week 3 - slide 1
TRANSCRIPT
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European Landscapes
• Physical Landscapes
– Climate
– Geomorphology
– Hydrography
• Cultural Landscapes
– Cultural Attributes
– Religion
– Selected Aspects of the Cultural Landscape
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Physical Landscapes
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European Climates
What’s significant about European Climates?
• Location of Continent– Further to the North than North America
– Climate classification: Koeppen
• Gulf Stream– North Atlantic Circulation
– Climate Change debate
• Predominant Weather Patterns– Grosswetterlagen(GWL) – Weather Patterns
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What makes the European Weather?
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What makes the European Weather?
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Contemporary European Climates
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Contemporary European Climates
• A Climates = Tropical• B Climates = Subtropical• C Climates = Temperate • D Climates = Continental• E Climates = Polar• Subgroups indicate season
changes in precipitation and temperature variation
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Contemporary European Climates
Dominant European Climate Types
• Cfb = Maritime Temperate = Fluctuating weather patterns, often overcast skies, high humidity, cool summers, warm winters
• Dfb = Warm Summer Continental = Often Dryer summer than Cfb, cool, wet winter
• Csa = Mediterranean Climate = Hot, Dry Summer, Wet, cool, rainy winter
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The Gulf Stream Effect – Real or Imagined?
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The Gulf Stream –North Atlantic Circulation
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The Jet Stream Effect – Typical Winter Air Movements
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Grosswetterlagen
Predominant Weather Patterns
• Dependent upon north/south movement of the Polar Front
• Position of Highs and Lows over Europe
• Drive or block the movement of Low Pressure Systems from the Atlantic
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Contemporary European Landscapes
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Contemporary European Landscapes
General Divisions of the European Landscape
• Mountains
• Orogeny
• Caledonian
• Hercynian
• Alpine
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Contemporary European Landscapes
General Divisions of the European Landscape
• Caledonian
• Northern Europe
• Norway, Sweden, UK and Ireland
• Cambrian (542-488 mya)
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Contemporary European Landscapes
General Divisions of the European Landscape
• Hercynnian
• Central Europe
• Germany, France, Spain
• Silurian (443-416 mya) to Carboniferous (359-299 mya)
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Contemporary European Landscapes
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Contemporary European Landscapes
General Division of the European Landscape
• Alpine
• Southern Europe
• Alps, Pyrenees, Dinaric Alps
• Spain, France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Austria
• Tertiary (65-1.8 mya)
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Contemporary European Landscapes
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Contemporary European Landscapes
Impact of Glaciation
• European Lowlands
• Glacial Remnants
• Northern Europe
• Moraines– Terminal moraines
• Loess Belt – Windblown glacial outwash deposits
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Contemporary European Landscapes
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General Hydrography of Europe
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Cultural Landscapes
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Overview
• Introduction
• How should geographers study religion in Europe?
• Exploring the evolving religious landscape of Europe– Prehistoric
– The Greeks and Romans
– Jewish Europe
– Christian Europe
– Islamic Europe
• Examining European sacred places
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How should geographers study religion in Europe?
They should focus on
• Origins, diffusion and distribution
• Spatial characteristics of individual places and movements
– Significance, drawing power
– Pilgrimage paths, spatial connections
• Sharing of and struggling over religious space
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How do geographers study religion?
Origins, diffusion and distribution
• Origins
– Life, death and place of religious teachers
• Founders
• Missionaries
• Saints
– Supernatural events
• Miracles, apparitions
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How do geographers study religion?
Origins, diffusion and distribution• Diffusion
– Paths of conversion
– Hierarchy
– Networks of modern religious movement
• Distribution
– Expansion
– Drawing power
– Networks and overlap
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How do geographers study religion?
Spatial characteristics of individual places• Sacrality
– Why is it sacred?
• Hierophany
– Encounter with a manifestation of the sacred -miracle, apparition, vision
• Life of founder or saint
• Node of larger movement
– How did the sacred manifest itself?
– How sacred is it?
