weed hygiene declaration - new hope · pdf fileregulatory standards, ... average of 5 mtpa of...

Document Name i Insert Month/Year

Appendix AL Pest and Weed Management Plan

Elimatta Project Pest and Weed Management Plan

Prepared for:

Taroom Coal Proprietary Limited

January 2014

Pest and Weed Management Plan i January 2014

Document History and Status

Issue Rev. Issued To Qty Date Reviewed Approved

1 1 NHG 1 20/01/14 GB GB

Project Manager: Gareth Bramston

Name of Client : Taroom Coal Pty Ltd

Name of Project: Elimatta Project

Title of Document: Pest and Weed Management Plan

Document Version: Final

This controlled document is the property of AustralAsian Resource Consultants Pty Ltd and all rights are reserved

in respect of it. This document may not be reproduced or disclosed in any manner whatsoever, in whole or in

part, without the prior written consent of AustralAsian Resource Consultants Pty Ltd. AustralAsian Resource

Consultants Pty Ltd expressly disclaims any responsibility for or liability arising from the use of this document by

any third party.

Opinions and judgments expressed herein, which are based on our understanding and interpretation of current

regulatory standards, should not be construed as legal opinions. Information obtained from interviews and

contained in the documentation has been assumed to be correct and complete. AustralAsian Resource

Consultants Pty Ltd does not accept any liability for misrepresentation of information or for items not visible,

accessible, nor able to be inspected at the sites at the time of the site visits.

Pest and Weed Management Plan ii January 2014

1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE ....................................................................................................... 1

1.1.1 Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 1

2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION .............................................................................. 2

3.0 LEGISLATION ................................................................................................. 4

3.1 COMMONWEALTH ............................................................................................................... 4

3.2 STATE .................................................................................................................................... 4

3.3 LOCAL ................................................................................................................................... 5

4.0 WEEDS ............................................................................................................ 6

4.1 DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION ................................................................................... 6

4.2 WEED INVENTORY .............................................................................................................. 6

4.3 POTENTIAL IMPACTS .......................................................................................................... 7

4.4 WEED PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT ........................................................................ 7

4.4.1 Weed Hygiene Management ............................................................................................. 9

4.4.1.1 Training .................................................................................................................................. 9

4.4.1.2 Queensland Government Weed Hygiene Declaration ............................................................ 9

4.4.2 Controlled Burns ................................................................................................................ 9

4.4.3 Herbicide Application ....................................................................................................... 10

4.4.4 Manual Removal .............................................................................................................. 10

5.0 PESTS ........................................................................................................... 11

5.1 DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION ................................................................................. 11

5.2 PEST INVENTORY .............................................................................................................. 11

5.3 POTENTIAL IMPACTS ........................................................................................................ 12

5.4 PEST SPECIES PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT ...................................................... 13

5.4.1 Baiting .............................................................................................................................. 14

5.4.2 Shooting ........................................................................................................................... 15

5.4.3 Trapping ........................................................................................................................... 15

5.4.4 Exclusion Fencing ............................................................................................................ 15

5.4.5 Harbour Destruction ......................................................................................................... 16

5.4.6 Preventing Introduction and Spread ................................................................................ 16

6.0 MOSQUITO MANAGEMENT PLAN .............................................................. 17

6.1 OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................................... 17

6.2 INITIAL SURVEY AND MONITORING ............................................................................... 17

6.2.1 Likely Mosquito Species and Breeding Sites ................................................................... 17

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pest and Weed Management Plan iii January 2014

6.3 ONGOING SURVEILLANCE ............................................................................................... 18

6.4 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AND CONTROL METHODS ............................................ 18

6.4.1 Personal Protection ......................................................................................................... 18

6.4.2 Design .............................................................................................................................. 19

6.4.3 Source Reduction ............................................................................................................ 19

6.4.4 Chemical Control ............................................................................................................. 19

7.0 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES................................................................ 20

8.0 MONITORING AND EVALUATION ............................................................... 21

9.0 REFERENCES .............................................................................................. 22

Figure 1 Project Location .............................................................................................................. 2

Figure 2 Project Layout ................................................................................................................. 3

