.

Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in the proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.

4


Chapter 10Lesson 10.1


Introduction

Nervous system:

Complex: 10 billion nerve cells

Voluntary and involuntary functions

Carries electrical messages

External and internal receptors


Introduction (cont’d)

Nerve cells (neurons):

Microscopic

Collected into macroscopic nerves

Carry electrical messages all over the body


General Structure of the Nervous System Two major divisions:

Central nervous system—CNS

Brain

Spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system—PNS

Cranial nerves

Spinal nerves

Plexuses

Peripheral nerves throughout the body


General Structure of the Nervous System (cont’d)

Cranial and spinal nerves

Sensory nerves carry messages toward the brain

Motor nerves carry messages from the brain

Mixed nerves carry both sensory and motor fibers

Sensory receptors


General Structure of the Nervous System (cont’d)

Autonomic nervous system: Carries impulses from the central nervous system

to the organs Sympathetic nerves stimulate the body under

stress Parasympathetic nerves balance the

sympathetic system Slow heart rate

Lower blood pressure


Divisions of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System


Neurons, Nerves, and Glia

Neuron = Individual nerve cell

Dendrite Cell nucleus Axon

Myelin sheath Neurilemma

Terminal end fibers (secrete neurotransmitters)

Neurotransmitters transfer impulse across synapse

Ganglia = Small clusters of nerve cell bodies


Neurons, Nerves, and Glia (cont’d)

Label the parts of a neuron, and review the path of a nervous impulse.



The image shows the parts of a neuron. Review the path of a nervous impulse.



Glia cells:

Maintain the health of the nervous system

Do not transmit impulses



Four types: Astrocytes (astroglial cells) Microglia (microglial cells) Oligodendroglia (oligodendroglial cells) Ependymal cells


The Brain


The Brain (cont’d)



Cerebrum

The largest section of the brain

Surface nerve cells called cerebral cortex

Manages speech, vision, smell, movement, hearing, and thought



Cerebellum

Coordinates voluntary movements

Maintains balance

Thalamus

Integrates and monitors impulses from skin (pain)



Hypothalamus

Controls body temperature, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and emotions

Regulates release of hormones from the pituitary gland

Monitors sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems



Brainstem

Pons

Bridges the cerebrum and cerebellum with the rest of the brain

Houses nerves for the face and eyes



Brainstem

Medulla oblongata

Connects the spinal cord to the brain

Nerve tracts from side to side

Regulates:

Blood vessels

Heart

Respiratory system


The Spinal Cord and Meninges

Spinal cord


The Spinal Cord and Meninges (cont’d)

Meninges


Vocabulary

acetylcholine

afferent nerve

arachnoid membrane


Vocabulary (cont’d)

acetylcholine

afferent nerve

arachnoid membrane

Neurotransmitter chemical released at ends of nerve cells

Carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord

Middle layer of the three membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord



astrocyte

autonomic nervous system

axon



astrocyte

autonomic nervous system

axon

Glial cell that transports water and salts from capillaries

Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs

Microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell



blood-brain barrier

brainstem

cauda equina



blood-brain barrier

brainstem

cauda equina

Protective separation between the blood and brain cells that keeps substances (such as anticancer drugs) from penetrating capillary walls and entering the brain

Posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord

Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord



cell body

central nervous system (CNS)

cerebellum



cell body

central nervous system (CNS)

cerebellum

The part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus

The brain and spinal cord

The posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance



cerebral cortex

cerebrospinal fluid

cerebrum



cerebral cortex

cerebrospinal fluid

cerebrum

Outer region of the cerebrum; contains sheets of nerve cells; gray matter

Circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord

The largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscle activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory



cranial nerves

dendrite

dura mater



cranial nerves

dendrite

dura mater

Twelve pairs; carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck (except the vagus nerve)

Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell; the first part to receive the nervous impulse

The thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord



efferent nerve

ependymal cell

ganglion (plural: ganglia)



efferent nerve

ependymal cell

ganglion (plural: ganglia)

Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve

Glial cell that lines the membranes within the brain and spinal cord; helps form cerebrospinal fluid

Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system



glial cell (neuroglial cell)

gyrus (plural: gyri)

hypothalamus



glial cell (neuroglial cell)

gyrus (plural: gyri)

hypothalamus

Supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses; can reproduce itself

Sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution

The portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and pituitary gland secretions



medulla oblongata

meninges

microglial cell



medulla oblongata

meninges

microglial cell

The part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and size of blood vessels

Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system



motor nerve

myelin sheath

nerve



motor nerve

myelin sheath

nerve

Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve

Covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell; speeds impulse conduction

Macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses



neuron

neurotransmitter

oligodendroglial cell



neuron

neurotransmitter

oligodendroglial cell

Nerve cell that carries impulses throughout body; parenchyma of the nervous system

Chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell; stimulates or inhibits another cell

Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons; oligodendrocyte



parasympathetic nerves

parenchyma

peripheral nervous system



parasympathetic nerves

parenchyma

peripheral nervous system

Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract

Essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system; for the nervous system, neurons and nerves that carry impulses

Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves



pia mater

plexus (plural: plexuses)

pons



pia mater

plexus (plural: plexuses)

pons

The thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

A large, interlacing network of nerves

The part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain



receptor

sciatic nerve

sensory nerve



receptor

sciatic nerve

sensory nerve

An organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves; the skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors

The nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot

Carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from receptor; afferent nerve



spinal nerves

stimulus (plural: stimuli)

stroma



spinal nerves

stimulus (plural: stimuli)

stroma

Thirty-one pairs arising from the spinal cord

An agent of change (light, sound, touch) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response

Connective and supporting tissue of an organ; glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain



sulcus (plural: sulci)

sympathetic nerves

synapse



sulcus (plural: sulci)

sympathetic nerves

synapse

Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure

Autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress

The space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells



thalamus

vagus nerve

ventricles of the brain



thalamus

vagus nerve

ventricles of the brain

Main relay center of the brain; conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum

Tenth cranial nerve; branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach

Canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid


QUICK QUIZ:

1. A sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded fold on the surface of the cerebellum is the:

A. microglial B. gyrusC. parenchymaD. stroma


QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)

2. The thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges is the:

A. pia materB. dura materC. parenchymaD. stroma


Terminology

ORGANS AND STRUCTURES

cerebell/o cerebellum

cerebr/o cerebrum

dur/o dura mater

encephal/o brain

gli/o glial cells

Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning


Terminology (cont’d)


lept/o thin, slender

mening/o, membranes, meningi/o meninges

my/o muscle

myel/o spinal cord

neur/o nerve





pont/o pons

radicul/o nerve root

thalam/o thalamus

thec/o sheath (refers to meninges)

vag/o vagus nerve




SYMPTOMS

alges/o, -algesia

-algia

caus/o

comat/o

esthesi/o, -esthesia

kines/o, -kinesia

excessive sensitivity to pain

pain

burning

deep sleep

feeling, nervous sensation

movement




SYMPTOMS

-kinesis, kinetic

-lepsy

lex/o

-paresis

-phasia

movement

seizure

word, phrase

slight paralysis

speech

Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning



SYMPTOMS

-plegia

-praxia

-sthenia

syncop/o

tax/o

paralysis

action

strength

cut off

order, coordination



QUICK QUIZ:

3. Which term means nerve pain?

A. CephalgiaB. AnalgesiaC. HypalgesiaD. Neuralgia


QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)

4. Which type of hematoma occurs between the skull and the dura as a result of a ruptured meningeal artery, usually after a fracture of the skull?

