GIANLORENZO BERNINIGIANLORENZO BERNINI(Self Portrait, age 25) (Self Portrait, age 25)

Born December 7, 1598 Born December 7, 1598 Naples, Italy Naples, Italy

BERNINIBERNINI 1609: Gianlorezno carves 1609: Gianlorezno carves a portrait bust that is so a portrait bust that is so impressive that the Pope impressive that the Pope asks that the boy be asks that the boy be brought to him. He asks brought to him. He asks the boy to sketch a head the boy to sketch a head of St. Paul, and is so of St. Paul, and is so awed by the boy’s talent awed by the boy’s talent that he decides the child’s that he decides the child’s education and training areeducation and training are matters of utmost matters of utmost importance. He entrusts importance. He entrusts the child to a noted the child to a noted patron, Cardinal Maffeo patron, Cardinal Maffeo Barberini, with the hope Barberini, with the hope that the boy will become that the boy will become “ “the Michelangelo of our the Michelangelo of our century.”century.”Pope Paul V by Guido Reni Pope Paul V by Guido Reni

BERNINIBERNINI

1623: Maffeo Barberini 1623: Maffeo Barberini assumes the papacy as assumes the papacy as Pope Urban VIIIPope Urban VIII

Pope Urban VIII Pope Urban VIII by Bernini (for the Pope’sby Bernini (for the Pope’stomb in St. Peter’s) tomb in St. Peter’s)

BERNINIBERNINI

““Ecstatic Baroque”Ecstatic Baroque”(“High Baroque”) (“High Baroque”)

““Catholic Restoration”Catholic Restoration”

BERNINIBERNINI

Mary Magdelene, 1661 Mary Magdelene, 1661

BERNINIBERNINI

St. Jerome, 1661 St. Jerome, 1661

BERNINIBERNINI

Ecstasy of St. Teresa,Ecstasy of St. Teresa,1645-52 (Cornaro 1645-52 (Cornaro Chapel, Sta. Maria Chapel, Sta. Maria della Vittoria, Rome)della Vittoria, Rome)

BERNINIBERNINI

Death of the Blessed Lucdovica Albertoni, 1674Death of the Blessed Lucdovica Albertoni, 1674(Altieri Chapel, San Francisco a Ripa, Rome)(Altieri Chapel, San Francisco a Ripa, Rome)

““ECSTATIC BAROQUE”ECSTATIC BAROQUE”

Ecstasy of St. Margaret of Ecstasy of St. Margaret of Cortona by Gionvanni LanfrancoCortona by Gionvanni Lanfranco

BERNINIBERNINI

Bernini: received over 30 Bernini: received over 30 commissions from Urbancommissions from UrbanVIII, and several official VIII, and several official posts including, at the age posts including, at the age of 30, Architect of St. of 30, Architect of St. Peter’s. Peter’s.

BERNINI: ST. PETER’SBERNINI: ST. PETER’S

BERNINI: ST. PETER’SBERNINI: ST. PETER’S

Baldacchino Baldacchino

Baldacchino: begun in 1624 Baldacchino: begun in 1624 (when Bernini was 25). (when Bernini was 25). Ninety-five foot bronze Ninety-five foot bronze canopy directly under thecanopy directly under thedome over the crossingdome over the crossingand directly over supposedand directly over supposedburial site of St. Peter at theburial site of St. Peter at thecrossing of the basilica crossing of the basilica

BERNINI: ST. PETER’S--Baldacchino (1624-33)BERNINI: ST. PETER’S--Baldacchino (1624-33)

BERNINI: ST. PETER’S—Crossing (Saints and relics)BERNINI: ST. PETER’S—Crossing (Saints and relics)

BERNINI: ST. PETER’S—Cathedra PetriBERNINI: ST. PETER’S—Cathedra Petri

Cathedra Petri Cathedra Petri (“Peter’s Chair”):(“Peter’s Chair”): visible upon entering the visible upon entering the church and framed by the church and framed by the columns of the columns of the Baldacchino. Baldacchino.

Cathedra Petri: a Cathedra Petri: a hollow reliquary—hollow reliquary—encased by Bernini encased by Bernini within is an old wooden within is an old wooden chair believed to have chair believed to have been used by St. Peter,been used by St. Peter,making it the first papal making it the first papal throne (in fact, tests throne (in fact, tests of the wood it datesof the wood it datesonly from the 8only from the 8thth or or 99thth century). century).