Table 1 Declared weeds known to occur on the Project site ....................................................... 6

Table 2 Declared weeds with potential to occur on the Project site ............................................ 7

Table 3 Potential impacts of declared weeds .............................................................................. 7

Table 4 WDRC Weed Management Priorities ............................................................................. 8

Table 5 Declared pest animals known to occur on the Project site ...........................................11

Table 6 Undeclared introduced animals known to occur on the Project site .............................12

Table 7 Potential impacts of declared pests ..............................................................................12

Table 8 WDRC Pest Management Priorities .............................................................................14

Table 9 Mosquito species potentially occurring on the Project site ...........................................18

Appendix A Weed Hygiene Declaration ............................................................................................ A

Appendix B Humaneness Matrices ................................................................................................... B

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF APPENDICES

Pest and Weed Management Plan iv January 2014

AARC AustralAsian Resource Consultants Pty Ltd

APVMA Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority

AVCC Act Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Code Act 1994

Bti Bacillus thuringiensissubsp. israelensis

DAFF Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry

DSEWPAC Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities

EP Act Environmental Protection Act 1994

EPBC Act Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

LGAQ Local Government Association of Queensland

LP Act Land Protection (Pest and Stock Route Management) Act 2002

MLA Mining Lease Application

MMP Mosquito Management Plan

MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet

NHG New Hope Group

PWMP Pest and Weed Management Plan

WDRC Western Downs Regional Council

WoNS Weeds of National Significance

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Pest and Weed Management Plan 1 January 2014

1.0 INTRODUCTION

AustralAsian Resource Consultants Pty Ltd (AARC) was commissioned by Taroom Coal Pty Ltd (a

subsidiary of New Hope Group (NHG)) to prepare a Pest and Weed Management Plan (PWMP) for

the Elimatta Project (the Project).

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE

The PWMP aims to minimise and ultimately prevent the introduction and spread of pest animal, weed

and mosquito species within the Project site. The PWMP will assist staff and contractors with the

appropriate management of pests, weeds and mosquitoes during all Project activities at all stages of

the Project.

The PWMP will:

Assist Project staff and contractors with the identification of pest and weed species and areas

of infestation;

Identify pest and weed species known to occur on the Project site and identify threats

associated with these;

Propose strategies to prevent the introduction and spread of declared pest and weed species

to the Project site and surrounding areas; and

Include a Mosquito Management Plan (MMP) to minimise the risk of mosquito breeding on the

Project site.

1.1.1 Objectives

The objectives of this PWMPare:

To ensure the health and safety of personnel on the Project site;

To ensure compliance with relevant legislation;

To achieve consistency with the Western Downs Regional Council (WDRC) Pest

Management Plan 2011-2015;

To prevent the establishment of new weed and pest species on the Project site;

To prevent and control the spread of existing weed and pest species on the site; and

To maintain the ecological values of the site.


2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The Elimatta Project is located in the Surat Basin, approximately 45 km southwest of the Taroom

township in Southern Queensland, as shown in Figure 1. The Project is planned to produce an

average of 5 Mtpa of product coal for export.

Figure 1 Project Location


The Project consists of three Mining Lease Applications (MLAs) (MLA 50254, MLA 50270 and MLA

50271) and a proposed Rail and Services Corridor. Infrastructure associated with the Project includes

open-cut pit areas, a coal handling and processing plant, rail load-out facility, tailings storage facilities,

an accommodation village and a transport and services corridor.

The Project covers an area of approximately 4,460 ha, including both the MLA areas and Rail and

Services Corridor. The layout of the Project is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Project Layout


3.0 LEGISLATION

This section describes the relevant legislation regulating the management and control of pests and

weeds on the Project site.

3.1 COMMONWEALTH

Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Code Act 1994(AVCC Act)

Pesticides supplied, distributed or used within Australia are registered under the AVCC Act through

the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA). Usage and application rates

are provided on the labels of APVMA approved products.

3.2 STATE

Agricultural Chemicals Distribution Control Act 1966

The Agricultural Chemicals Distribution Control Act 1966 provides for the regulation, distribution and

licensing of chemicals used for agricultural purposes.

