week 6 nonverbal
TRANSCRIPT
Welcome to Class Welcome to Class
Dr. Brennan
ConversationConversation
Five Stages - The Opening
Greeting
Reciprocated
Opening
ConversationConversation
Five Stages - Feedforward
Focus of Conversation
Identify Tone
Opening
Feedforward
ConversationConversation
Five Stages - Business
Substance of Conversation
Exchange of Roles
No Permanent Record
Opening
Feedforward
Business
ConversationConversation
Five Stages - Feedback
Signal End of Business
May Backup to Business if not
Finished
Opening
Feedforward
Business
Feedback
ConversationConversation
Five Stages - Closing
Signals End of Conversation
Express Pleasure in Interaction
Leave-Taking Cues
Opening
Feedforward
Business
Feedback
Closing
ConversationConversation
Maintaining Conversations
Conversational Turns
Speaker Cues
– Turn-Maintaining
– Turn-Yielding
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ConversationConversation
Maintaining Conversations
Listener Cues
– Turn-Requesting
– Turn-Denying
– Backchanneling
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ConversationConversationReflections on the Model of Conversation
Not All Conversations Fall into Pattern
Lengths of Stages can Vary
Conversational Competence Affects
Interpersonal Attractiveness
ConversationConversationRepairing Conversational Problems
Excuses
– I Didn’t Do It
– It Wasn’t So Bad
– Yes, But…
Motive for Excuses
Good and Bad Excuses
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ConversationConversation
Conversation Skills
Mindfulness
– Be Open to New Information
– Beware of Relying too Heavily on First
Impressions
ConversationConversation
Conversation Skills
Flexibility - Realize...
– No two Situations or People are the Same
– Communication Takes Place in Context
– Everything is in State of Flux
– Every Situation offers Different Option
ConversationConversation
Metacommunicating
Explain feelings
Paraphrase
Use talk to examine communication
patterns
Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
What is nonverbal communication?
Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
What is nonverbal communication?
The information we communicate without using words.
Researchers have suggested:Researchers have suggested:
That as much as 93% of communication is nonverbal.
Researchers have suggested:Researchers have suggested:
That as much as 93% of communication is nonverbal.
55% of communication is sent through facial expressions, posture and gestures.
Researchers have suggested:Researchers have suggested:
That as much as 93% of communication is nonverbal.
55% of communication is sent through facial expressions, posture and gestures.
38% of communication is sent through tone of voice.
Researchers have suggested:Researchers have suggested:
That as much as 93% of communication is nonverbal.
55% of communication is sent through facial expressions, posture and gestures.
38% of communication is sent through tone of voice.
Volunteers please?Volunteers please?
I need your assistance
Space and Distance - Proxemics.Space and Distance - Proxemics.
Proxemics – how we use space and distance.
Space and Distance - Proxemics.Space and Distance - Proxemics.
Proxemics – how we use space and distance.
Edward T. Hall - 4 Distance Zones
1. Public Zone – 12+ feet
Space and Distance - Proxemics.Space and Distance - Proxemics.
Proxemics – how we use space and distance.
Edward T. Hall - 4 Distance Zones
1. Public Zone
2. Social Zone – 4-12 feet
Space and Distance - Proxemics.Space and Distance - Proxemics.
Proxemics – how we use space and distance.
Edward T. Hall - 4 Distance Zones
1. Public Zone
2. Social Zone
3. Personal Zone – 18 inches – 4 feet
Space and Distance - Proxemics.Space and Distance - Proxemics.
Proxemics – how we use space and distance.
Edward T. Hall - 4 Distance Zones
1. Public Zone
2. Social Zone
3. Personal Zone
4. Intimate Zone – 0 -18 inches
Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
Influences on Space Communication
Gender
Age
Personality
Familiarity Mic
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Verbal and nonverbal communication Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in seven important ways.differs in seven important ways.
Verbal and nonverbal communication Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in seven important ways.differs in seven important ways.
1. Environment – Unlike verbal communication, nonverbal communication can take place when we aren’t around for people to get an impression of us.
