W E E K 5

CHAPTER 10RECIPES – BLUEPRINTS FOR FOOD

OBJECTIVES

• AFTER READING THIS CHAPTER, YOU WILL BE ABLE TO:• 1. describe the parts of a recipe• 2. define recipe terms• 3. measure ingredients accurately.

NEW TERMS

• Recipe:• A list of ingredients and directions for preparing a

food.• Yield:• The number and size of portions a recipe will

make.

• A recipe is a blueprint for preparing food.• A recipe is a plan that tells a cook how to “build”

a food.• A builder looks at the blueprint to see what

building supplies are needed.• A cook looks at a recipe to see what ingredients

are needed.• If a builder follows the blueprints exactly they will

get the same house every time• If you follow a recipe exactly, you will get the

same food every time.

WHERE CAN YOU FIND RECIPES?

• Cookbooks• The internet• Newspapers• Magazines• Through friends• Through family.

PARTS OF A RECIPE

• A recipe tells you exactly what you must do to make the food.• It tell you: (can be divided into 5 parts)• 1. What ingredients you need• 2. Cooking equipment • 3. Cooking time and temperature• 4. Steps to follow• 5. yield

INGREDIENT LIST• This list tells you which ingredients are needed to

make the recipe.• Tells you the amounts of each ingredient.• Recipes that are the easiest to use list the ingredients

in the order they are used.• List the exact form of each ingredient. (low-fat cheese)• This list helps you have your shopping list.• Sometimes you can substitute one ingredient for

another.• Some cookbooks have a substitution list. • Use the list to get out all the needed ingredients.

Arrange them in the order they are needed.• You will be able to make the recipe without stopping

and searching for an ingredient.

COOKING EQUIPMENT NEEDED• Most recipes tell you how to prepare the food, but

do not say the equipment needed.• Most cases, if you look at what the recipe tells you

to do, you can use common sense to figure out equipment needed.

• Example – slice a carrot.• Sometimes specific equipment is listed. • Example – large mixing bowl.• A recipe may tell you to use a pan of a certain size.• It is important to use the right size pan.• If too small, ingredients may overflow, if too large

ingredients will spread out, they may cook too quickly.

COOKING TEMPERATURE AND TIME.

• Some recipes give you can exact cooking temperature and time.• Example:• Cook the food at 350 degrees F• Other recipes tell you how to cook the food.• Example:• Heat water until it boils.• Simmer sauce until thick

STEPS TO FOLLOW

• These describe what you MUST do to prepare a recipe.• They are list in order they should be done.• Sometimes the steps are numbered.• Other times they steps are written in paragraph

form.• Some steps tell you how to get ingredients and

equipment ready.• Other steps state how and when to combine

ingredients.• Steps also explain what to do with the blended

ingredients.

YIELD

• Is the number and size of portions a recipe will make.• Tells you how many people you can serve.• Tells you how much each person will get.• Helps you decide if you need more or less food

than the recipe will make.• So you can choose to cut a recipe in half, or make

the whole recipe and have leftovers.

RECIPE SAMPLE

RECIPE LANGUAGE

• Recipes have a language all their own.• It is made up of terms that describe exactly how

to prepare, combine, or cook ingredients.• Language is easy to learn• The meaning of some terms are alike, meaning

do differ.• You need to know how they differ.• You are more likely to have a successful recipe if

you know the recipe language

GETTING READY TO COOK!

• Some equipment needs to be prepared before you use it.• These terms tell you how to get cooking

equipment ready.

• Grease:• To rub or spray lightly with fat or oil.• Preheat:• To heat a conventional oven to the cooking

temperature before putting food in the oven.• These terms tell you how to handle ingredients:• Sift:• To put dry ingredients through a flour sifter.• Baste: • To moisten foods during baking or roasting with fat,

juice, or sauce. Add flavor and keeps food moist• Drain:• To remove liquid from a food by pouring off the

liquid or drying the food with paper towels.