Environmental Protection Act 1994 (EP Act) and Environmental Protection Regulation 2008

The EP Act and subordinate Environmental Protection Regulation 2008ultimately provide for the

protection of environment within the context of ecologically sustainable development.

Land Protection (Pest and Stock Route Management) Act 2002 and Land Protection (Pest and

Stock Route Management) Regulation 2003

The Land Protection (Pest and Stock Route Management) Act 2002 (LP Act) and Land Protection

(Pest and Stock Route Management) Regulation 2003 govern the declaration and management of

pest flora and fauna in Queensland.

The LP Act defines offences associated with supplying or transporting reproductive material of the

following prescribed Class 2 plants:

Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus);

Prickly Acacia (Acacia nilotica);

Giant Rat’s Tail Grass (Sporobolus pyramidalis and S. natalensis);

American Rat’s Tail Grass (Sporobolus jacquemontii);

Parramatta Grass (Sporobolus africanus); and

Giant Parramatta Grass (Sporobolus fertilis).

Public Health Act 2005 and Public Health Regulation 2005

The Public Health Act 2005 and subordinate Public Health Regulation 2005 provide for, among other

things, the prevention, control and reduction of risks to public health, including mosquito-borne


diseases. Specific requirements for public health risks associated with mosquitoes are provided in the

Public Health Regulation 2005.

3.3 LOCAL

The Elimatta Project is located within the jurisdiction of the WDRC and is therefore subject to WDRC’s

local laws.

Relevant local laws are Local Law No. 3 (Community and Environmental Management) 2011 and

Subordinate Local Law No. 3 (Community and Environmental Management) 2011. These laws provide

for the declaration and control of local pests, other than those declared under the LP Act.

The WDRC Pest Management Plan 2011-2015 provides for the coordinated and cooperative

management of pests and weeds within the WDRC area.


4.0 WEEDS

4.1 DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION

A weed is defined as an invasive plant that requires intervention in order to protect the environment,

economy, human health and amenity values (DSEWPAC 2012).

Under the LP Act, pest plants are those that have, or may have, significant impacts on the economy,

society and the environment. Three categories of declared plants exist:

Class 1 pest plants have potential to develop into serious pest threats within Queensland in

the future. It is mandated by the LP Act that all landholders must ensure their properties are

kept free of Class 1 pests;

Class 2 pest plants are those that have already spread and established over considerable

portions of the state; however, further spread must be controlled due to the serious impacts

associated with Class 2 pests. It is a requirement of law that landholders try to keep Class 2

pests off their land; and

Class 3 pest plants have become commonly established in areas of Queensland. Control of

Class 3 plants by landholders is only mandated where nearby environmentally sensitive areas

are being impacted, or have the potential to be impacted (DAFF 2012a).

Local governments may also identify pest species that are not declared under state legislation.

4.2 WEED INVENTORY

Field surveys of both the Project MLA areas and Rail and Services Corridor identified the occurrence

of a number of declared plants. These species have the potential to cause adverse impacts to the

ecological values of the Project site and surrounding areas. In accordance with the LP Act, further

spread of these weeds must be controlled.

Weeds known to occur on the Project site are listed in Table 1. Opuntia species are classified asClass

2 declared plants and Weeds of National Significance (WoNS).

Table 1 Declared weeds known to occur on the Project site

Scientific Name Common Name Status

Commonwealth State

Opuntia stricta Prickly Pear WoNS Class 2

Opuntia tomentosa Velvety Tree Pear WoNS Class 2

Harrisia martinii Harrisia Cactus - Class 2

In addition, a number of other weeds are considered to have potential to occur on the Project site.

These include Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3 declared plants, as well as WoNS. Weeds with potential

to occur on the site are listed in Table 2.


Table 2 Declared weeds with potential to occur on the Project site

Scientific Name Common Name Status

Commonwealth State

Acacia nilotica subsp. indica Prickly Acacia WoNS Class 2

Lantana camara Lantana WoNS Class 3

Parkinsonia aculeata Parkinsonia WoNS Class 2

Parthenium hysterophorus Parthenium WoNS Class 2

4.3 POTENTIAL IMPACTS

The declared species identified on the Project site have potential to adversely impact the ecological

values of the Project site and adjoining lands, as described in Table 3.

