week 6 day four cold war

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.

Kennedy’s Foreign Policy


• Explain the steps Kennedy took to change American foreign policy.

• Analyze the causes and effects of the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis.

• Assess the results of the Berlin Crisis and other foreign policy events of the 1960s.

Objectives


Terms and People

• John F. Kennedy – a Democratic senator who was elected President in 1960

• Richard M. Nixon – former Republican vice president under Eisenhower who ran for President in 1960 and lost

• Fidel Castro – communist leader of Cuba• flexible response – a defense policy in which the

U.S. military is prepared to fight any type of conflict


• Peace Corps – a U.S. program that sent volunteers to developing countries to assist in education, healthcare, and economics

• Alliance for Progress – a U.S. policy that aimed to renew the former Good Nation Policy toward Latin American nations by providing economic aid

• Bay of Pigs invasion – 1961 failed invasion of Cuba by a CIA-led force of Cuban exiles

• Nikita Khrushchev – the Soviet Union’s prime minister during Kennedy’s presidency

Terms and People (continued)


• Cuban missile crisis – 1962 conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union resulting from the Soviet installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba

• hot line – a telephone line between the White House and Moscow to improve communication between the United States and the Soviet Union after the Cuban missile crisis

• Nuclear Test Ban Treaty – 1963 agreement limiting nuclear testing between the United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and thirty-six other countries

• Berlin Wall – a wall built by the Soviet Union to separate East Berlin from West Berlin



How did Kennedy respond to the continuing challenges of the Cold War?

When John F. Kennedy took office, he faced the spread of communism abroad and the threat of nuclear war.

His enthusiasm and commitment to change offered hope that the challenges of the Cold War could be met.


John F. Kennedy won a close presidential election in 1960, defeating Richard M. Nixon.


Kennedy launched a new Cold War strategy.

• He built up both conventional and special military forces.

• He created a flexible response defense policy.

• He developed the Alliance for Progress to improve relations with Latin American countries.

• He created the Peace Corps.


As ambassadors of American goodwill,

the Peace Corps sent American volunteers to developing nations to assist with such services as education and health care.


The sudden threat of Castro and Communism in nearby Cuba led to two major confrontations.

• Bay of Pigs invasion

• Cuban missile crisis


Kennedy took responsibility for the mission’s failure.

The President said, however, that he would continue to resist efforts by the communists to control other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

In April 1961 the United States invaded Cuba’s Bay of Pigs.

The invasion, conceived by the CIA to overthrow Fidel Castro, involved Cuban exiles who had fled Castro’s rule and settled in the United States.

The Bay of Pigs mission failed.


In 1962, American intelligence agencies photographed Soviet nuclear missile installations in Cuba.

Cuban Missile Crisis


The missiles at these Cuban sites threatened major cities in the United States.


In Public Behind the Scenes

In a television address, Kennedy blamed Soviet Prime Minister Khrushchev for reckless action that threatened world peace.

Kennedy initiated a U.S. naval blockade of Cuba.

Kennedy told the Soviets that the United States would remove U.S. missiles from Turkey and Italy if the Soviets removed their missiles from Cuba.

Kennedy worked to resolve the Cuban missile crisis.


After six tense days, the Soviets backed off.

Nikita Khrushchev agreed to honor the blockade and removed the missiles.

The crisis prompted the two leaders to establish a period of détente. They set up a hot line between Washington, D.C., and Moscow to improve communication.


This treaty ended aboveground nuclear testing.

As a result of the crisis the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and thirty-six other countries signed the first Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963.


The United States also clashed with the Soviets over Berlin.

In 1961 Khrushchev insisted the United States end its military presence in

West Berlin.

Kennedy refused.

Khrushchev ordered the building of the Berlin Wall to separate communist East Berlin from democratic West Berlin.


In response to Khrushchev’s actions, Kennedy requested a large increase in military spending.

He also sent 1,500 more U.S. soldiers to West Berlin.

The Berlin Wall became a symbol of the split between

the communist Eastthe democratic West and the communist East


Origins of the Vietnam War


• Describe the reasons that the United States helped the French fight the Vietnamese.

• Identify ways in which the United States opposed communism in Southeast Asia.

• Analyze how the United States increased its involvement in Vietnam.

Objectives


Terms and People

• Ho Chi Minh − a Vietnamese leader who demanded Vietnam’s independence from France

• domino theory − the idea that if a nation fell to communism, its closest neighbors would follow

• Dien Bien Phu − a French military base besieged by Vietminh troops until the French surrendered


•Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) − defensive alliance aimed at preventing communist aggression in Asia

•Vietcong − South Vietnamese guerrilla fighters supported by communists in North Vietnam

•Gulf of Tonkin Resolution − 1964 congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit American troops to South Vietnam and fight a war against North Vietnam



Why did the United States become involved in Vietnam?