BERNINI: ST. PETER’S—Cathedra Petri (1657-66)BERNINI: ST. PETER’S—Cathedra Petri (1657-66)

BERNINI: ST. PETER’S—Interior (tombs)BERNINI: ST. PETER’S—Interior (tombs)

Tomb of Pope Tomb of Pope Urban VIIIUrban VIII

BERNINI: ST. PETER’S—Interior (tombs)BERNINI: ST. PETER’S—Interior (tombs)

Tomb of Pope Tomb of Pope Alexander VII Alexander VII (1678-79)(1678-79)

BERNINI: ST. PETER’S—Piazza St. Peter’s (1656-67) BERNINI: ST. PETER’S—Piazza St. Peter’s (1656-67)

Piazza St. Peter’s: Piazza St. Peter’s: creates a large, creates a large, open space where open space where 250,000 people 250,000 people can gather to can gather to receive the pope’s receive the pope’s blessing from blessing from either the basilica either the basilica or the Vatican or the Vatican Palace directly to Palace directly to the north.the north.

BERNINI: ST. PETER’S—Constantine in Scala Regia BERNINI: ST. PETER’S—Constantine in Scala Regia

Scala Regia Scala Regia (Royal Staircase) (Royal Staircase)

Scala Regia: private Scala Regia: private entrance used by the entrance used by the pope to go between St.pope to go between St.Peter’s and the Vatican.Peter’s and the Vatican.Bernini redesigned the Bernini redesigned the steps so they would be steps so they would be less steep and more less steep and more regular, and sculpted regular, and sculpted a statue of Constantinea statue of Constantineplaced in the passageplaced in the passageway leading directly way leading directly into the church. into the church.

BERNINI: ST. PETER’S—Constantine in Scala Regia BERNINI: ST. PETER’S—Constantine in Scala Regia

BERNINI: ARCHITECTURE—Projects in Rome (Fountains) BERNINI: ARCHITECTURE—Projects in Rome (Fountains)

Fountain of Fountain of the Four Rivers the Four Rivers (Piazza Navona;(Piazza Navona; 1651): allegories 1651): allegories of the four of the four continents/ continents/ corners of the corners of the earth.earth.

BERNINI: PORTRAIT SCULPTURE, SCULPTED BUSTSBERNINI: PORTRAIT SCULPTURE, SCULPTED BUSTS

Francesco d’Este, Francesco d’Este, Duke of ModenaDuke of Modena

1650s: flowing hair, 1650s: flowing hair, billowing robe or billowing robe or cloak cloak

DUTCH GENRE PAINTINGDUTCH GENRE PAINTING

Woman Holding a Woman Holding a Balance by Vermeer,Balance by Vermeer,c. 1664 c. 1664

DUTCH GENRE PAINTINGDUTCH GENRE PAINTING

Feast of St. NicholasFeast of St. Nicholasby Jan Steenby Jan Steen

Still Life by William Claesz. HedaStill Life by William Claesz. Heda

DUTCH STILL LIFE: MORALIZING MEANINGS DUTCH STILL LIFE: MORALIZING MEANINGS

Still Life by Willem Claesz. Heda (1636)Still Life by Willem Claesz. Heda (1636)

Lemon: looks Lemon: looks but has a bitter but has a bitter

taste; metaphor taste; metaphor for the deceptive for the deceptive nature of worldly nature of worldly

pleasure. pleasure.

Life of Man by Jan Steen (c.1665)Life of Man by Jan Steen (c.1665)

Boy blowing bubbles and Boy blowing bubbles and skull: vanitas, insignificance skull: vanitas, insignificance of worldly pursuits, desires of worldly pursuits, desires

DUTCH GENRE PAINTING: MORALIZING MEANINGS DUTCH GENRE PAINTING: MORALIZING MEANINGS

DUTCH GENRE PAINTING: MORALIZING MEANINGS DUTCH GENRE PAINTING: MORALIZING MEANINGS

Sleeping Sportsman Sleeping Sportsman by Gabriel Metsu by Gabriel Metsu (c.1660)(c.1660)

““Vogelen” (birds): Vogelen” (birds): slang for sex slang for sex

DUTCH GENRE PAINTING: MORALIZING MEANINGS DUTCH GENRE PAINTING: MORALIZING MEANINGS

The Morning Toilet The Morning Toilet by Jan Steenby Jan Steen (1663)(1663)

Candle and open jewelCandle and open jewel box: “Neither does one box: “Neither does one buy pearls in the dark, buy pearls in the dark, nor does one look for nor does one look for love at night.” (periodlove at night.” (period cliché)cliché)

“ “Kous” (stocking):Kous” (stocking): slang for vaginaslang for vagina

She is a prostitute; She is a prostitute; moral about illicit sexmoral about illicit sex

Putting on Putting on stocking stocking

Candle and open Candle and open jewel box jewel box

DUTCH STILL LIFE: MORALIZING MEANINGS DUTCH STILL LIFE: MORALIZING MEANINGS

Still Life by Willem Claesz. Heda (1636)Still Life by Willem Claesz. Heda (1636)

Lemon: looks Lemon: looks but has a bitter but has a bitter

taste; metaphor taste; metaphor for the deceptive for the deceptive nature of worldly nature of worldly

pleasure. pleasure.

