week 10 biomes / ecology
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Unit. 2. Week 10 Biomes / Ecology. Section 2.1: Organism and Their Environment. Levels of Organization. 1. 11. 2. 10. 3. 9. 4. 5. 8. 6. 7. Ecology. interactions. 12)_______________ is the study of 13)_______________ between organisms and their environment. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Week 10 Biomes / Ecology
Unit2 Section 2.1: Organism and Their
Environment
Levels of Organization1.
2.
3.
4. 5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
11.
10.
3Hickox: Baker High School Biology
12)_______________ is the study of 13)_______________ between organisms and their environment.
Ecology interactions
The 14)_________ is the portion of earth that supports living things. The biosphere extends from the 15)________ of the oceans to the upper 16)_________.
biosphere
bottoms
atmosphere
What Shapes an Ecosystem? Biological and physical factors
Living factors – 17) __________ factors
7
The Living Environment
18)_________- all the living organisms that inhabit an environment.
19)____ organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection.
Biotic factors
ALL
8
The Nonliving Environment
20)__________ the nonliving parts of an organism’s environment.
Examples include 20)______, 21)_________ 22)_________,
23)____ , and 24)__. Abiotic factors affect an
organism’s life.
Abiotic factors
air current
stemperaturemoisture
light soil
9
Abiotic or Biotic?
Biotic
10
Abiotic or Biotic?
Abiotic
11
Abiotic or Biotic?
Abiotic
12
Abiotic or Biotic?
Biotic
13
Levels of Organization
Biological Levels of Organization
Atom: P, (N) Nitrogen, (O) Oxygen
Molecule Organelle Cell: Life Begins.
__________ unit of any living thing.
Tissue: group of cells Organ: group of
tissues System: group of
organs.14
smallest
Levels of Organization____________ have organized the
interactions an organism takes part in into different levels according to complexity.
15
Ecologist
Biological Levels of Organization
___________:An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops 16
Organism
Biological Levels of Organization
___________:A group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time.
17
Population
Biological Levels of OrganizationBiological
__________:
All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time. 18
Community
Biological Levels of Organization
___________: Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in a given area with the abiotic components of that area. (terrestrial or aquatic) 19
Ecosystem
Biological Levels of Organization
_________:The portion of Earth that supports life.
20
Biosphere
The Biosphere
(write in to notes) Life is found in air, on land,
and in fresh and salt water. The BIOSPHERE is the
portion of Earth that supports living things.
21
What level of organization?
22
Organism
1. A pod of bottlenose dolphins living in a specific region can be identified as which level of organization?
A. BiosphereB. EcosystemC. PopulationD. Community
C. POPULATION 2. Which level of organization in the biosphere is BEST represented by the entire picture.A. OrganizationB. EcosystemC. PopulationD. Community
23Hickox: Baker High School Biology
B
3. A group of cells that work together for a common function is MOST LIKELY described as
A. A tissueB. An organC. An organelleD. A community
A. 4. Study the diagram below. Which level of organization that could be represented by the X?A. PlantB. AnimalC. BiosphereD. Community
EcosystemX
PopulationOrganis
mD.
24
5. A scientist studied a coral reef in an ocean. The scientist made a data table to record what was observed. How many populations are represented by the data?
Organism Number Observed
Sea Turtle 6Sea Star 9
Nurse Shark 3Clown Fish 16Parrot Fish 26Sea Urchin 36
6.25Hickox: Baker High School Biology
What level of Organization?
26
Population
Principles of Ecology
Three Major Kinds of Ecosystem
Chapter2 Organisms and Their Environment
AquaticFresh & SaltPondLakeStreamOceanEstuaryAquarium
OtherHuman body
SkinIntestinemouth
BuildingMoldbathroom
FoodFrigMoldy food
TerrestrialLocated on landForestOld farm fieldYardMeadowGarden plotEmpty lotCompost heatRotting Log
Principles of Ecology
Organisms in Ecosystem
Chapter2 Organisms and Their Environment
The place where an organism lives out its life is called a _________.
The way in which a species uses its environment to meet its specific needs for food and shelter is called a __________.
Habitat
Niche
Principles of Ecology
Survival relationships Some species develop special
relationships with other species to increase their survival.
Some interactions can be harmful to other species, but some interactions are beneficial.
Relationship that are helpful to one but harmful to another is a ________________ relationship
A __________ may be like polar bears, lions, insect eating birds. The animals that predators eat are called __________.
