week 6 nonverbal

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Page 1: WEEK 6 NONVERBAL
Page 2: WEEK 6 NONVERBAL

Welcome to Class Welcome to Class

Dr. Brennan

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ConversationConversation

Five Stages - The Opening

Greeting

Reciprocated

Opening

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ConversationConversation

Five Stages - Feedforward

Focus of Conversation

Identify Tone

Opening

Feedforward

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ConversationConversation

Five Stages - Business

Substance of Conversation

Exchange of Roles

No Permanent Record

Opening

Feedforward

Business

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ConversationConversation

Five Stages - Feedback

Signal End of Business

May Backup to Business if not

Finished

Opening

Feedforward

Business

Feedback

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ConversationConversation

Five Stages - Closing

Signals End of Conversation

Express Pleasure in Interaction

Leave-Taking Cues

Opening

Feedforward

Business

Feedback

Closing

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ConversationConversation

Maintaining Conversations

Conversational Turns

Speaker Cues

– Turn-Maintaining

– Turn-Yielding

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ConversationConversation

Maintaining Conversations

Listener Cues

– Turn-Requesting

– Turn-Denying

– Backchanneling

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ConversationConversationReflections on the Model of Conversation

Not All Conversations Fall into Pattern

Lengths of Stages can Vary

Conversational Competence Affects

Interpersonal Attractiveness

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ConversationConversationRepairing Conversational Problems

Excuses

– I Didn’t Do It

– It Wasn’t So Bad

– Yes, But…

Motive for Excuses

Good and Bad Excuses

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ConversationConversation

Conversation Skills

Mindfulness

– Be Open to New Information

– Beware of Relying too Heavily on First

Impressions

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ConversationConversation

Conversation Skills

Flexibility - Realize...

– No two Situations or People are the Same

– Communication Takes Place in Context

– Everything is in State of Flux

– Every Situation offers Different Option

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ConversationConversation

Metacommunicating

Explain feelings

Paraphrase

Use talk to examine communication

patterns

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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

Page 16: WEEK 6 NONVERBAL

Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

What is nonverbal communication?

Page 17: WEEK 6 NONVERBAL

Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

What is nonverbal communication?

The information we communicate without using words.

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Researchers have suggested:Researchers have suggested:

That as much as 93% of communication is nonverbal.

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Researchers have suggested:Researchers have suggested:

That as much as 93% of communication is nonverbal.

55% of communication is sent through facial expressions, posture and gestures.

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Researchers have suggested:Researchers have suggested:

That as much as 93% of communication is nonverbal.

55% of communication is sent through facial expressions, posture and gestures.

38% of communication is sent through tone of voice.

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Researchers have suggested:Researchers have suggested:

That as much as 93% of communication is nonverbal.

55% of communication is sent through facial expressions, posture and gestures.

38% of communication is sent through tone of voice.

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Volunteers please?Volunteers please?

I need your assistance

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Space and Distance - Proxemics.Space and Distance - Proxemics.

Proxemics – how we use space and distance.

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Space and Distance - Proxemics.Space and Distance - Proxemics.

Proxemics – how we use space and distance.

Edward T. Hall - 4 Distance Zones

1. Public Zone – 12+ feet

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Space and Distance - Proxemics.Space and Distance - Proxemics.

Proxemics – how we use space and distance.

Edward T. Hall - 4 Distance Zones

1. Public Zone

2. Social Zone – 4-12 feet

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Space and Distance - Proxemics.Space and Distance - Proxemics.

Proxemics – how we use space and distance.

Edward T. Hall - 4 Distance Zones

1. Public Zone

2. Social Zone

3. Personal Zone – 18 inches – 4 feet

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Space and Distance - Proxemics.Space and Distance - Proxemics.

Proxemics – how we use space and distance.

Edward T. Hall - 4 Distance Zones

1. Public Zone

2. Social Zone

3. Personal Zone

4. Intimate Zone – 0 -18 inches

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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

Influences on Space Communication

Gender

Age

Personality

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Verbal and nonverbal communication Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in seven important ways.differs in seven important ways.

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Verbal and nonverbal communication Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in seven important ways.differs in seven important ways.