GETTING UNDER THE SKIN• Some fruits and vegetables need to have their

skin removed.• Recipes tell you when to do this.• Terms:• Scrape:• To remove a very thin layer of outer skin by

rubbing it with a knife or vegetable peeler.• Pare:• To cut off out skin with a knife or vegetable peeler• Peel:• To strip or pull off the outer skin using your

fingers or a knife.

ANYWAY YOU SLICE IT

• There are many ways to cut foods.• Some are cut in large pieces• Others are cut very small.• The terms used in a recipe tell you how to cut the

ingredients.

TERMS LISTED FROM THE LARGEST PIECES TO THE SMALLEST

• Slice:• To cut into flat pieces. May be thick or thin.• Julienne:• To cut into long, very thing strips the size of

matchsticks.• Shred:• To cut into long, very thin strips using a knife or

the large holes of a grater.• Cube or dice:• To cut into cubes about ½ inch thick in size

• Grate:• To cut into small pieces using the small holes of a

grater• Chop:• To cut into small uneven pieces• Mince:• To cut into very small pieces.• Puree:• To grind or mash food until it becomes a smooth

and liquid• Grind:• To crush into very thin bits by putting food through

a food grinder.

slice Julienne

Shred C u b e

Grate Chop

Mince Puree

• Grind

MIXING INGREDIENTS

• There are many ways to combine ingredients.• Some are slow using gentle motions • Others are fast using forceful motions• Stir, mix, blend, beat, cream and whip have

similar meanings• They mean to combine ingredients with a spoon,

wire whisk, beater, or electric mixer.• Main difference is the speed and force of motion

used.

MIXING TERMS – ARRANGED IN ORDER FROM GENTLEST MOTION TO MOST FORCEFUL.

• Fold: gently combine ingredients, to do: slice a spatula down through the center of a mixture, then slide the spatula across the bottom and up the side, gently lifting and turning the ingredients. Repeat steps until well blended.• Knead: to press and fold a ball of dough with the

heels of your hands until the dough is smooth and elastic.

Fold Knead

• Stir: to slowly move a spoon in a circle to combine ingredients• Mix: to combine ingredients by stirring or beating

them• Blend: to mix ingredients until they are very

smooth• Beat: to stir quickly with a spoon, wire whisk,

beater, or mixer until ingredients are smooth

Stir Mix

Blend Beat

Cream Whip

• Cut in• To combine solid fat, such as shortening, with a

flour mixture by cutting the fat into tiny pieces with knives or a pastry blender.

COOKING WITH FAT

• Foods cooked in hot fat are called fried foods.• Cooked in an uncovered pan.• Fat is added to the pan in all types of frying

except pan-broiling.• The amount of fat added to the pan varies.• Deep frying uses the most fat.• Stir frying requires the least fat.• The fat used in pan broiling comes from the meat

being cooked.

• Saute: to brown or cook lightly and quickly in a small amount of hot fat. Also called pan frying.• Deep fry: to cook food by completely immersing

it in hot fat, also called French frying.• Stir fry: to cook pieces of food quickly in a very

small amount of hot fat. Food is stirred throughout cooking.• Pan-broiling: to cook meat in its own fat, the fat

melts as the meat cooks. The fat is poured off as it collects.

COOKING WITH LIQUIDS

• Food can be cooked in any hot liquid• Often water or milk• Other liquids too, yogurt is an example.• Some are cooked in a large amount of liquid• Others are cooked in a small amount• Boiling and poaching use large amounts of liquid• Small amounts are used to steam or braise foods.

• Most foods cooked in liquid are prepared on the cooktop• Some are cooked in the oven• May be covered or uncovered.• Your recipe will tell you the type and amount of

liquid to use and how to heat it. It will also tell you if the pan needs to be covered.

• Blanch: to put a food in boiling water for a very short time to precook it.• Boil: to cook in hot liquid that has bubbles that

rise and break on the surface of the liquid.• Braise: to cook large pieces of meat or poultry

slowly in a small amount of hot liquid• Parboil: to boil until partly cooked. Cooking is

finished using another method.