Chapter2 Organisms and Their Environment
Predator - Prey
Predator
Prey
Principles of Ecology
Three Major Kinds of Ecosystem
Chapter2 Organisms and Their Environment
• Some organisms have a permanent relationship between organisms of different species. This is called ______________. Symbiosis means living together
Three types of Symbiosis_____________; when both species benefit_____________; when one species benefits and the other is neither helped or hurt._____________; when one species benefits and the other is harmed.
symbiosis
MutualismCommensalis
mParasitism
Principles of Ecology
Three types of Symbiosis
Chapter2 Organisms and Their Environment
Mutualism:• Ants and acacia trees living in subtropical regions; the ants protect the tree from attacking animals who want to feed on the treeCommensalism:• Spanish moss in live oak trees; the Spanish moss benefits but the relationship does not harm or help the oak tree.
video
video
Principles of Ecology
Three types of Symbiosis
Chapter2 Organisms and Their Environment
Parasitism:• Ticks on a dog; The Tick causes harm to the dog but doesn’t kill the dog. The Tick receives the benefit for the relationship
Video
Video: Ant and Butterfly SymbiosisVideo: Snail Zombies
Video: Fish Symbiosis
Video: Mammals of North America
Principles of Ecology
Chapter2 Organisms and Their Environment
Quiz Questions1. __________, which is the study of interactions
that take place between organisms and their environment.
2. The place where an organism lives out its life is called a ____________.
3. The way in which a species uses its environment to meet its specific needs for food and shelter is called a __________.(how )
4. The nonliving parts of an organism’s environment are the ___________ factors.
5. All the living organisms within an environment are the ____________ factors.
Principles of Ecology
Chapter2 Organisms and Their Environment
Quiz Questions6. The video with the great white shark and seal
demonstrates the predator-prey relationship. Which one is which?
7. Some organisms have a permanent relationship between organisms of different species. This is called ______________, means living together
8. A type of # 7 in which both organisms benefit is called _______.
9. A type of relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is neither harmed or helped is called commensalism. What is the example shown in class? _____
10. What type of symbiosis is the example show with two fish, the grouper and cleaner gobies?
Principles of Ecology
Chapter2 Organisms and Their Environment
Quiz Questions1. _Ecology_, which is the study of interactions
that take place between organisms and their environment.
2. The place where an organism lives out its life is called a __habitat__.
3. The way in which a species uses its environment to meet its specific needs for food and shelter is called a _niche__.(how )
4. The nonliving parts of an organism’s environment are the __abiotic__ factors.
5. All the living organisms within an environment are the __biotic___ factors.
Principles of Ecology
Chapter2 Organisms and Their Environment
Quiz Questions6. The video with the great white shark and seal
demonstrates the predator-prey relationship. Which one is which? Predator= white shark Prey= seal
7. Some organisms have a permanent relationship between organisms of different species. This is called ____symbiotic____, means living together
8. A type of # 7 in which both organisms benefit is called __mutualism__.
9. A type of relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is neither harmed or helped is called commensalism. What is the example shown in class? __commensalism; oak tree and Spanish moss_
10. What type of symbiosis is the example show with two fish, the grouper and cleaner gobies? mutualism
Ecology Unit 2
Unit2 Section 2.2: NUTRITION AND ENERGY
FLOW
Principles of Ecology
Chapter2 Organisms and Their Environment
Review Quiz Questions1. __________, which is the study of interactions
that take place between organisms and their environment.
2. The place where an organism lives out its life is called a ____________.
3. The way in which a species uses its environment to meet its specific needs for food and shelter is called a __________.(how )
4. The nonliving parts of an organism’s environment are the ___________ factors.
5. All the living organisms within an environment are the ____________ factors.
Principles of Ecology
Chapter2 Organisms and Their Environment
Quiz Questions6. The video with the great white shark and seal
demonstrates the predator-prey relationship. Which on is which?
7. Some organisms have a permanent relationship between organisms of different species. This is called ______________, means living together
8. A type of # 7 in which both organisms benefit is called _______.
9. A type of relationship in which on organism benefits and the other organism is neither harmed or helped is called commensalism. What is the example shown in class? _____
10. What type of symbiosis is the example show with two fish, the grouper and cleaner gobies?
Unit2
You will:• Compare how
organisms satisfy their nutritional needs• Trace the path of
energy and matter in an ecosystem• Analyze how matter is
cycled in the abiotic and biotic parts of the biosphere.
Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
The ultimate source of energy is the _______.Sun
The Sun provides the energy that fuels life!
Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
An organism that uses light energy or energy stored in
chemical compounds to make food-rich compounds
is a producer or _______________
Simply put ------ plants!Plants use the sun in a process to produce food called ________________
autotroph
photosynthesis
Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
The consumer or _______________ feeds on other organisms because they are unable to make their own food.
Heterotroph
Heterotrophs feed in a variety of feeding relationships
….feed only on plants called ________________ grasshopper, rabbits, beavers, bees, elephants
….feed on other heterotrophs called ____________
lions, hawks, hyena, cheetah and others..feed on both plant and animal food called __________ examples: humans, raccoons, opossums, and bears
herbivores
carnivores
omnivores
Some heterotrophs, called ___________ feed on dead or decaying animals
vultures, buzzards, and ants • Cleaning up dead and decaying
refuse is a very important job in the ecosystem
scavengers
Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
Unit2
• Some organisms like fungi and bacteria break down and then release nutrients from dead organisms. These organism are _______________, break down the complex compounds of dead and decaying plants and animals into molecules that can be absorbed. Theses organism do not rely on sunlight directly as an energy source.
Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
decomposers
What organisms rely on- Sunlight as an energy source, directly and indirectly.
plants
animals
Nutrients in
soil (decomposed
plants and
animals)Decomposing Plants:
Bacteria, m
icrobes
Chemolithotrophic Bacteria (H2S)
Unit2
Flow of Matter and Energy in the Ecosystem p. 18
• When you eat an apple you are absorbing more than an apple; What
are you eating?
• You are eating carbon, nitrogen, and other elements as well as energy from
sunlight that is trapped.
Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
Unit2
Models that demonstrate pathways for matter and energy
• _____________ are a model that scientists use to demonstrate matter and energy flow.
What are food chains? P. 18
Food chains
Autotrophs
Third-order heterotrophs
First-order heterotrophs
Second-order heterotrophs
Second-order heterotrophs
Unit2
FOOD CHAINgrass grasshopper mouse owl
• most food chains consist of two, three, or four transfers
• energy is _________ through each transfer
• part of the energy is lost through ________
• a food chain represents only one possible rout through an ecosystem
What are food chains?
lostheat
Standard 13
52
What is a food web? P. 19
A more realistic interconnecting model that shows all the possible feeding relationships is called a _________________.
Food web
Food webs are made up of
trophic levels and food chains!
A food web
Unit2
Tropic levels represent links in the chain
• Each organism in a food chain represents a feeding step called
________________.• A species may feed at different feeding levels.
How does energy flow through an ecosystem? P. 19
Trophic level
autotroph
1st order heterotroph
2nd order heterotroph
3rd order heterotrophCarnivore
sAnd OmnivoresHerbivore
Producer Ecol
ogica
l py
ram
id
5. Which series correctly models the flow of energy in an aquatic food chain?
A. Plankton sand eel striped bass codB. Sand eel cod plankton striped bassC. Striped bass plankton cod sand eelD. Cod striped bass sand eel plankton
A.57Hickox: Baker High School Biology
6. Which organism receives the smallest amount of energy from the level directly before them in this food chain?Producers primary consumers secondary consumers tertiary consumers decomposers
A. Primary consumersB. Secondary consumersC. Tertiary consumersD. Decomposers
D.
Decomposers
Tertiary consumer
s
Secondary consumers
Primary consumersProducers
58Hickox: Baker High School Biology
Only a Fraction of the Energy Present in Organisms of One Trophic Level is Captured by
Organisms of the Next
60Hickox: Baker High School Biology
Pyramid of Energy• Another model used that demonstrates the distribution of matter and energy is called an __________________• The ultimate energy source is the ______ and the amount of available energy decrease as one moves from one tropic level
to another.
Pyramid of energy
Parasites, scavengers, and
decomposers feed at each
level.
Pyramid of Energy100%
Producers
10% Consumers
1% Consumers
0.1% Consumers
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
With each step there is a decrease to 10%
sun
Pyramid of NumbersFox (1)
Birds (25)
Grasshoppers (250)
Grasses (2500)
• In a pyramid of numbers, each level represents the number of organisms consumed by the level _________ it.
(again 10% rule)abo
ve
• ___________is the total weight of living matter at each trophic level. A pyramid of biomass represents the total weight of living material available at each trophic level.
Pyramid of Biomass
1 kilogram of human tissue
10 kilograms of beef
100 kilograms of grain
Page 20
Biomass
7. Producers have greater amounts of energy available to them than primary consumers. Which statement about producers is NOT correct?