Example: Room or homes we live in tell a good deal about us; the pictures of family members, the books/magazines on the coffee table, the posters/pictures on the wall.
The environment we choose can also tell about us. If you take a date out for him/her birthday, you send a message if you go to a posh restaurant with low lighting, plush carpet with velvet cushion seats, and a menu you hold in your hand.
You give another message if you take your date to a place with fluorescent lighting, plastic chairs, tile floors and the menu posted on the wall. You not only send a message to your date of what you think of him/her, but also something about you.
Verbal and nonverbal communication Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in seven important ways.differs in seven important ways.
2. Feedback – In the communication process, we send feedback.
In nonverbal communication we nod our heads, smile, look at our watches, etc. Body posture or positioning is also important feedback.
In verbal communication feedback is spoken or written.
Verbal and nonverbal communication Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in seven important ways.differs in seven important ways.
3. Continuity – Unlike verbal communication, which begins and ends with words, nonverbal communication is continuous.
Example, in a store, a woman picks up and puts down a loaf of bread and gives the impression that she can’t make up her mind.
A man waiting in line shifting his feet and juggling the coins in his pockets shows he’s in a hurry.
Verbal and nonverbal communication Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in seven important ways.differs in seven important ways.
4. Channel – Nonverbal communication uses multiple channels.
Verbal communication uses one channel.
The five senses: sight, sound, taste, touch and smell.
Verbal and nonverbal communication Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in seven important ways.differs in seven important ways.
5. Control – Nonverbal communication has little control.
Verbal communication has more control.
For example: People cannot lie in their nonverbal communication but can lie verbally.
Verbal and nonverbal communication Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in seven important ways.differs in seven important ways.
6. Structure – Verbal communication has rules that govern the correct use of language.
Unstructured - Nonverbal communication has little structure or rules and is spontaneous. Usually norm driven and used.
Verbal and nonverbal communication Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in seven important ways.differs in seven important ways.
7. Acquisition – Nonverbal communication is not taught, people pick it up through imitating others.
Verbal communication is formally taught.
Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in seven important ways.seven important ways.
1. Environment
2. Feedback
3. Continuity
4. Channel
5. Control
6. Structure
7. Acquisition
Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
Integrating Verbal and Nonverbal
1. Nonverbal Cues Accent What A
Person Is Saying.
For example, pointing when giving
someone directions; tone of voice, energy,
posture.
Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
Integrating Verbal and Nonverbal
2. Nonverbal Cues Complement Verbal
Messages By Adding Meaning.
For example: “I’m sorry” = pat on the back
or “I love you” = hug the person
Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
Integrating Verbal and Nonverbal
3. Nonverbal Cues Contradict Verbal Messages.
Intentional – cross your fingers or winking to indicate that you are lying
Unintentional – child falls and scrapes his/her knee grabbing the knee, with tears in eyes saying, “I’m ok!”
Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
Integrating Verbal and Nonverbal
4. Nonverbal Cues Regulate Also “Regulate”
Verbal Communication.
Example: During a conversation with your boss
you can tell the conversation is coming to an end
when your boss stands up out of his/her chair or
shifts papers on the desk.
Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
Integrating Verbal and Nonverbal
5. Nonverbal Cues Repeat Verbal Messages.
Example: With raised eyebrows and a
questioning look or motion with your head or
hand and repeat your verbal message, “Are you
alright?”
Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
Integrating Verbal and Nonverbal
6. Nonverbal Cues Substitute For Verbal
Messages.
Example: You get a dirty look from your
significant other when you arrive home late.
You send balloons and flowers to that someone
special.
Neighbor waves as you pull out of the driveway.
Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
Integrating Verbal and Nonverbal
Nonverbal Cues Accent
Nonverbal Cues Complement
Nonverbal Cues Contradict
Nonverbal Cues Regulate
Nonverbal Cues Repeat
Nonverbal Cues Substitute ForM
icro
soft
Im
age
The principles of nonverbal The principles of nonverbal communicationcommunication
Four principles underlie the workings of nonverbal communication.