• Poach: to cook gently in enough hot liquid so that the food can float.• Scald: to heat milk just until tiny bubbles form at

the edge of the pan• Simmer: to cook in liquid that is almost boiling,

but is not hot enough to bubble.• Stew: to slowly cook small pieces of food in

moderate amounts of liquid.• Steam:To cook in a pan using steam that rises

from boiling liquid.

COOKING WITH DRY HEAT

• No fat or liquid is added• Mainly cooked in an oven or toaster or on a grill.

• Bake: to cook in hot air in an oven• Barbecue: to roast slowly over hot coals or in an

oven and baste with a spicy sauce• Broil: to cook directly under a very hot heating

unit in an oven• Brown: to make the surface of a food brown by

baking, broiling, or toasting it.• Roast: to bake meat, fish, or poultry uncovered

in hot air in an oven or over hot coals.• Toast: to brown foods using dry heat, usually in

an oven or toaster.

COOLING FOODS

• Some foods are served cold.• Recipes may instruct you to cool, chill or freeze

ingredients.• Cool: to let heated food come to room

temperature• Chill: to put food in the refrigerator to make it

cold.• Freeze: to lower the food’s temperature to its

freezing point or below.

MEASURING MATTERS

• Success with recipes depends on accurate measurements.• If measurements are off, even the best recipe

won’t look and taste good.• Many recipes use abbreviations (a shortened form

of a word)

COMMON ABBREVIATIONS• c• °C• °F• g or gm• Kg• L• lb or #• ml• oz• pt• qt• t or tsp• T or tbsp

• Cup• Degrees Celsius• Degrees Fahrenheit• Gram• Kilogram• Liter• Pound• Mililiter• Ounce• Pint• Quart• Teaspoon• tablespoon

INGREDIENT AMOUNTS

• May be given as units, weights, or volumes.• Units tell you how many of an ingredient you

should use.• Such as 2 eggs• Weights tell you how heavy an ingredients should

be• Such as 20 pounds of flour.• Volume: is the space an ingredient occupies. • Such as a cup of flour. • You use measuring cups or spoons

COMMON MEASURING CUPS OR SPOONS

Measuring Cups

• 1 cup

• ½ cup

• 1/3 cup

• ¼ cup

Measuring Spoons

• 1 tablespoon

• 1 teaspoon

• ½ teaspoon

• ¼ teaspoon

• Volume ingredients can either be dry or liquid.• Dry ingredient examples• Sugar• Flour• Shortening• Liquid ingredients examples• Milk• Water• oil

• The method used to measure dry ingredients differs from the method used to measure liquid ingredients.• Knowing how to measure each type of ingredients

helps you to get the exact amount needed.• Success depends on accurate measurements

MEASURING DRY INGREDIENTS

• Dry ingredients are measured using measuring spoons or fry measuring cups• These ingredients are measured the same

whether use standard or metric measuring cups or spoons.• Here’s how to measure dry ingredients• 1. fill the measuring cup or spoon with the

ingredient• 2. drag the straight edge of a metal spatula or

knife over the cup or spoon to level off the ingredient.

SOME INGREDIENTS REQUIRE SPECIAL TREATMENT.

FLOUR

• Before measuring:• Stir the flour with a spoon or fluff it with a fork to

loosen it.• Gently place spoonfuls of flour into the measuring

cup.• If lumpy, or calls for sifted flour, you can sift it

into the measuring cup.• Powdered sugar is measured the same way.

• Dipping the measuring cup into the flour causes the flour to pack down.• Shaking the filled measuring cup also causes the

flour to pack down.• If you pack flour down, you will end up with more

flour than called for in the recipe.• Food may be too dry or tough.

BROWN SUGAR

• Press the brown sugar into the measuring cup• Pack it down until the measuring cup is full• Level it off.• When you empty the brown sugar out of the cup,

it should hold the shape of the cup.