Table 3 Potential impacts of declared weeds

Scientific Name

Common Name

Potential Impacts

Opuntia stricta Prickly Pear Opuntia spp. are known to suppress growth and survival of other plants, particularly in hot, dry conditions, and invade pastoral land.

Opuntia

tomentosa Velvety Tree Pear

Harrisia martinii Harrisia Cactus

Harrisia Cactus is known to cause significant economic impacts, including the establishment of dense infestations that reduce pastoral land, interfere with stock movement and mustering, and obstruct other pasture species.

Acacia nilotica subsp. indica

Prickly Acacia

Prickly Acacia infestations cause erosion, subsequently degrading the soil. Local biodiversity is threatened by the alteration of grasslands into thorny scrub and woodland. It also interferes with stock movement and access to water, and competes with crops for water.

Lantana camara Lantana Lantana smothers native plants by creating dense thickets. These thickets are often impenetrable by people, vehicles and animals.

Parkinsonia aculeata

Parkinsonia Parkinsonia infestations result in dense, thorny thickets along watercourses, providing harbours for feral pigs. Parkinsonia also reduces pasture production and prevents stock access to water.

Parthenium hysterophorus

Parthenium

Parthenium weed invades disturbed areas, heavily stocked areas and pastures. It competes with crops for resources, such as space and nutrients, and contains allergens which may affect people.

Source: DAFF 2013a

4.4 WEED PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT

NHG will adopt an integrated approach to the management of weeds at the Project, incorporating a

range of prevention and control methods to manage weed outbreaks. Methods employed may include

a combination of physical, biological and chemical control, such as weed hygiene management,

controlled burns, herbicide application and/or manual removal.


NHG will engage in consultation with relevant stakeholders and local authorities regarding the

management of weed species, as required by statutory commitments.

Control measures will be implemented as soon as possible after a weed infestation is identified and

before the outbreak becomes widespread. Weed management is best achieved through prevention

measures and control of small-scale infestations; management of widespread or well-established

weed colonies can incur significant costs. The following general management strategies will be

employed:

Weed management and awareness will be incorporated into the Staff Induction Program. Staff

will be taught to identify and report weed species found on the Project site. Field staff will be

provided with booklets or cards for weed identification;

Weed sightings will be recorded by all employees and contractors to ensure outbreaks are

identified as early as possible. Class 1 or suspected weeds should be reported to DAFF on 13

25 23; and

Maps of weed distributions and densities will be developed, which will assist in identifying

target areas for control and areas in which particular care must be taken for weed hygiene

practices.

WDRC Pest Management Priorities

Consideration of the WDRC Pest Management Plan must be made in determining appropriate

management actions. WDRC has assigned management priorities and levels of control to a range of

weed species within its Pest Management Plan which are relevant to the Project, as outlined in Table

4. Although important for all weed species, prevention is of particular importance for Parkinsonia, due

to its WDRC priority and its potential to occur on the Project site.

Table 4 WDRC Weed Management Priorities

Scientific Name Common Name Priority Level of Control

Harrisia martinii Harrisia Cactus Very High B

Opuntia stricta Prickly Pear Low D

Opuntia tomentosa Velvety Tree Pear Medium C

Parthenium hysterophorus Parthenium Very High B / C

Parkinsonia aculeata Parkinsonia Very High A

Lantana camara Lantana Medium C

Acacia nilotica subsp. indica Prickly Acacia N/A N/A

Source: WDRC 2011

Note: WDRC Levels of Control:

A: Prevention from entering the shire

B: Eradication of isolated, strategic infestations where achievable

C: Contain and reduce within specified areas

D: Broadscale management utilizing a range of techniques where suitable


4.4.1 Weed Hygiene Management

Weed colonisation commonly occurs via the movement of vehicles and machinery, stock, native and

feral animals throughout a site. Transport of seeds or other weed reproductive material via vehicle

tyres can facilitate the spread of weeds to previously unaffected areas, particularly when vehicles are

travelling over long distances. Edge effects of vegetation patches on the Project site may also promote

the establishment of weed species.