A. Energy is released by producers as heatB. Energy is created by producers C. Energy is used for metabolismD. Energy is used for active transport
B. Energy created by sun64Hickox: Baker High School Biology
8. Study the food chain below. Which statement correctly compares the available energy between trophic levels in this food chain?
A. Energy is highest in algae and lowest in great black-backed gulls.
B. Energy is highest in great black-backed gulls and lowest in algae.
C. Energy is highest in crustaceans and puffins and lowest in algae and great black-backed gulls.
D. Energy is highest in algae and great black-backed gulls and lowest in crustaceans and puffins. A.
Food Chain
Great Black-backed Gulls
Puffins
Crustaceans
Algae
65Hickox: Baker High School Biology
9. Study the food chain below. Which organism receives the MOST energy from corn? The LEAST energy from corn?
Most: chipmunk and mouse Least: Owl
SnakeFox
Mousechipmunk
Corn
Owl
66Hickox: Baker High School Biology
C.
10. Which statement BEST explains why the snowy owl and the arctic fox can occupy the same trophic level in a tundra food web?A. They have light coloringB. They hunt at the same time of yearC. They eat primary consumers at different trophic levelsD. They take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
SnakeFox
Mousechipmunk
Corn
Owl
67Hickox: Baker High School Biology
Unit2
• All models discussed show energy moves in only ____ direction through the trophic levels• Energy moves at each trophic level to the _________• This energy moves into the environment as _______• Energy is not _______but ____________• __________ flows through each level of a trophic system as well. Matter can NOT be replenished. • The elements of _______, __________, and oxygen (O) that make up the atoms of matter are the same atoms on earth when life began.
Cycles in Nature page 20.
Re-cycled • Matter is not regenerated, but, is constantly _______________.
one
next levelhea
tlost transferredMatte
rH N
Unit
2CYCLES OF NATURE
• All life on earth depends on the sun and __________
The water cycle• Water evaporates from lakes, oceans, rivers, etc.• Water vapor condenses when _________conditions occur• condensation on dust in the air causes drop to develop that becomes rain, ice, or snow
• The water accumulates in________, __________ and rivers.• The cycle of evaporation continues• Water is pulled from ground through leaves by___________• Animals breathe out water vapor in every breath __________ and water is returned to environment through ___________
The Water Cycle page 20
water
colder
oceans lakes
evaporationrespirati
onurination
Water Cycle70
Which two areas represent the movement of water vapor?
Transpiration and evaporation.71
Unit2
Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy FlowWater cycle
video
The Water Cycle
11) Which process is MOST directly dependent on temperature reduction, small particles, and gravity to produce its product?
A. EvaporationB. TranspirationC. PrecipitationD. Condensation
C.
74Hickox: Baker High School Biology
12) When coal is burned, sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas combines with water vapor to produce acid rain. Which model traces the path of the water vapor?A. Water vapor condensation
precipitationB. Water vapor precipitation
condensationC. Water vapor evaporation precipitationD. Water vapor precipitation evaporationA.
75Hickox: Baker High School Biology
54) Study the water cycle below. Which process in the water cycle is represented by the X?A. Infiltration B. Condensation C. freshwater storage D. Groundwater discharge
X
precipitation
Surface runoff
ocean
evaporation
B. condensation.
76Hickox: Baker High School Biology
54) Study the water cycle below. Which process in the water cycle is represented by the X?A. Infiltration B. Condensation C. freshwater storage D. Groundwater discharge
Hickox: Baker High School Biology 77
X
precipitation
Surface runoff
ocean
evaporation
Unit2
CARBON CYCLE• All life on earth is based on ___________ molecules• Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, amino acids
• The carbon cycle starts with the ___________(plants) • During photosynthesis the sun converts _________ into energy rich molecules of sugar used for growth and energy• Heterotrophs use the carbon molecules for growth & energy.• Once energy rich molecules are used _________is released into the atmosphere• Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enters the biotic parts of the biosphere through _____________
What is the Carbon Cycle? Page 20
Carbon cycle video
carbon
autotrophs CO2
CO2
photosynthesis
The Carbon Cycle
Unit2• Nitrogen, an important element is added in the process of ____________ our lawn.• Our air is 78% nitrogen but plants can not use, in that form.• Nitrogen must be converted to better used forms• Certain _____________ convert the nitrogen in the air to forms it can be used• Plants use nitrogen to make important molecules like _______.• When herbivore eat plants their bodies convert nitrogen containing plant proteins to nitrogen containing animal proteins.• Excess nitrogen is excreted as _________ When animals die, nitrogen is returned to soil.• Plants reuse this nitrogen in the soil.