1. Nonverbal comm. is culturally determined
2. Nonverbal messages may conflict with verbal messages
3. Nonverbal messages are largely subconscious
4. Nonverbals show our feelings and attitudes
Types of Nonverbal Types of Nonverbal communicationcommunication
Types of Nonverbal Types of Nonverbal communicationcommunication
Paralanguage – the way we say something.
Rate – speed at which one speaks can have an effect on the way a message is received. People speak at rates that vary from 125 words per minute to 200+ wpm.
Scholars argue that the faster someone speaks the more competent they seem. Of course, the listener may not be able to understand what the speaker is saying.
Types of Nonverbal Types of Nonverbal communicationcommunication
Paralanguage – the way we say something.
Pitch – highness and lowness of the voice. Some people feel high-pitched voices are not very pleasant, but low-pitched voices are seen as insecure or shy.
Types of Nonverbal Types of Nonverbal communicationcommunication
Paralanguage – the way we say something.
Volume – Loud/soft level of vocal quality.
Vocal Fillers – Non words such as “uh”, “er”, “um”, “you know”, “okay.”
Vocal fillers give the connotation that we are stuck or searching for the right word. If used too much it becomes distracting.
Types of Nonverbal Types of Nonverbal communicationcommunication
Paralanguage – the way we say something.
Quality – Rhythm, articulation, pronunciation, tempo and resonance.
Good quality demonstrates competency, honesty and power.
Types of Nonverbal communicationTypes of Nonverbal communication
The Body - Body Movement
Emblems
Illustrators
Affect Displays
Regulators
Adaptors
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Types of Nonverbal communicationTypes of Nonverbal communication
The Body - Body Movement
Emblems: Have a direct translation into words.
Does not cross cultures.
Example:
1. “Thumb up” = hitchhiker or good luck.
2. Circle made with thumb and index finger =
okay.
Types of Nonverbal communicationTypes of Nonverbal communication
The Body - Body Movement
Illustrators: Accents, emphasizes or
reinforces words.
Example: Giving directions while pointing or
showing how big or how wide.
Types of Nonverbal communicationTypes of Nonverbal communication
The Body - Body Movement
Affect Displays: Intensity of feelings
shown through our facial expressions and
body movement.
Example: fist on desk
Types of Nonverbal communicationTypes of Nonverbal communication
The Body - Body Movement
Regulators: Control the back and forth
flow of speaking and listening; head nods,
hand gestures and shifts in posture.
Types of Nonverbal communicationTypes of Nonverbal communication
The Body - Body Movement
Adaptors: Nonverbal ways of adjusting to
a communication situation. Often used if
nervous or uncomfortable in a situation.
Often done subconsciously, sometimes to
send a message.
Example: Mother comes over to visit and starts
moving objects around. This sends a message
that you are untidy or you’re still my little child
or I’m still your mom and in charge.
We all find ways to adapt to situations.
Maybe we play with jewelry, drum on
table or move around in our seats.
Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
The Body - Body Appearance
Height and Weight
Race
General Attractiveness
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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
Facial Expressions:
Communicates Emotion
Primary Affect Displays
Affect Blends
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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
Facial Management Techniques
Intensify
Deintensify
Neutralize
Mask
Simulate
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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
Eye Communication The Gaze!
Duration of Eye Contact Direction of Eye Contact
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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
Functions of Eye Contact
Seeking Feedback
Opening Communication
Signaling Nature of Relationship
Lessening Physical Distance
Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
Functions of the Eyes - Avoidance
Maintain Privacy
Signal Lack of Interest
Block Unpleasant Stimuli
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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
Eye Communication - Pupil Dilation
Dilated Pupils More Attractive
Pupil Size Reveals Level of
Emotional Arousal
Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
Artifactual Communication
Clothing – Style and Color
Body Adornment
Space Decoration
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Clothing:Clothing: Clothing – Affects what people think about status,
affiliation, norms and conformity.
Uniforms – military, school. Identifies you with a particular organization.
Occupational – nurses, police officer, business suits. Clothing employees are expected to wear, not as strict as uniform.
Leisure clothing – jeans, sweatshirts. People exert their personal identities here.
Costumes – hats, boots, etc. Highly individualized dress.
