week 11 adverbials
TRANSCRIPT
1. Units realizing adverbial functions
2. Classes of adverbials
3. Adjuncts
4. Disjuncts
5. Conjuncts
IssuesIssues
Units realizing adverbial functionsUnits realizing adverbial functions1
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Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Noun phrases
Prepositional phrases
Finite clause
Non-finite clause
Verbless clause
Units realizing adverbial functionsUnits realizing adverbial functions1
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Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Noun phrases
Prepositional phrases
Finite clause
Non-finite clause
Verbless clause
E.g.: I have never been there.
Units realizing adverbial functionsUnits realizing adverbial functions1
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Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Noun phrases
Prepositional phrases
Finite clause
Non-finite clause
Verbless clause
E.g.: I saw her last week.
Units realizing adverbial functionsUnits realizing adverbial functions1
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Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Noun phrases
Prepositional phrases
Finite clause
Non-finite clause
Verbless clauseE.g.: She sat in a dark corner.
Units realizing adverbial functionsUnits realizing adverbial functions1
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Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Noun phrases
Prepositional phrases
Finite clause
Non-finite clause
Verbless clause
E.g.: When I came to the club, I saw James sitting alone at the window table.
Units realizing adverbial functionsUnits realizing adverbial functions1
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Non-finite clause
Verbless clause
Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Noun phrases
Prepositional phrases
Finite clause
infinitive -ing participle -ed participle
He plays to win. Seeing Tom, shesmiles.
Whenever left alone,he cried.
Units realizing adverbial functionsUnits realizing adverbial functions1
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Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Noun phrases
Prepositional phrases
Finite clause
Non-finite clause
Verbless clause
E.g.: The baby was playing, unaware of the danger.
Classes of AdverbialsClasses of Adverbials2
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ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS
DISJUNCTS
CONJUNCTS
Integrated in clause structure
Peripheral in clause structure
Classes of AdverbialsClasses of Adverbials2
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ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS
DISJUNCTS
CONJUNCTS
1. can’t appear initially in a negative
declarative clause.
E.g. Quickly, they didn’t leave home.
Classes of AdverbialsClasses of Adverbials2
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ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS
DISJUNCTS
CONJUNCTS
2. can be contrasted with another
adverbial in an alternative
interrogation (as focus of clause
interrogation)
E.g. Does he write to his parents
because he misses them, or only
because he wants some money?
Classes of AdverbialsClasses of Adverbials2
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ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS
DISJUNCTS
CONJUNCTS
3. can be contrasted with another
adverbial in alternative negation
(as focus of clause negation)
E.g. We didn’t hate him because of
his appearance, but because of his bad
behavior.
Classes of AdverbialsClasses of Adverbials2
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ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS
DISJUNCTS
CONJUNCTS
1. can appear initially before a
negative clause in most cases
E.g.: Naturally, he didn’t come.
(adjunct)
Therefore, he couldn’t come.
(conjunct)
Classes of AdverbialsClasses of Adverbials2
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ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS
DISJUNCTS
CONJUNCTS
2. cannot be contrasted with
another adverbial in alternative
interrogation.
3. cannot be focus of clause
negation
Classes of AdverbialsClasses of Adverbials2
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ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS
DISJUNCTS
CONJUNCTS
Can serve as a response to a Y-N
question.
E.g.: A: Will he be there?
B: Yes, probably.
AdjunctsAdjuncts
1. Adjuncts can come within the scope of predication pro-form
or predication ellipsis.
E.g.: John greatly admires Bob, and so does Mary.
John greatly admires Bob, and Mary greatly admires Bob.
3
SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS
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AdjunctsAdjuncts3
SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS
2. Adjuncts can be the focus of limiter adverbials such as "only".
E.g.: They only want the car for an hour (for 3 hour not for longer).
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AdjunctsAdjuncts3
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SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS
3. Adjuncts can be the focus of a cleft sentence.
E.g.: It was when he started speaking that I realized he
was the man I met at the bar.
AdjunctsAdjuncts
1. Can constitute a comparative construction
E.g.: John speaks English more fluently than his brother does.
2. Have premodifying “however”
E.g.: However strongly you feel about it, you should be cautious
in the way you talk.
3
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ADVERB PHRASES AS ADJUNCTS
AdjunctsAdjuncts
3. Have premodifying “how”
E.g.: How often does she wash her hair?
How carelessly does he drive?
4. Have premodifying “so” (+ inversion)
E.g.: So monotonously did he speak that everybody feel asleep.