• Drawing power
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Exploring the evolving religious landscape of Europe
Prehistoric Europe
• Animistic
• Nature religion
• “pagan” myths
– Examples
• The cave at Lascaux
• Stonehenge and the Celtic Druids
• Athens as a model of greek cosmology
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Exploring the evolving religious landscape of Europe
Prehistoric Europe
• Animistic - The cave at Lascaux (17000 BP)
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Exploring the evolving religious landscape of Europe
Prehistoric Europe
• Nature religions • Stonehenge and druidic sun cult
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Exploring the evolving religious landscape of Europe
Prehistoric Europe
• Nature religions • Stonehenge and druidic sun cult
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Exploring the evolving religious landscape of Europe
Prehistoric Europe
• Pagan religious systems • Athens and Greek cosmology - The Golden Ratio
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Exploring the evolving religious landscape of Europe
Jewish Europe
• End of Jewish State under Roman Empire - 66CE– Diaspora development
– Coexistence in early Christian Europe (4th Century AD onwards)
• Heavy persecution in Christian Europe– Crusades beginning in 11th Century
– Expulsions - Inquisition
• Eastern European Tolerance– Poland
• Enlightenment reintegration– Emancipation Period in 1700 -1800s
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Exploring the evolving religious landscape of Europe
Jewish Europe
• Renewed Anti-semitism from late 1800s onwards– Racial (Racist) Science
– Zionism
– Large-scale emigration
– Holocaust
• Return to Europe after WW II– Russian and Eastern European Jews
– Remaining anti-semitism
– The Holocaust Memorial (Berlin)
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Exploring the evolving religious landscape of Europe
Christian Europe
• Apostle Paul
• Birth of Christianity
• Gnostic and Literalist Christians
• Christianity unifies Europe
– Literalist dominance
– Edict of Milan 313
– State religion
• Christianity splits Europe
– Council of Nicea 325 AD
– Series of Ecumenical Councils
– Creedal difference
– Great Schism 1054 split Latin from Orthodox Churches
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The Roman Empire at the height of its political power and maximum geographic expansion
The gradual spread of Christianity to Europe
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Exploring the evolving religious landscape of Europe
Christian Europe
• Christianity splits Europe
– 1517 Martin Luther
– Reformation movement begins
– Calvin, Zwingly
– 16/17th Century Church of England
– Arrival of LDS in Europe - 19th Century
• Results
– Europe is predominantly Christian Continent today, yet very diverse denominations exist
– Most European nation states have “state churches”
– Certain brands of Christianity are officially sanctioned
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The Roman Empire after its split in 330, divided into an Eastern and a Western Section
The fragmented Western Empire at the beginning of Frankish expansion
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Exploring the evolving religious landscape of Europe
Islamic Europe• Birth of Islam
– 622 AD
• Advancement of Islam – Spain – Ottoman Empire – Challenges to Christianity
• Questions of Church vs. State in Islam – Sharia– Example of Turkey – Modern Controversies
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What should the European reaction to the increasing presence of
Muslims be?
Should they react at all?
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Examining European sacred places
Why are some sacred places more popular than others? The example of Christian sacred places
• What makes places sacred? – The place itself
– The movement associated with it
• What places can we distinguish?
• Where are these places? – Santiago de Compostella
– St. Marie De la Mer
• What happens at these places? – The anatomy of a pilgrimage
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Examining European sacred places
Ancient Pilgrimage Route to Santiago de Compostela
Main Cathedral in Compostela - Final Point of the Journey
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Examining European sacred places
What makes Santiago de Compostela sacred?
• The place itself– UNESCO World Heritage Site
– Camino de Santiago (Way of St. James)
– Pilgrimage route(s) from France to Spain
– One of the most visited religious sites in Europe and the world
– Tremendous Infrastructure
– Santiago = Saint James
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Examining European sacred places
What makes Santiago de Compostela sacred?
• The place itself– Santiago = Saint James
– One of the 12 Apostles
– Early missionary
– Returned to Palestine AD 44
– Martyred
– His remains were moved to Spain
– Hermit Paleyo is led to remains by vision in 813
– Declaration as Holy Town in 1213 by Pope Alexander
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Examining European sacred places
What makes Santiago de Compostela sacred?
• The movement associated with it– Movement from sacred sites
to holy cities
– Movement of increasing intensity