SOLID FATS

• Shortening, butter and margarine are solid fats.• Measure solid fat by pressing it into the

measuring cup and leveling it off.• Use a rubber spatula to remove the fat from the

measuring cup• Another way to measure sticks of butter and

margarine is to use the markings on their wrappers.• One stick usually equals one-half cup• The wrapper markings often show tablespoons.

MEASURING LIQUID INGREDIENTS• Measured using liquid measuring cups• Small amount are measured with measuring

spoons.• Measured that same way whether you use

standard or metric measuring spoons.• How to measure liquid ingredients.• 1. place the liquid measuring cup on a level

surface• 2. Bend down and look at the measurements

written on the side of the measuring cup. Pour the liquid into the measuring cup until you have the amount you need.

• Be sure the bend down to read the measurements.• If you lift the cup to check the amount of liquid,

the cup will tilt.• You will end up with more or less liquid than you

need.

ADJUSTING RECIPE YIELDS

• There are times when you may want to adjust a recipe to yield more or fewer servings,• There are websites that will adjust recipes

automatically for you.• It is easy to do by hand• 1. decide how many servings you need• 2 divide the servings you need by the servings

one recipe.• The answer you get is the number you will use to

adjust your recipe.• Servings you need / servings one recipe yields = recipe

adjustment number.

• You will then need to multiply the amount of each ingredient by the recipe adjustment.• It is easier to increase a recipe when you do not

have to work with fractions.• For example it may be easier to make 16 servings

even when you only need 14.

USING EQUIVALENTS

• Increasing or decreasing recipes is easier when you know equivalent amounts of ingredients.• They are 2 ways of saying the same thing.• They help you adjust recipes

COMMON STANDARD EQUIVALENTS

• 3 teaspoons• 16 tablespoons• 2 cups• 2 pints• 4 quarts

• = 1 tablespoon• = 1 cup• = 1 pint• = 1 quart• = 1 gallon

• Some recipes are easier to adjust than others.• Exact amounts are not as critical when you make

soups, stews and salads.• However exact amount are very important when

making cookies, cakes, bread, and other baked goods.• If you need to adjust an ingredient.• Write down the exact amount you will need.

MATH IN THE KITCHEN: MEASUREMENT COUNT

• Skilled cooks know that accurate measurements are the key to success.

• You can perform this experiment to see how important accurate measurements really are:

• 1 gently fill a 1 cup dry measuring cup with spoonfuls of flour.

• When its heaping full, weigh it and record its weight.• 2. Now level off the flour filled cup, weight it.• 3. Next shake the flour-filled cup, add flour, shake

and add more flour, until no more can be added, weight it

• 4. place an 18 inch long piece of waxed paper on the counter. • Empty the flour in the measuring cup into a sifter.

Place the measuring cup in the center of the maxed paper.• Sift the flour until the cup is heaping full. Weigh

the flour.• 5. level off the sifted flour, weigh the cup.

• Experiment #1 – spooned in flour heaping full = 6.30 oz.

• Experiment #2 – same cup leveled off = 5.60 oz. • Experiment #3 – shaken cup heaping = 6.35

oz.• Experiment #4 – leveled off = 5.70 oz.• Experiment #5 – sifted flour = 6.00 oz.

• Experiment #6 – sifted leveled = 5.35 oz.

• Which up of flour weighed the most?• Shaken Cup• Which cup weighed the least?• Sifted cup• What was the difference in the weight of the cup

of flour that weighed the most and the cup of flour that weighted the least?• Almost a whole ounce• Why do the weight vary?• What conclusions can you draw from this

experiment.

CULTURES OF THE WORLD CHINESE STIR-FRY

• China is one of the largest countries on earth.• Cuisine varies from one region to the next.• Example:• Szechwan (SESH-wan) foods are spicy• Shanghai (SHANG-hi) foods are sweet.• Taste of food may differ as you travel from one

region to the next.• However you will see the same kitchen

equipment and cooking methods.• In fact they hardly changed in the last 2,000

years.

• Most important equipment• Wide blade knife• A wok• They cut foods into small pieces so they will cook

quickly and are easy to eat with chopsticks.• Once cooked they are combined and cooked in

the wok.