A. SubduralB. Epidural C. Intracerebral


Pathology

Congenital disorders

Hydrocephalus

Spina bifida

Spina bifida cystica

Spina bifida occulta


Degenerative Movement, and Seizure Disorders

Alzheimer disease (AD) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Epilepsy Huntington disease (Huntington chorea) Multiple sclerosis (MS) Myasthenia gravis (MG) Palsy Parkinson disease Tourette syndrome


Infectious Disorders

Herpes zoster (shingles) Meningitis Human immunodeficiency

virus (HIV) encephalopathy


Traumatic Disorders Cerebral concussion:

Temporary brain dysfunction after injury

There may be no evidence of structural damage to brain tissue or loss of consciousness

Rest is very important to allow the brain to heal

Usually clears within 24 hours

Cerebral contusion:

Bruising of brain tissue through direct trauma to the head

Usually associated with skull fracture as well as edema and an increase in intracranial pressure

Neurological deficits persist longer than 24 hours


Vascular Disorders Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Thrombotic — A blood clot in an artery leaving the brain

Embolic — A dislodged clot that travels to the cerebral arteries

Hemorrhagic — A blood vessel, such as the cerebral artery, breaks and bleeding occurs

Migraine — A severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache


Vascular Disorders (cont’d)


Clinical Procedures

X-ray tests:

Cerebral angiography

Computed tomography (CT) of the brain

Myelography

Other procedures:

MRI—Magnetic resonance Imaging

PET—Positron emission scan

EEG—Electroencephalography


Abbreviations

AD AFP ALS AVM BBB CNS CT CSF CVA

Alzheimer diseasealpha-fetoproteinamyotrophic lateral sclerosisarteriovenous malformationblood brain barriercentral nervous systemcomputed tomographycerebrospinal fluidcerebrovascular accident


Abbreviations (cont’d)

• EEG

• GABA

• ICP

• LP

• MAC

• MG

• MRA

• MRI

electroencephalogram

gamma-aminobutyric acid (neurotransmitter)

intracranial pressure; normal pressure is 5 to 15 mmHG

lumbar puncture

monitored anesthetic care

myasthenia gravis

magnetic resonance angiography

magnetic resonance imaging



1/2 P PCA PNS PET Sz TBI TENS

TIA TLE tPA

hemiparesis patient-controlled anesthesia peripheral nervous system positron emission tomography seizure traumatic brain injury transcutaneous electrical nerve

stimulation transient ischemic attack temporal lobe epilepsy tissue plasminogen activator


Practical Applications

What symptoms signal nervous system problems?

What tests are conducted to diagnose these problems?

Why are an MRI and an MRA ordered?

What are common pathologies of the nervous system?


Review Sheet

COMBINING FORMS

alges/o ___________

angi/o ___________

caus/o ___________

cephal/o ___________

cerebell/o ___________

cerebr/o ___________

Combining Form MeaningCombining Form Meaning


Review Sheet (cont’d)

COMBINING FORMS

alges/o sensitivity to pain

angi/o vessel, blood

caus/o burn, burning

cephal/o head

cerebell/o cerebellum

cerebr/o cerebrum




COMBINING FORMS

comat/o ___________

crani/o ___________

cry/o ___________

dur/o ___________

encephal/o ___________

esthesi/o ___________




COMBINING FORMS

comat/o deep sleep

crani/o skull

cry/o cold

dur/o dura mater

encephal/o brain

esthesi/o nervous sensation




COMBINING FORMS

gli/o _________ hydr/o _________ kines/o _________ lept/o _________ lex/o _________ mening/o, meningi/o _________ my/o _________




COMBINING FORMS

gli/o glue hydr/o water kines/o movement lept/o thin, slender lex/o word, phrase mening/o, meningi/o membranes, meninges my/o muscle




COMBINING FORMS

myel/o ___________

narc/o ___________

neur/o ___________

olig/o ___________

pont/o ___________

radicul/o ___________




COMBINING FORMS

myel/o spinal cord

narc/o sleep

neur/o nerve

olig/o scanty

pont/o pons

radicul/o nerve root




COMBINING FORMS

spin/o ___________ syncop/o ___________ tax/o ___________ thalam/o ___________ thec/o ___________ troph/o ___________ vag/o ___________




COMBINING FORMS

spin/o spine

syncop/o cut off

tax/o order

thalam/o thalamus

thec/o sheath (refers to meninges)

troph/o nourishment

vag/o vagus nerve



The Language Of The Language Of MedicineMedicine

1010thth edition editionDavi-Ellen ChabnerDavi-Ellen Chabner


Chapter 12 Respiratory System



Chapter Goals

Name the organs of the respiratory system and describe their location and function.

