Lecture 13 The Psychological Contract

Week 2 Individual Differences and LeadershipDr. Kyle Ingram

Goals for todays session Define and review the new reality of Leadership

Introduce the trait theory of Leadership

Examine the Leader as an individual

Explore the future of trait theory in Leadership

Leadership DefinedAn influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend real changes and outcomes that reflect their shared purpose

FollowersIntentionInfluenceShared PurposeChangePersonal Responsibility and integrityLEADER)

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The New Reality of Leadership4Developing Leaders What it takes?

Self-discovery

An open mind

The ability to listen

Nonconformity5The Trait Theory of Leadership6How would you describe Lord Alan Sugar?

7The Leader as an Individual PersonalityThe Big Five - Extraversion - Agreeableness - Conscientiousness - Neuroticism - Openness to Experience 8The Big 5 and Leadership A meta-analysis of 73 studies showed a strong relationship between personality and leadership (Judge, Bono, Ilies, & Gerhardt, 2002) - Extraversion (.31) - Agreeableness (.08) - Conscientiousness (.28) - Neuroticism (-.24) - Openness to Experience (.24)

90% Generalizability for E, C, N, and O!

9The Big 5 Traits & Leadership in ContextBusinessGovernment & MilitaryStudentsNeuroticism-.15-.23-.27Extraversion.25.16.40Openness.23.06.28Agreeableness-.04-.04.18Conscientiousness.05.17.36(Judge et al, 2002)10The Leader as an Individual Values End Values v. Instrumental Values Effect on choice and action

Attitudes Cognitions, affect, behavior Attitude toward self Self-Concept Attitude toward followers (McGregor) Theory X Theory Y 11EXERCISE12The Leader as an Individual Traps in Leadership Decision-making

Stereotyping

Self-Serving Bias

Actor-Observer Bias

Projection

Escalation of commitment13Summary of Research to DateTraits associated with successful leadership in large orgs include: Intelligence, skills for solving abstract, complex problems Internal locus of control Low need for affiliation; moderately high need for achievement; need for institutional power Integrity Emotional stability & stress resilience Initiative & high energy levels Confidence and self-assurance Interpersonal skills Height; perceived strength & attractiveness High social status background

Future successful leaders can be identified by seeking out people with the same characteristics as current successful leaders. 14The Future of Trait ResearchLeader Traits relatively coherent and integrated patterns of personal characteristics, reflecting a range of individual differences, that foster consistent leadership effectiveness across a variety of group and organizational situations (Zaccaro et al., 2004)

TRAITS NOT TO BE CONSIDERED IN ISOLATION

TRAITS INVOLVE A RANGE OF PERSONAL QUALITIES THAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED TOGETHER (e.g., motives, values, and cognitive ability)

So, why is trait research still important to leadership?15

Conclusion Why Study Traits Approach to Leadership?

To understand self and others Each employee fits somewhere in the path toward effective leadership

However, individuals can be leaders in one situation but not in others.- Stogdill 1948

(Spoiler Alert for next weeks lecture!)17