The Nitrogen Cycle
Fertilizing
bacteria
proteins
urine.
Nitrogen in the atmosphere
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the
nodules on roots of leguminous plants fix atmospheric nitrogen.
Nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria
Some excess nitrogen evaporates from soil.
Nitrogen compounds
released into soils and acted
upon by soil bacteria
Released to the atmosphere
Assimilated by plants
Urine from
animals
Dead plant
matterDecomposing
organisms
Decomposers—bacteria and fungi—break down tissues and wastes and nitrogen-
containing compounds are released.
Converted to other nitrogen compounds
by soil bacteria
Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
The Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen cycle video
Unit2
• Other material cycle in the environment in addition to water, carbon, and nitrogen.• Sulfur, Calcium, and phosphorus
Cycle of Phosphorus• All organisms require phosphorus for growth and development• Phosphorus is an essential element • Plants obtain phosphorus from the soil and animals from eating plants.• The decomposition of plants and animals return to the soil: WATER, CARBON, NITROGEN• Phosphorus has a short term and long term cycle
Other Material Cycles
Unit2
• Short-term Phosphorus Cycle is the decomposition of plants and animals, returning phosphorus to the soil.• When phosphates that are washed into the sea are incorporated into rock as insoluble compounds• Millions of years later as the environment changes the rock containing phosphorus is exposed and made part of the local ecological system.
Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
13) Which sequence is part of the carbon cycle?A. transpiration evaporation condensation
precipitationB. Respiration photosynthesis organic decay coal
formationC. combustion evaporation respiration
condensationD. decomposition infiltration plant uptake
consumption B.
84Hickox: Baker High School Biology
Car or truckTo CO2 to a
atmosphere
14) Study the carbon cycle diagram below. Which represents the release of carbon dioxide through
combustion?
Flower
Car or Truck
Rabbit
Carbon dioxide in
atmosphere
85Hickox: Baker High School Biology
15. Study the table below. Which student correctly identifies processes in the oxygen cycle?
Student Uses Atmospheric
Oxygen
Releases Oxygen to the Atmosphere
1 Burning fossil fuels
Raccoons breathing
2 Ozone forming Forest fire burning
3 Lighting matches
Wheat growing
4 Trees growing fruit
Wolves howling
3.86Hickox: Baker High School Biology
16) Which statement describes the changes that result from increased burning of fossil fuels?
A. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and carbon stored in fossil fuels both increase
B. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreases, and carbon stored in fossil fuels both decrease
C. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreases, and carbon stored in fossil fuels increase.
D. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, and carbon stored in fossil fuels decreases.
D.87Hickox: Baker High School Biology
17) Which sequence is part of the carbon cycle?A. transpiration evaporation condensation
precipitationB. Respiration photosynthesis organic decay coal
formationC. combustion evaporation respiration
condensationD. decomposition infiltration plant uptake
consumption B.
88Hickox: Baker High School Biology
Car or truckTo CO2 to a
atmosphere
18) Study the carbon cycle diagram below. Which represents the release of carbon dioxide through
combustion?
Flower
Car or Truck
Rabbit
Carbon dioxide in
atmosphere
89Hickox: Baker High School Biology
19. Study the table below. Which student correctly identifies processes in the oxygen cycle?
Student Uses Atmospheric
Oxygen
Releases Oxygen to the Atmosphere
1 Burning fossil fuels
Raccoons breathing
2 Ozone forming Forest fire burning
3 Lighting matches
Wheat growing
4 Trees growing fruit
Wolves howling
3.90Hickox: Baker High School Biology
20) Which statement describes the changes that result from increased burning of fossil fuels?
A. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and carbon stored in fossil fuels both increase
B. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreases, and carbon stored in fossil fuels both decrease
C. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreases, and carbon stored in fossil fuels increase.
D. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, and carbon stored in fossil fuels decreases.
D.91Hickox: Baker High School Biology
21) When green plants produce oxygen, from which molecule does the oxygen come?
A. ATPB. WaterC. GlucoseD. Carbon dioxide
B.
92Hickox: Baker High School Biology
D.
22. Which nitrogen compound is considered to be a pollutant released in jet exhaust?
a. Nitrogen gas (N2)b. Nitrate (NO3)c. Ammonia (NH4)d. Nitrogen oxide (NO2)
93Hickox: Baker High School Biology