Under the LP Act (s46), it is an offence to move or transport a vehicle by road if it is known (or

reasonably ought to be known) to be carrying soil or other organic material likely to contain the

reproductive material of a declared plant. NHG is obliged to take reasonable steps to prevent the

escape of contaminating material from vehicles and vehicle loads. Reasonable steps include the

cleaning of vehicles and machinery and securing of loads (DAFF 2013b).

All machinery, including light and heavy vehicles and mobile plant equipment, will be washed down in

a designated area:

Prior to entering areas for works involving topsoil;

Prior to entering an environmentally sensitive area; and

After leaving undesignated roads beyond the boundary of the Project.

During operation of the Project, vehicles must be washed down on a regular basis. Weeds cleared

during the process of clearing or topsoil stripping will be disposed of within the mine spoil, reducing the

likelihood of weed reproduction. During exploration and rehabilitation works, vehicles must be washed

down prior to entering the site, particularly when entering previously undisturbed areas.

4.4.1.1 Training

Biosecurity Queensland recommends that persons conducting inspection and cleaning of vehicles,

machinery and other equipment should be competent in the current training module: AHCBIO201A –

Inspect and clean machinery for plant, animal and soil material (DAFF 2012b). This training module

focuses on the processes of inspecting and cleaning vehicles and machinery for the purpose of

removing weed material, as well as the appropriate disposal of waste or contaminating weed material

(Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations 2012).

Staff and operators will receive appropriate training in washing down of vehicles and machinery to

assist in the prevention of weed introduction and spreadat the Elimatta Project.

4.4.1.2 Queensland Government Weed Hygiene Declaration

The Weed Hygiene Declaration, developed by DAFF, is used to provide assurance that vehicles,

machinery and their loads are clean of weeds and/or plant reproductive material. It may be used to

provide assurance to local landholders that vehicles are clean prior to entry onto their properties

(DAFF 2012b). All vehicles entering properties must carry a current and complete Weed Hygiene

Declaration. A Weed Hygiene Declaration is provided in Appendix A.

4.4.2 Controlled Burns

Controlled burns may be conducted to eradicate fire-sensitive weeds (those that can be killed or

suppressed by fire) in highly infested areas. Burning is particularly successful when used in


conjunction with other methods, such as herbicide application. It is important to note that fire is only

appropriate for use on fire-sensitive weeds, as fire can benefit some weed species.

Necessary precautions should be taken to control fires, including obtaining the appropriate permits

and approvals. Where required, consultation with landholders and affected stakeholders will be

undertaken.

4.4.3 Herbicide Application

Herbicides are a commonly used method for controlling weeds and are often used in conjunction with

other control methods. Weeds are often only affected by one particular herbicide; care should be

taken to ensure the correct herbicide and rate of application are employed (DAFF 2011a).

Herbicide application should be conducted by trained and appropriately qualified personnel.

Herbicides should be used only as directed by the product label and in accordance with the safety

procedures outlined in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Herbicide labels often do not list

environmental weed applications; in such cases, off-label permits must be obtained (DAFF 2011b).

Herbicide application may be delivered using a range of methods, for example, spraying, stem

injection, cut stump, or wick application.

4.4.4 Manual Removal

Manual weed removal is an intensive method of weed control. It is most effective in the initial stages of

weed establishment, or following an intensive treatment regime (e.g. herbicide application) where

some isolated weeds remain.


5.0 PESTS

5.1 DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION

Under the Queensland Pest Animal Strategy 2002-2006, a pest animal is defined as “an exotic animal,

causing detrimental impacts on the environment, industry or community activities” (DNRM 2002). Pest

animals may be declared under the LP Act. Landowners are generally responsible for controlling these

species on their land.

Pest animals declared under the LP Act are known to threaten natural resources, primary industries

and the environment within Queensland. There are three categories of declared animals:

Class 1 pest animals are those that are not commonly present, but would cause adverse

environmental, economic and/or social impacts if introduced. It is mandated by the LP Act that

landholders must take reasonable steps to avoid the establishment of pest animals on their

property;

Class 2 pest animals are currently established in Queensland and cause, or have the potential

to cause, considerable adverse economic, environmental and/or social impacts. Landowners

are required to take reasonable steps to avoid the establishment of pest animals on their land;

and

Class 3 pest animals are currently established in Queensland and cause adverse impacts,

primarily to the environment (DAFF 2013c).