1. Environment – Unlike verbal communication, nonverbal communication can take place when we aren’t around for people to get an impression of us.

Example: Room or homes we live in tell a good deal about us; the pictures of family members, the books/magazines on the coffee table, the posters/pictures on the wall.

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The environment we choose can also tell about us. If you take a date out for him/her birthday, you send a message if you go to a posh restaurant with low lighting, plush carpet with velvet cushion seats, and a menu you hold in your hand.

You give another message if you take your date to a place with fluorescent lighting, plastic chairs, tile floors and the menu posted on the wall. You not only send a message to your date of what you think of him/her, but also something about you.

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Verbal and nonverbal communication Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in seven important ways.differs in seven important ways.

2. Feedback – In the communication process, we send feedback.

In nonverbal communication we nod our heads, smile, look at our watches, etc. Body posture or positioning is also important feedback.

In verbal communication feedback is spoken or written.

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Verbal and nonverbal communication Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in seven important ways.differs in seven important ways.

3. Continuity – Unlike verbal communication, which begins and ends with words, nonverbal communication is continuous.

Example, in a store, a woman picks up and puts down a loaf of bread and gives the impression that she can’t make up her mind.

A man waiting in line shifting his feet and juggling the coins in his pockets shows he’s in a hurry.

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Verbal and nonverbal communication Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in seven important ways.differs in seven important ways.

4. Channel – Nonverbal communication uses multiple channels.

Verbal communication uses one channel.

The five senses: sight, sound, taste, touch and smell.

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Verbal and nonverbal communication Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in seven important ways.differs in seven important ways.

5. Control – Nonverbal communication has little control.

Verbal communication has more control.

For example: People cannot lie in their nonverbal communication but can lie verbally.

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Verbal and nonverbal communication Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in seven important ways.differs in seven important ways.

6. Structure – Verbal communication has rules that govern the correct use of language.

Unstructured - Nonverbal communication has little structure or rules and is spontaneous. Usually norm driven and used.

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Verbal and nonverbal communication Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in seven important ways.differs in seven important ways.

7. Acquisition – Nonverbal communication is not taught, people pick it up through imitating others.

Verbal communication is formally taught.

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Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in seven important ways.seven important ways.

1. Environment

2. Feedback

3. Continuity

4. Channel

5. Control

6. Structure

7. Acquisition

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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

Integrating Verbal and Nonverbal

1. Nonverbal Cues Accent What A

Person Is Saying.

For example, pointing when giving

someone directions; tone of voice, energy,

posture.

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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

Integrating Verbal and Nonverbal

2. Nonverbal Cues Complement Verbal

Messages By Adding Meaning.

For example: “I’m sorry” = pat on the back

or “I love you” = hug the person

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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

Integrating Verbal and Nonverbal

3. Nonverbal Cues Contradict Verbal Messages.

Intentional – cross your fingers or winking to indicate that you are lying

Unintentional – child falls and scrapes his/her knee grabbing the knee, with tears in eyes saying, “I’m ok!”

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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

Integrating Verbal and Nonverbal

4. Nonverbal Cues Regulate Also “Regulate”

Verbal Communication.

Example: During a conversation with your boss

you can tell the conversation is coming to an end

when your boss stands up out of his/her chair or

shifts papers on the desk.

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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

Integrating Verbal and Nonverbal

5. Nonverbal Cues Repeat Verbal Messages.

Example: With raised eyebrows and a

questioning look or motion with your head or

hand and repeat your verbal message, “Are you

alright?”

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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

Integrating Verbal and Nonverbal

6. Nonverbal Cues Substitute For Verbal

Messages.

Example: You get a dirty look from your

significant other when you arrive home late.

You send balloons and flowers to that someone

special.

Neighbor waves as you pull out of the driveway.

Page 45: WEEK 6 NONVERBAL

Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

Integrating Verbal and Nonverbal

Nonverbal Cues Accent

Nonverbal Cues Complement

Nonverbal Cues Contradict

Nonverbal Cues Regulate

Nonverbal Cues Repeat

Nonverbal Cues Substitute ForM

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age

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The principles of nonverbal The principles of nonverbal communicationcommunication

Four principles underlie the workings of nonverbal communication.