Identify various pathological conditions that affect the system.

Learn medical terms that pertain to respiration.


Chapter Goals (cont’d)

Describe important clinical procedures related to the respiratory system, and recognize relevant abbreviations.

Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.


Introduction

External respiration: Exchange of air in lung capillaries

Oxygen inhaled into the air sacs of the lungs

Immediately passes into capillaries

Carbon dioxide passes from capillaries into air sacs, to be exhaled


Introduction (cont’d)

Internal respiration: Exchange of gases in the cells

Occurs simultaneously between cells and capillaries

Oxygen passes out of the bloodstream into the tissues

Carbon dioxide passes out of tissues back into the bloodstream to travel to the lungs


Respiratory Anatomy

Mediastinum: Middle of chest where trachea divides into two branches

Bronchi: Each leads to a separate lung

Lungs: Lobes are not mirror images

Hilum: Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit


Anatomy of Respiration


Anatomy of Respiration (cont’d)


Respiratory Structures

Conduct air

Nose Nasal cavities

and paranasal sinuses

Pharynx Larynx Trachea

Exchange gases

Bronchioles Alveoli Lung capillaries


Respiratory Flow Chart


Respiratory Flow Chart (cont’d)


Vocabulary

adenoids

alveolus (plural: alveoli)

apex of the lung



adenoids

alveolus (plural: alveoli)

apex of the lung

Lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx; pharyngeal tonsils

Air sac in the lung

Tip or uppermost portion of the lung



base of the lung

bronchioles

bronchus (plural: bronchi)



base of the lung

bronchioles

bronchus (plural: bronchi)

The lower portion of the lung

The smallest branches of the bronchi

The branch of the trachea (windpipe) that is a passageway into the lung; bronchial tube



carbon dioxide (CO2)

cilia

diaphragm



carbon dioxide (CO2)

cilia

diaphragm

Gas produced by body cells when oxygen and carbon atoms from food combine; exhaled through the lungs

Thin hairs attached to mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract

Muscle separating the chest and abdomen; contracts to pull air into lungs; relaxes to push air out



epiglottis

expiration

glottis



epiglottis

expiration

glottis

Lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx; keeps food from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing

Breathing out (exhalation)

Slit-like opening to the larynx



hilum (of lung)

inspiration

larynx



hilum (of lung)

inspiration

larynx

Midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs

Breathing in (inhalation)

Voice box; contains the vocal cords



lobe

mediastinum

nares



lobe

mediastinum

nares

Division of a lung

The region between lungs in the chest cavity; contains the trachea, heart, lymph nodes, aorta, esophagus, and bronchial tubes

Openings through the nose carrying air into the nasal cavities



oxygen (O2)

palatine tonsil



oxygen (O2)

palatine tonsil

Gas that makes up 21% of air; passes into the bloodstream at the lungs and travels to all body cells

One of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx



paranasal sinus

parietal pleura

pharynx



paranasal sinus

parietal pleura

pharynx

One of the air cavities in the bones near the nose

Outer fold of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall

The throat; including the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx



pleura

pleural cavity

pulmonary parenchyma



pleura

pleural cavity

pulmonary parenchyma

Double-folded membrane surrounding each lung

Space between the folds of the pleura

Essential parts of the lung, responsible for respiration; bronchioles and alveoli



respiration

trachea

visceral pleura



respiration

trachea

visceral pleura

The process of moving air into and out of the lungs; breathing

Windpipe

Inner fold of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue


QUICK QUIZ:

1. What is the tip or uppermost portion of the lung?

A. Base

B. Lobe

C. Apex

D. Nares


Combining Formsand Terminology

adenoid/o adenoids

alveol/o alveolus, air sac

bronch/o bronchial tube

bronchi/o bronchus

bronchiol/o bronchiole, small bronchus

capn/o carbon dioxide



Combining Formsand Terminology (cont’d)

coni/o dust

cyan/o blue

epiglott/o epiglottis

laryng/o larynx, voice box

lob/o lobe of the lung

mediastin/o mediastinum




nas/o nose

orth/o straight, upright

ox/o oxygen

pector/o chest

pharyng/o pharynx, throat

phon/o voice




phren/o diaphragm

pleur/o pleura

pneum/o air, lung

pneumon/o lung

pulmon/o lung

rhin/o nose




sinus/o sinus cavity

spir/o breathing

tel/o complete

thorac/o chest

tonsill/o tonsils

trache/o trachea, windpipe



Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology

SUFFIXES

-ema condition

-osmia smell

-pnea breathing

-ptysis spitting

-sphyxia pulse

-thorax pleural cavity, chest

SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning


Diagnostic Terms

Auscultation

Percussion

Pleural rub

Rale (crackle)

Rhonchus

Sputum

Stridor

Wheeze


Pathology

Upper respiratory disorders

Croup Diphtheria Epistaxis Pertussis


Pathology (cont’d)

Bronchial tube disorders

Asthma Bronchiectasis Chronic bronchitis Cystic fibrosis


Pathology (cont’d)

Lung disorders

Atelectasis Emphysema Lung cancer Pneumoconiosis Pneumonia Pulmonary

abscess

Pulmonary edema

Pulmonary embolism (PE)

Pulmonary fibrosis

Sarcoidosis

Tuberculosis (TB)


Pathology Lung DisordersAtelectasis

Two forms

Proximal obstruction of distal airways

Accumulations of fluid, blood, or air in the pleural cavity


Pathology

Pleural disorders

Mesothelioma

Pleural effusion

Pleurisy (pleuritis)

Pneumothorax


Pathology Pleural Disorders

Pneumothorax: Air gathers in the pleural cavity


Study Section

Anthracosis

Asbestosis

Bacilli

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Cor pulmonale

Exudate

Hydrothorax

Infiltrate

Palliative

Paroxysmal

Pulmonary infarction

Purulent

Silicosis


Clinical Procedures

X-rays

Chest x-ray (CXR)

Computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest

Pulmonary angiography


Clinical Procedures (cont’d)

X-rays: radiographic imaging


Clinical Procedures (cont’d)Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): magnetic waves

create images



Nuclear tests

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the lung

Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan: inhalation of radioactive gas for imaging, followed by injection of different radioactive material for imaging



Bronchoscopy: fiberoptic or rigid endoscope inserted into the bronchial tubes for diagnosis, biopsy, or collection of secretions



Endotracheal intubation: placement of tube from mouth to trachea to establish airway


Clinical Procedures (cont’d) Laryngoscopy

Lung biopsy

Mediastinoscopy

Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

Thoracentesis

Thoracotomy

Thorascopy

Tracheostomy

Tuberculin test

Tube thoracostomy



Thoracentesis: surgical puncture to

remove fluid from pleural space



Tracheostomy: surgical creation of an

opening into the trachea through the neck


Abbreviations

ABGs AFB ARDS BAL Bronch CF CO2

COPD CPAP CPR



ABGs AFB ARDS BAL Bronch CF CO2

COPD CPAP CPR

Arterial blood gases

Acid-fast bacillus

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Bronchioalveolar lavage

Bronchoscopy

Cystic fibrosis

Carbon dioxide

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Continuous positive airway pressure

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation



C & S CTPA CXR DICO

DOE DPT FEV1

FVC HCO3

-

ICU



C & S CTPA CXR DICO

DOE DPT FEV1

FVC HCO3

-

ICU

Culture and sensitivity testing (of sputum)