3
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ADVERB PHRASES AS ADJUNCTS
AdjunctsAdjuncts3
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viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
process
subject
place
time
others
TYPES OF ADJUNCTS
AdjunctsAdjuncts3
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viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
process
subject
place
time
others
TYPES OF ADJUNCTS
+ = ‘if we consider what we
are saying from a [adj. phrase]
point of view’
+ usually in initial position
E.g.: Geographically (speaking),
Vietnam is a diverse country.
Business wise, it’s not a good
idea to open a fast food
restaurant in this area.
AdjunctsAdjuncts3
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viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
process
subject
place
time
others
TYPES OF ADJUNCTS
limiters
additives
exclusives
particularizes
alone, just, only, purely, simply
chiefly, especially, mainly, etc.
also, either, even, neither, nor, too,as well as, in addition
AdjunctsAdjuncts3
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viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
process
subject
place
time
others
TYPES OF ADJUNCTS
emphasizers
amplifiers
downtoners
clearly, definitely, etc.
by far, well, etc.
maximizers
boosters
completely, etc.
compromisers
diminishers
minimizers
approximators
kind of, quite, etc.
partly, slightly, etc.
a bit, barely, etc.
almost, nearly, etc.
AdjunctsAdjuncts3
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viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
process
subject
place
time
others
TYPES OF ADJUNCTS
+ = in that way/ that way
+ co-occur with dynamic verbs,
not stative verbs
+ favor final conditions
E.g.: They live frugally.
Tear gas indiscriminatively
sprayed on the protesters.
AdjunctsAdjuncts3
viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
process
subject
place
time
others
TYPES OF ADJUNCTS
E.g.: They walked in single file.
E.g.: I go to school by car.
E.g.: You can cut the apple with that knife.
manner
means
instrument
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AdjunctsAdjuncts3
viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
process
subject
place
time
others
TYPES OF ADJUNCTS
general
volitional
formulaic
With great unease, they elected him as their leader.
deliberately, intentionally, on purpose, willingly, with reluctance, etc.
please, humbly, cordially, kindly, etc.
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AdjunctsAdjuncts3
viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
process
subject
place
time
others
TYPES OF ADJUNCTS
+ denote position, direction,
movement, and passage
+ most are prepositional phrases;
adverb phrases and noun phrases
used frequently
+ used only with verbs of motions or
other dynamic verbs denoting
direction
E.g.: I’ll miss you downstairs.
We’re moving some furniture
into the kitchen.
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AdjunctsAdjuncts3
viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
process
subject
place
time
others
TYPES OF ADJUNCTS
direction
position
I take the book from the shelf.She ran past the church.
I live in a small village.He is over there.
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AdjunctsAdjuncts3
viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
process
subject
place
time
others
TYPES OF ADJUNCTS
other relationships
when
duration
frequency
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AdjunctsAdjuncts3
viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
process
subject
place
time
others
TYPES OF ADJUNCTS
other relationships
when
duration
frequency
+ boundary of time
E.g.: afterwards
+ point of time
E.g.: today, tomorrow
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AdjunctsAdjuncts3
viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
process
subject
place
time
others
TYPES OF ADJUNCTS
other relationships
when
duration
frequency + length of time
E.g.: briefly
+ from the preceding
point in time
E.g.: since
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AdjunctsAdjuncts3
viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
process
subject
place
time
others
TYPES OF ADJUNCTS
other relationships
when
duration
frequency
+ definite
- period: E.g.: daily
- number: E.g.: twice
+ indefinite
- usual occurrence: E.g.: usually
- continuous/continual:
E.g.: always
- high: E.g.: often
- low/zero: occasionally, never
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AdjunctsAdjuncts3
viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
process
subject
place
time
others
TYPES OF ADJUNCTS
other relationships
when
duration
frequency
first, next, then, still, yet, already, etc.
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AdjunctsAdjuncts3
viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
process
subject
place
time
others
TYPES OF ADJUNCTS
+ expressing purpose, cause, reason,
source or origin
E.g.: He took the book from me.
The symbolically buried the car
as a protest against pollution.
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AdjunctsAdjuncts3
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RELATIVE POSITION OF ADJUNCTS
1. In final position: process – place - time
E.g. He was working with his shears (process) in the garden (place) the whole
morning (time).
2. The normal relative order can be changed to suit the desire for end-focus.
3. A clause normally comes after other structures to avoid ambiguity
E.g. We stood talking for a very long time (A1) where the fire has been (A2).