1. Nonverbal comm. is culturally determined

2. Nonverbal messages may conflict with verbal messages

3. Nonverbal messages are largely subconscious

4. Nonverbals show our feelings and attitudes

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Types of Nonverbal Types of Nonverbal communicationcommunication

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Types of Nonverbal Types of Nonverbal communicationcommunication

Paralanguage – the way we say something.

Rate – speed at which one speaks can have an effect on the way a message is received. People speak at rates that vary from 125 words per minute to 200+ wpm.

Scholars argue that the faster someone speaks the more competent they seem. Of course, the listener may not be able to understand what the speaker is saying.

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Types of Nonverbal Types of Nonverbal communicationcommunication

Paralanguage – the way we say something.

Pitch – highness and lowness of the voice. Some people feel high-pitched voices are not very pleasant, but low-pitched voices are seen as insecure or shy.

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Types of Nonverbal Types of Nonverbal communicationcommunication

Paralanguage – the way we say something.

Volume – Loud/soft level of vocal quality.

Vocal Fillers – Non words such as “uh”, “er”, “um”, “you know”, “okay.”

Vocal fillers give the connotation that we are stuck or searching for the right word. If used too much it becomes distracting.

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Types of Nonverbal Types of Nonverbal communicationcommunication

Paralanguage – the way we say something.

Quality – Rhythm, articulation, pronunciation, tempo and resonance.

Good quality demonstrates competency, honesty and power.

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Types of Nonverbal communicationTypes of Nonverbal communication

The Body - Body Movement

Emblems

Illustrators

Affect Displays

Regulators

Adaptors

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Types of Nonverbal communicationTypes of Nonverbal communication

The Body - Body Movement

Emblems: Have a direct translation into words.

Does not cross cultures.

Example:

1. “Thumb up” = hitchhiker or good luck.

2. Circle made with thumb and index finger =

okay.

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Types of Nonverbal communicationTypes of Nonverbal communication

The Body - Body Movement

Illustrators: Accents, emphasizes or

reinforces words.

Example: Giving directions while pointing or

showing how big or how wide.

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Types of Nonverbal communicationTypes of Nonverbal communication

The Body - Body Movement

Affect Displays: Intensity of feelings

shown through our facial expressions and

body movement.

Example: fist on desk

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Types of Nonverbal communicationTypes of Nonverbal communication

The Body - Body Movement

Regulators: Control the back and forth

flow of speaking and listening; head nods,

hand gestures and shifts in posture.

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Types of Nonverbal communicationTypes of Nonverbal communication

The Body - Body Movement

Adaptors: Nonverbal ways of adjusting to

a communication situation. Often used if

nervous or uncomfortable in a situation.

Often done subconsciously, sometimes to

send a message.

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Example: Mother comes over to visit and starts

moving objects around. This sends a message

that you are untidy or you’re still my little child

or I’m still your mom and in charge.

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We all find ways to adapt to situations.

Maybe we play with jewelry, drum on

table or move around in our seats.

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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

The Body - Body Appearance

Height and Weight

Race

General Attractiveness

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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

Facial Expressions:

Communicates Emotion

Primary Affect Displays

Affect Blends

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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

Facial Management Techniques

Intensify

Deintensify

Neutralize

Mask

Simulate

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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

Eye Communication The Gaze!

Duration of Eye Contact Direction of Eye Contact

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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

Functions of Eye Contact

Seeking Feedback

Opening Communication

Signaling Nature of Relationship

Lessening Physical Distance

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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

Functions of the Eyes - Avoidance

Maintain Privacy

Signal Lack of Interest

Block Unpleasant Stimuli

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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

Eye Communication - Pupil Dilation

Dilated Pupils More Attractive

Pupil Size Reveals Level of

Emotional Arousal

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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

Artifactual Communication

Clothing – Style and Color

Body Adornment

Space Decoration

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Clothing:Clothing: Clothing – Affects what people think about status,

affiliation, norms and conformity.

Uniforms – military, school. Identifies you with a particular organization.

Occupational – nurses, police officer, business suits. Clothing employees are expected to wear, not as strict as uniform.

Leisure clothing – jeans, sweatshirts. People exert their personal identities here.

Costumes – hats, boots, etc. Highly individualized dress.