DUTCH STILL LIFE: MORALIZING MEANINGS DUTCH STILL LIFE: MORALIZING MEANINGS

Vanitas Still Lifes by Harmen Steenwijck (c.1640s) Vanitas Still Lifes by Harmen Steenwijck (c.1640s)

Transience Transience

Withered branch Withered branch

Burned out pipes Burned out pipes

Snuffed out candle Snuffed out candle

Over-turned glassOver-turned glassHistory book History book

--In a 20+ year career as a --In a 20+ year career as a painter, may not have painter, may not have painted more than 50 works.painted more than 50 works.--Born and baptized in Delft in --Born and baptized in Delft in 1632 1632 --Father owned a tavern (in the --Father owned a tavern (in the same building as their home), same building as their home), designed and sold silk cloth,designed and sold silk cloth, and was registered as a and was registered as a master art dealermaster art dealer--Registered with Guild of St. --Registered with Guild of St. Luke in 1653, dues not fully Luke in 1653, dues not fully paid until 1656. Periodically paid until 1656. Periodically listed as a board member.listed as a board member.

Registry, Guild of Registry, Guild of St. Luke St. Luke

VERMEER: KNOWN DOCUMENTATION OF HIS LIFEVERMEER: KNOWN DOCUMENTATION OF HIS LIFE

--Married in 1653; his wife’s--Married in 1653; his wife’s mother, Maria Thins, had anmother, Maria Thins, had an small but impressive artsmall but impressive art collection.collection.--Apparently had a patron--Apparently had a patron named Van Ruijven, who named Van Ruijven, who had rights of first refusal onhad rights of first refusal on his works. Van Ruijvenhis works. Van Ruijven owned at least 20 Vermeers,owned at least 20 Vermeers, dating from the 1650s to dating from the 1650s to the 1670s. It is believed Vanthe 1670s. It is believed Van Ruijven kept Vermeer on a Ruijven kept Vermeer on a retainer—this is not retainer—this is not specifically documented, butspecifically documented, but Van Ruijven’s cousin had Van Ruijven’s cousin had exactly such an arrangementexactly such an arrangement with Gerard Dou.with Gerard Dou.

Registry, Guild of Registry, Guild of St. Luke St. Luke

VERMEER: KNOWN DOCUMENTATION OF HIS LIFEVERMEER: KNOWN DOCUMENTATION OF HIS LIFE

VERMEER: KNOWN DOCUMENTATION OF HIS LIFEVERMEER: KNOWN DOCUMENTATION OF HIS LIFE

--Various loan certificates --Various loan certificates survive.survive.--Vermeer took over his father’s --Vermeer took over his father’s house and tavern, but had house and tavern, but had to rent them out in 1672 and to rent them out in 1672 and move to a smaller house.move to a smaller house.--Dies in 1676, leaving 8 --Dies in 1676, leaving 8 children and various debts; children and various debts; his widow is forced to give his widow is forced to give some of his paintings to a some of his paintings to a baker as a collateral for a baker as a collateral for a bakery bill.bakery bill.

Registry, Guild of Registry, Guild of St. Luke St. Luke

VERMEER: KNOWN DOCUMENTATION OF HIS LIFEVERMEER: KNOWN DOCUMENTATION OF HIS LIFE

--His widow petitions for --His widow petitions for bankruptcy; various paintings bankruptcy; various paintings seized to cover debts, seized to cover debts, including 26 by a merchant including 26 by a merchant against a grocery bill.against a grocery bill.

Notice of bankruptcy of Notice of bankruptcy of Vermeer’s widow Vermeer’s widow

VERMEER: MORALIZING MEANINGSVERMEER: MORALIZING MEANINGS

Maidservant PouringMaidservant PouringMilk: domesticMilk: domesticvirtue?—women at virtue?—women at choreschores

Nurturing?—milk Nurturing?—milk

VERMEER: MORALIZING MEANINGSVERMEER: MORALIZING MEANINGS

Lady Weighing Gold Lady Weighing Gold Scales: vanitas Scales: vanitas

The Last Judgment The Last Judgment

Christ in judgment Christ in judgment

The Saved The Saved The Damned The Damned

VERMEER: MORALIZING MEANINGSVERMEER: MORALIZING MEANINGS

St. Michael with St. Michael with scales judging scales judging

souls souls

By Hans MemlingBy Hans Memling(15(15thth century) century)

Takes place of Takes place of St. Michael, bridge St. Michael, bridge

between secular between secular and sacred worlds: and sacred worlds:

as you judge in as you judge in this world, this world,

someday you will someday you will be judged be judged