Body AdornmentBody Adornment
Hair Color and Style
Make-up
Tattoos
Piercing
Jewelry
Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
Touch Communication
Touch (haptics) is very important for
babies and people of all ages .
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Touch Communication – 5 Touch Communication – 5 categories:categories:
1. Functional professional touch – has a specific reason. Example: doctor’s office
2. Social polite touch – acknowledge someone else. Example: handshake
3. Friendship warmth touch – hugs between friends.
4. Love-intimacy touch – usually between parent-child and lovers.
5. Arousal touch – used as expression attraction.
Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
Touch Communication
Meanings Positive Feelings
Intention to Play
Control Behavior
Greeting and Departure
Task-Related
Touch Avoidance
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Touch Communication:Touch Communication:
1929 US Government study of orphans.
Orphans dying prematurely.
Cause: Marasmaras
Greek word = “to waste away.”
Touch Communication:Touch Communication:
Touch increases mental and physical functioning, self-disclosure and compliance and tips for waiters and waitresses.
Non-touchers: China, Japan, Korea
Touchers: Italy, France, Mexico
Neutral: USA, Germany
Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
Time
Chronemics = the study of time
Emphasis on Past, Present, or Future
Cultural Time Perspectives
Monochronemic - fixed
Polychronemic – not fixed
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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
Smell
Attraction Messages
Taste Messages
Memory Messages
Identification Messages
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Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication
Territoriality Primary Territories Secondary Territories Public Territories Territorial Markers
Central MarkersBoundary MarkersEarmarkers
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Types of territoriality:Types of territoriality:
Primary territory – your exclusive areas. E.g. your desk, room, house, etc.
In these areas you are in control and have great influence over others.
Types of territoriality:Types of territoriality:
Secondary territory – Areas that do not belong to you, but because you have occupied them for a period of time, they are associated or assigned to you. E.g. desk at work or in classroom, a certain spot in the cafeteria, a certain table at the restaurant. Spots or areas you have or feel a certain ownership-like attachment.
Types of territoriality:Types of territoriality:
Public territory – Public areas that are open to all people. E.g. park, movie theater, restaurant, beach, etc.
Territorial MarkersTerritorial Markers
Central markers – items you place in a territory to reserve it. E.g. books on your desk or a sweater on a chair to let others know it’s yours.
Territorial MarkersTerritorial Markers
Boundary markers – divides your territory from others. Examples: At the supermarket line, you place the bar between your items and another’s or even arm rests in the movies.
Territorial MarkersTerritorial Markers
Earmarkers – taken from the practice of branding animals on their ears, are those identifying marks that indicate your possession of a territory or an object. E.g. trademarks, name plates and initials on shirts or briefcases.
Territorial Encroachment – 3 types:Territorial Encroachment – 3 types:
Violation - Most extreme and causes “turf defense.” When you cannot tolerate intruders you may choose to defend your territory and expel the intruders.
We see this with gangs defending their streets or neighborhood by fighting other gangs.
Territorial Encroachment – 3 types:Territorial Encroachment – 3 types:
A less extreme is insulation – a strategy where you set up a barrier of some type between your self and the invaders.
Some people will do this with sunglasses to avoid eye contact.
Others put up fences in their yards or partitions at the office.
Territorial Encroachment – 3 types:Territorial Encroachment – 3 types:
Contamination – using, disturbing, breaking, and moving someone else property and/or space. Can also include adding your belongings to another.
Example: Working at someone’s desk when they are not present.
Home is robbed or car is broken into and items destroyed or stolen.
Placing a jacket on someone’s chair.
Improving your nonverbal Improving your nonverbal communication:communication:
How do people react to you? Are you surprised? Watch your nonverbal communication to take an inventory of how you speak.
Videotape your nonverbal communication so you can observe you nonverbal behaviors.
Improving your nonverbal Improving your nonverbal communication:communication:
Match your nonverbal communication and your role. Are they in sync?
How do you use your space?
How do you use time?
Improving your nonverbal Improving your nonverbal communication:communication:
Are you a toucher or nontoucher?
Step outside of your comfort zone or box and try new ways of nonverbal communication.