5.2 PEST INVENTORY

Field surveys of the Project, including the MLA areas and the Rail and Services Corridor, identified a

number of declared and non-declared pest animals. These species have the potential to cause

adverse impacts to the ecological values of the Project site and surrounding areas.

Declared pest animals known to occur on the site are listed in Table 5. All are declared as Class 2

pests under the LP Act. A number of introduced animal species not declared under the LP Act were

also identified on the Project site (Table 6).

Table 5 Declared pest animals known to occur on the Project site

Scientific Name Common Name LP Act Class

Felis catus Feral cat Class 2

Oryctolagus cuniculus European rabbit Class 2

Sus scrofa Feral pig Class 2

Vulpes vulpes European fox Class 2

Canis familiaris / Canis familiaris dingo

Feral dog / Dingo Class 2


Table 6 Undeclared introduced animals known to occur on the Project site

Scientific Name Common Name

Rhinella marinus Cane toad

Mus musculus House mouse

Lepus europaeus European hare

Bos taurus Cow

Equus caballus Horse

A number of these species are also listed as ‘Key Threatening Processes’ under the Environment

Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). These species include the European

Rabbit, Cane Toad, European Fox, Feral Cat and Feral Pig.

5.3 POTENTIAL IMPACTS

Declared pests have the potential to cause significant ecological damage on the Project site. Potential

impacts associated with the declared pests identified above are described in Table 7.

Table 7 Potential impacts of declared pests

Scientific Name Common Name Potential Impacts

Felis catus Feral cat Feral cats are opportunistic predators known to cause ecological harm through the spread of disease, competition with and predation of native species.

Oryctolagus cuniculus

European rabbit

Rabbits are significant environmental and agricultural pests. Their grazing behaviours are known to cause ecological harm through the degradation of native landscapes and vegetation, soil and water. Rabbits also directly compete with native species for food and space.

Sus scrofa Feral pig

Feral pigs compete with native fauna for resources and prey on native fauna, including small mammals. They can cause destruction of the landscape (particularly wetlands and waterholes), erosion and spread of weeds through foraging and wallowing behaviours.

Vulpes vulpes European fox Foxes are significant threats to ground nesting birds and the long-term survival of small marsupials.


Feral dog / Dingo

Although the Feral Dog and Dingo are classified together, it is considered unlikely that many true Dingoes exist in the region of the Project. Feral dogs are apex predators, preying heavily on both domestic stock and native fauna (especially medium to large native mammals). Feral dogs also have the potential to spread exotic diseases and hydatids.

Rhinella marinus Cane toad

Although not a declared pest, cane toads are known to cause potentially severe ecological harm. Cane toads compete with native fauna for food and water resources and are voracious feeders, consuming a wide variety of insects and animals. Cane toads also produce highly toxic venom, causing harm (and


Scientific Name Common Name Potential Impacts

sometimes death) to native predators.

Source: DAFF 2012c

5.4 PEST SPECIES PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT

NHG will adopt an integrated approach to the management of pest animal species on the Project site.

NHG will engage in consultation with affected stakeholders and local authorities regarding the

management of pest species, as required by statutory commitments.

Available Control Methods

Available pest animal control methods include:

Chemical controls, such as baiting, fumigating and spraying;

Biological controls, such as the introduction of disease; and

Physical controls, such as shooting, trapping, exclusion fencing, guardian animals, and

harbour destruction (DAFF 2012d).

Some physical and chemical control methods may be hazardous to non-target animals, people and

property. In selecting a control method, it is recommended that advice is sought from WDRC and/or

Biosecurity Queensland.

Choosing a Control Method

Pest control methods should be selected with consideration to the effectiveness, public safety and

humaneness of the method. The Australian DAFF has published a set of humaneness matrices

illustrating the relative humaneness of various pest animal control methods (DAFF 2008). These

matrices are provided in Appendix B.

Fencing and shooting are generally considered relatively humane methods for controlling pest

animals. Both are costly, however, with fences requiring ongoing maintenance to ensure they remain

effective.