• Stir frying is a widely used cooking method.• This because• Foods cook quickly and uses little fuel (which is

scarce in China)• Woks are used for:• Boiling, steaming, and deep frying.• People in China eat mostly vegetables, and either

rice or wheat.

• Rice grows well in the hot, rainy, southern areas of China. • It is eaten a every meal.• It is impolite not to eat every grain of rice served.• In the northern part of China wheat grows well.• Used to make• Steamed buns, pancakes, and dumplings and noodles.• They use long noodles because it stands for long life.• It is tradition to give noodles as a b-day gift in some areas

of China.• Tea is a popular beverage. Hundreds of types of tea grown

there.• 2 of the most popular are Dragon’s whiskers, and silver

Needles.• There is a legend that hundreds of years ago, tea farmers

taught monkey’s to gather tea leaves for them.

IN THE KNOW QUESTIONS

1.

• The ingredient list tell you _______.• A. the method for measuring ingredients.• B. how to combine ingredients.• C. the amount of ingredients needed.• D. the yield.

2

• ________ is the number and size of portions a recipe will make.

3.

• Write the word that each of the following abbreviations represents.• A. #• B. tsp• C. oz.• D. kg• E. ml• F. c

4.

• Which term below would result in the smallest pieces of food?• A. julienne• B. mince• C. cube• D. shred

5.

• ______ means to moisten food during roasting to keep the food from drying out.

6.

• Which term below is gentlest way to combine ingredients?• A. whip• B. cream• C. fold• D. beat

7

• Which cooking method uses the most fat?

8.

• What do blanch, braise, and poach have in common?

9. TRUE OR FALSE

• Liquid and dry ingredients should be measured with liquid measuring cups.

10.

• It is best to use _____ to level ingredients in a dry measuring cup.• A. the straight edge of a knife• B. your finger• C a spoon• D. any of the above.

11.

• Explain how to measure one cup of water.

IN A NUTSHELL

• A recipe is a list of ingredients and directions for preparing food.• The 5 parts of a recipe are the ingredient list,

cooking equipment needed, cooking time and temperature, steps to follow, and yield.• Recipe terms tell you exactly how to prepare,

combine, or cook ingredients. • Foods can be cooked in hot fat, hot liquid, or hot,

dry air.

• Recipe success depends on accurate measurements.• Ingredient amounts may be given as units,

volumes or weights.• To adjust a recipe’s yield, divide the servings you

need by the servings one recipe yields. Multiply the amount of each ingredient in the recipe by this number.

IN THE KNOW ANSWERS

1.

• The ingredient list tell you _______.• A. the method for measuring ingredients.• B. how to combine ingredients.• C. the amount of ingredients needed.• D. the yield.

• C. the amount of ingredients needed.

2

• ________ is the number and size of portions a recipe will make.

• Yield

3.

• Write the word that each of the following abbreviations represents.• A. # = pound• B. tsp = teaspoon• C. oz. = ounce• D. kg = kilogram• E. ml = mililiter• F. c = cup

4.

• Which term below would result in the smallest pieces of food?• A. julienne• B. mince• C. cube• D. shred

• B. mince

5.

• ______ means to moisten food during roasting to keep the food from drying out.

• Baste

6.

• Which term below is gentlest way to combine ingredients?• A. whip• B. cream• C. fold• D. beat

• C. fold

7

• Which cooking method uses the most fat?

• Deep-frying

8.

• What do blanch, braise, and poach have in common?

• All are ways to cook food in liquid

9. TRUE OR FALSE

• Liquid and dry ingredients should be measured with liquid measuring cups.

• False

10.

• It is best to use _____ to level ingredients in a dry measuring cup.• A. the straight edge of a knife• B. your finger• C a spoon• D. any of the above.

• A. a straight edge of a knife.

11.

• Explain how to measure one cup of water.

• 1. set the liquid measuring cup on a level surface.• 2. bend down and pour in the water until it

reaches the one-cup measurement marked on the side of the measuring cup.

GO STUDY FOR YOU TEST!