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Body AdornmentBody Adornment

Hair Color and Style

Make-up

Tattoos

Piercing

Jewelry

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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

Touch Communication

Touch (haptics) is very important for

babies and people of all ages .

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Touch Communication – 5 Touch Communication – 5 categories:categories:

1. Functional professional touch – has a specific reason. Example: doctor’s office

2. Social polite touch – acknowledge someone else. Example: handshake

3. Friendship warmth touch – hugs between friends.

4. Love-intimacy touch – usually between parent-child and lovers.

5. Arousal touch – used as expression attraction.

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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

Touch Communication

Meanings Positive Feelings

Intention to Play

Control Behavior

Greeting and Departure

Task-Related

Touch Avoidance

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Touch Communication:Touch Communication:

1929 US Government study of orphans.

Orphans dying prematurely.

Cause: Marasmaras

Greek word = “to waste away.”

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Touch Communication:Touch Communication:

Touch increases mental and physical functioning, self-disclosure and compliance and tips for waiters and waitresses.

Non-touchers: China, Japan, Korea

Touchers: Italy, France, Mexico

Neutral: USA, Germany

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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

Time

Chronemics = the study of time

Emphasis on Past, Present, or Future

Cultural Time Perspectives

Monochronemic - fixed

Polychronemic – not fixed

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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

Smell

Attraction Messages

Taste Messages

Memory Messages

Identification Messages

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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

Territoriality Primary Territories Secondary Territories Public Territories Territorial Markers

Central MarkersBoundary MarkersEarmarkers

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Types of territoriality:Types of territoriality:

Primary territory – your exclusive areas. E.g. your desk, room, house, etc.

In these areas you are in control and have great influence over others.

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Types of territoriality:Types of territoriality:

Secondary territory – Areas that do not belong to you, but because you have occupied them for a period of time, they are associated or assigned to you. E.g. desk at work or in classroom, a certain spot in the cafeteria, a certain table at the restaurant. Spots or areas you have or feel a certain ownership-like attachment.

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Types of territoriality:Types of territoriality:

Public territory – Public areas that are open to all people. E.g. park, movie theater, restaurant, beach, etc.

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Territorial MarkersTerritorial Markers

Central markers – items you place in a territory to reserve it. E.g. books on your desk or a sweater on a chair to let others know it’s yours.

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Territorial MarkersTerritorial Markers

Boundary markers – divides your territory from others. Examples: At the supermarket line, you place the bar between your items and another’s or even arm rests in the movies.

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Territorial MarkersTerritorial Markers

Earmarkers – taken from the practice of branding animals on their ears, are those identifying marks that indicate your possession of a territory or an object. E.g. trademarks, name plates and initials on shirts or briefcases.

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Territorial Encroachment – 3 types:Territorial Encroachment – 3 types:

Violation - Most extreme and causes “turf defense.” When you cannot tolerate intruders you may choose to defend your territory and expel the intruders.

We see this with gangs defending their streets or neighborhood by fighting other gangs.

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Territorial Encroachment – 3 types:Territorial Encroachment – 3 types:

A less extreme is insulation – a strategy where you set up a barrier of some type between your self and the invaders.

Some people will do this with sunglasses to avoid eye contact.

Others put up fences in their yards or partitions at the office.

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Territorial Encroachment – 3 types:Territorial Encroachment – 3 types:

Contamination – using, disturbing, breaking, and moving someone else property and/or space. Can also include adding your belongings to another.

Example: Working at someone’s desk when they are not present.

Home is robbed or car is broken into and items destroyed or stolen.

Placing a jacket on someone’s chair.

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Improving your nonverbal Improving your nonverbal communication:communication:

How do people react to you? Are you surprised? Watch your nonverbal communication to take an inventory of how you speak.

Videotape your nonverbal communication so you can observe you nonverbal behaviors.

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Improving your nonverbal Improving your nonverbal communication:communication:

Match your nonverbal communication and your role. Are they in sync?

How do you use your space?

How do you use time?

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Improving your nonverbal Improving your nonverbal communication:communication:

Are you a toucher or nontoucher?

Step outside of your comfort zone or box and try new ways of nonverbal communication.

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