4. Longer adjuncts tend to follow shorter adjuncts.
E.g. I was studying earlier (A1) in the university library (A2).
DisjunctsDisjuncts4
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DISJUNCTS
Style disjuncts
Attitudinal disjuncts
Most disjuncts are prepositional
phrases or clause
DisjunctsDisjuncts4
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DISJUNCTS
Style disjuncts
Attitudinal disjuncts
• convey the speaker’s comment on
the form of what he is saying,
defining in some way under what
conditions he is speaking
E.g.: Seriously, do you intend to retire?
Personally, I don’t approve of her.
Very frankly, I am tired.
DisjunctsDisjuncts4
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DISJUNCTS
Style disjuncts
Attitudinal disjuncts• convey the speaker’s comment on the
content of what he is saying• generally appear only on declarative
clauses
E.g.: Obviously, no one expected us.
Understandably, they were all
annoyed when reading the letter.
ConjunctsConjuncts5
CONJUNCTS 1. Most conjuncts are adverb phrases
or prepositional phrases.
2. The normal position for most conjuncts
is initial.
3. Conjuncts often have a separate
tone unit.
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ConjunctsConjuncts5
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Reinforcing
Equative
Transitional
Summative
Apposition
Result
Inferential
Reformulatory
Replacive
Antithetic
Concessive
Temporal transition
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ConjunctsConjuncts5
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Reinforcing
Equative
Transitional
Summative
Apposition
Result
Inferential
Reformulatory
Replacive
Antithetic
Concessive
Temporal transition
first, second, third…; one, two, three…; for one thing, for another thing; for a start, to begin with, next, then…
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ConjunctsConjuncts5
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Reinforcing
Equative
Transitional
Summative
Apposition
Result
Inferential
Reformulatory
Replacive
Antithetic
Concessive
Temporal transition
also, further more, moreover, in addition, above all,what is more, then (informal), etc.
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ConjunctsConjuncts5
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Reinforcing
Equative
Transitional
Summative
Apposition
Result
Inferential
Reformulatory
Replacive
Antithetic
Concessive
Temporal transition
equally, likewise, similarly, in the same way, etc.
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ConjunctsConjuncts5
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Reinforcing
Equative
Transitional
Summative
Apposition
Result
Inferential
Reformulatory
Replacive
Antithetic
Concessive
Temporal transition
by the way, incidentally, etc.
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ConjunctsConjuncts5
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Reinforcing
Equative
Transitional
Summative
Apposition
Result
Inferential
Reformulatory
Replacive
Antithetic
Concessive
Temporal transition
then, (all) in all, in conclusion, to sum up, etc.
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ConjunctsConjuncts5
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Reinforcing
Equative
Transitional
Summative
Apposition
Result
Inferential
Reformulatory
Replacive
Antithetic
Concessive
Temporal transition
namely, in other words, for instance,that is, that is to say, for example, etc.
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ConjunctsConjuncts5
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Reinforcing
Equative
Transitional
Summative
Apposition
Result
Inferential
Reformulatory
Replacive
Antithetic
Concessive
Temporal transition
consequently, hence, thus, so, therefore, as a result, etc.
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ConjunctsConjuncts5
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Reinforcing
Equative
Transitional
Summative
Apposition
Result
Inferential
Reformulatory
Replacive
Antithetic
Concessive
Temporal transition
else, otherwise, then, in other words, in that case, etc.
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ConjunctsConjuncts5
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Reinforcing
Equative
Transitional
Summative
Apposition
Result
Inferential
Reformulatory
Replacive
Antithetic
Concessive
Temporal transition
better, rather, in other words, etc.
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ConjunctsConjuncts5
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Reinforcing
Equative
Transitional
Summative
Apposition
Result
Inferential
Reformulatory
Replacive
Antithetic
Concessive
Temporal transition
alternatively, rather, on the other hand, etc.
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ConjunctsConjuncts5
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Reinforcing
Equative
Transitional
Summative
Apposition
Result
Inferential
Reformulatory
Replacive
Antithetic
Concessive
Temporal transition
instead, then, on the contrary, in contrast, by comparison, on the other hand, etc.
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ConjunctsConjuncts5
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Reinforcing
Equative
Transitional
Summative
Apposition
Result
Inferential
Reformulatory
Replacive
Antithetic
Concessive
Temporal transition
anyhow, anyway, besides, else, however, still
nevertheless, yet, in any case, at any rate, after all
in spite of that, on the other hand, all the same, etc.
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