Computed tomography pulmonary angiography

Chest x-ray (film)

Diffusion capacity of lung for carbon monoxide

Dyspnea on exertion

Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second

Forced vital capacity

Bicarbonate

Intensive care unit



LLL LUL MDI NSCLC O2

OSA PaCO2

PaO2

PCP PE



LLL LUL MDI NSCLC O2

OSA PaCO2

PaO2

PCP PE

Left lower lobe (of lung)

Left upper lobe (of lung)

Metered-dose inhaler

Non-small cell lung cancer

Oxygen

Obstructive sleep apnea

Carbon dioxide partial pressure

Oxygen partial pressure

Pneumocystis pneumonia

Pulmonary embolism



PEP PEEP PFTs PND PPD RDS RLL RSV RUL RV



PEP PEEP PFTs PND PPD RDS RLL RSV RUL RV

Positive expiratory pressure

Positive end-expiratory pressure

Pulmonary function tests

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Purified protein derivative

Respiratory distress syndrome

Right lower lobe (of lung)

Respiratory syncytial virus

Right upper lobe (of lung)

Residual volume



SABA SCLC SOB TB TLC URI VT

VATS VC V/Q scan



SABA SCLC SOB TB TLC URI VT

VATS VC V/Q scan

Short-acting beta agonist

Small cell lung cancer

Shortness of breath

Tuberculosis

Total lung capacity

Upper respiratory infection

Tidal volume

Video-assisted thoracic surgery

Vital capacity

Ventilation-perfusion scan


Review Sheet

COMBINING FORMS

adenoid/o ____________

alveol/o ____________

bronch/o ____________

bronchi/o ____________

bronchiol/o ____________

capn/o ____________




COMBINING FORMS

adenoid/o adenoids

alveol/o alveolus; air sac; small sac

bronch/o bronchial tube

bronchi/o bronchial tube

bronchiol/o bronchiole

capn/o carbon dioxide

Combining Form Combining Form MeaningMeaning



COMBINING FORMS

coni/o ___________

cyan/o ___________

epiglott/o ___________

laryng/o ___________

lob/o ___________

mediastin/o ___________

Combining Form Combining Form MeaningMeaning



COMBINING FORMS

coni/o dust

cyan/o blue

epiglott/o epiglottis

laryng/o larynx (voice box)

lob/o lobe

mediastin/o mediastinum

Combining Form Combining Form Meaning Meaning



COMBINING FORMS

nas/o __________

orth/o __________

ox/o __________

pector/o __________

pharyng/o __________

phon/o __________




COMBINING FORMS

nas/o nose

orth/o straight

ox/o oxygen

pector/o chest

pharyng/o throat (pharynx)

phon/o voice; sound




COMBINING FORMS

phren/o ___________

pleur/o ___________

pneum/o ___________

pneumon/o ___________

pulmon/o ___________

rhin/o ___________




COMBINING FORMS

phren/o diaphragm; mind

pleur/o pleura

pneum/o lung; air; gas

pneumon/o lung; air; gas

pulmon/o lung

rhin/o nose




COMBINING FORMS

sinus/o ___________

spir/o ___________

tel/o ___________

thorac/o ___________

tonsill/o ___________

trache/o ___________




COMBINING FORMS

sinus/o sinus

spir/o to breathe

tel/o complete

thorac/o chest

tonsill/o tonsil

trache/o trachea (windpipe)




SUFFIXES

-ema ___________

-osmia ___________

-pnea ___________

-ptysis ___________

-sphyxia ___________

-thorax ___________

SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning



SUFFIXES

-ema condition

-osmia smell

-pnea breathing

-ptysis spitting

-sphyxia pulse

-thorax chest; pleural cavity

SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning

week 6 presentation

Health & Medicine

imprint of elsevier

nervous system contd

introduction nervous

nervous impulse

nervous systemdo

spinal nerves motor

glia contd glia cells

brain contd cerebrum