Presidents Kennedy and Johnson shared a vision that the United States would emerge victorious from the Cold War.

As part of this battle, the United States established a new line of defense in Vietnam.


• The United States wanted France as an ally in the Cold War.

• The United States also wanted to support any government that was fighting communism.

The United States became involved in Vietnam for several reasons.


French colonial governments had ruled most of Indochina since the 1800s.

The French exploited Indochina’s wealth by owning plantations, claiming mineral rights, and imposing high taxes.


Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh worked to free Vietnam from colonial rule.

Unable to get support from western nations, he embraced communism and received support from Soviet communists.


In 1954, President Eisenhower introduced the domino theory, which said that if Vietnam became communist, its closest neighbors would follow.

If communism spread throughout the region, Eisenhower feared, it could threaten Japan, the Philippines, and Australia.


The Vietminh hammered at French forces and laid siege to the base for 55 days.

After suffering more than 15,000 casualties, the French surrendered on May 7, 1954.

Despite U.S. financial support, the French were defeated by Vietminh forces at Dien Bien Phu.

In the peace accord that followed, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam gained independence from France.


Vietnam was divided into two countries.

Ho Chi Minh’s communist government ruled North Vietnam.

An anticommunist government, supported by the United States, ruled South Vietnam.


South Vietnam’s president, Ngo Dinh Diem, was not a popular leader.

A group of rebel guerilla fighters formed the National Liberation Front (NLF) to oppose the Diem government and unite Vietnam under communist rule.


The United States supported South Vietnam in several ways.

• formed the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, which opposed communism

• gave economic and military aid

• sent Special Forces soldiers to “advise” South Vietnamese troops


In 1961, President Kennedy sent Special Forces troops to help fight the Vietcong, the guerilla fighters of the National Liberation Front.

The Diem government remained unpopular, however, and the Kennedy administration worked behind the scenes to remove Diem from power.


In 1964, President Johnson faced his first crisis in Vietnam.

North Vietnam attacked an American destroyer in the Gulf of Tonkin.

Johnson ordered an airstrike against North Vietnam.

He then asked Congress to authorize the use of force to defend U.S. troops.

In response, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.


The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave Johnson tremendous war powers.

• It allowed him to commit U.S. troops to South Vietnam.

• It enabled him to fight a war against North Vietnam without asking Congress for a declaration of war.


Nixon's Foreign Policy


• Explain the thinking behind Richard Nixon’s foreign policy.

• Define Nixon’s foreign policy toward China and the Soviet Union.

Objectives


Terms and People

• Henry Kissinger − President Nixon’s leading adviser on national security and international affairs

• realpolitik − the belief that political goals should be defined by concrete national interests instead of abstract ideologies

• Zhou Enlai − Premier of China when Nixon made a state visit to China in 1972


• Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) − 1972 treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union that froze the deployment of intercontinental ballistic missiles and placed limits on antiballistic missiles

• détente − flexible diplomacy adopted by Richard Nixon to ease tensions between the United States, the Soviet Union, and the People’s Republic of China



How did Richard Nixon change Cold War diplomacy during his presidency?

After the Vietnam War, President Nixon developed a new approach to the Cold War.

His bold program redefined America’s relations with the Soviet Union and China.


President Nixon redefined U.S. foreign policy.

• He did not divide the world into “us” (democratic countries) and “them” (communist countries).

• He practiced realpolitik — foreign policy based on concrete national interests rather than ideology.

• He concluded that there was no united worldwide communist movement.


Henry Kissinger was President’s Nixon’s leading adviser on national security and international affairs.

Together they altered America’s Cold War policy, improving the country’s relations with China and the Soviet Union.


• Diplomatic relations with China would bring economic opportunities to the United States.

• An improved relationship with China would weaken China’s ties to the Soviet Union.

A political realist, Nixon wanted to establish diplomatic relations with China.

The United States stood to gain much by recognizing China.


China invited an American ping-pong team to play in a tournament.

Kissinger used that opportunity to work behind the scenes, talking with Chinese leaders and ironing out sensitive issues.Chinese and American

players training together


In February 1972, President Nixon visited China and met with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai.


Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev invited President Nixon to visit Moscow.

• Trade thrived between the United States and China.

• American tourists began to visit China.

Nixon’s visit to China resulted in several benefits for the United States.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_1955.svg


In May 1972, Nixon met with Brezhnev in Moscow.

• They signed SALT 1, the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, a major step towards ending the nuclear arms race.

• The two leaders agreed to reduce pollution and undertake a joint U.S.–Soviet space mission.


Nixon’s policy of détente, the easing of Cold War tensions, replaced the old policy based on suspicions and distrust.

His foreign-policy breakthroughs moved the world closer to the end of the Cold War.

week 6 day four cold war

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