Adopted Control Methods

Pest control methods adopted for the Project include:

Fencing;

Trapping;

Shooting;

Baiting;

Harbour destruction; and

Prevention.


WDRC Pest Management Priorities

The WDRC Pest Management Plan must be considered in determining appropriate pest management

actions. WDRC has assigned management priorities and levels of control to a range of pest species

within its Pest Management Plan, which are outlined in Table 8. Priority control actions focus on

eradication of isolated occurrences, and containment and reduction in numbers.

Table 8 WDRC Pest Management Priorities

Scientific Name Common Name Priority Level of Control

Felis catus Feral cat Medium C

Oryctolagus cuniculus European rabbit Very High B / C

Sus scrofa Feral pig High C

Vulpes vulpes European fox Medium C


Feral dog / Dingo Very High B / C

Rhinella marinus Cane toad Medium D

Equus caballus Horse Medium C

Mus musculus House mouse N/A N/A

Lepus europaeus European hare N/A N/A

Bos taurus Cow N/A N/A

Source: WDRC 2011

Note: WDRC Levels of Control:

A: Prevention from entering the shire

B: Eradication of isolated, strategic infestations where achievable

C: Contain and reduce within specified areas

D: Broadscale management utilizing a range of techniques where suitable

Animal Welfare

Review of Codes of Practice by the Australian DAFF determined that a range of pest control methods

are unacceptable due to the pain and suffering they inflict upon pest species. These include:

The use of unmodified, serrated-edge, steel jaw traps;

Strychnine baiting to control fox and dog populations;

Chloropicrin fumigation of rabbit warrens;

Warfarin baiting to control pig populations; and

Yellow phosphorous (CSSP) baiting to control pig populations (DAFF 2009).

5.4.1 Baiting

Baiting is an effective and relatively inexpensive control method. Baiting using sodium fluoroacetate

(1080) is considered a cost-effective option for broad-scale control of feral dogs, pigs and foxes. DAFF


recommends the use of other techniques, such as shooting, trapping and/or habitat destruction, to

follow up baiting and limit the chance of re-invasion (DAFF 2012e). Baiting should be conducted by

appropriately qualified and trained personnel to ensure that suitable baits are used for the target

species.

There is potential for this method to unintentionally impact non-target species. NHG will participate in

baiting programs organised by the WDRC.

5.4.2 Shooting

Shooting is an effective and often relatively humane method of pest control when it is conducted by

qualified and experienced personnel and used to manage small population numbers. Animals

wounded from shooting should be located and disposed of as quickly and humanely as possible.

Animals should be confirmed dead prior to disposal.

Where shooting is to be undertaken, all workplace health and safety measures will be addressed to

minimise the hazard of harm to people, stock and non-target animals. Shooting is particularly effective

for foxes, wild dogs, feral pigs and feral cats.

5.4.3 Trapping

Trapping is suitable for small populations of pest animals and is often used in situations where baiting

cannot be conducted due to risks to people, livestock and non-target species. Trapping of small

animals, such as mice and rats, is cost-effective and requires little labour or training. Trapping of larger

animals requires trained personnel and is suitable for managing low population numbers.

For many pest species, trapping is most effective when implemented as part of an integrated

approach, together with baiting and shooting. Trapping is particularly effective for wild dogs, rabbits,

feral pigs and feral cats.

Traps should be inspected daily and animals disposed of in a prompt and humane manner. Non-target

animals should be released as soon as practicable. Trapped pest species should be euthanised by an

appropriately qualified and experienced person as soon as practicable after being captured.

5.4.4 Exclusion Fencing

Exclusion fencing is a humane, non-lethal method for controlling pests. However, fencing has the

potential to impact non-target species by altering access and foraging patterns, and present a hazard

to fauna during bushfires.

More effective fences involve greater expenses. Ongoing maintenance is necessary to ensure the

fence remains effective. Fences with fabricated sheet mesh held close to the ground by wire, either

plain or barbed, and supported by steel posts are typically considered the most effective (DAFF

2011c).

Exclusion fencing offers an effective means of preventing the introduction or re-introduction of pest

species following successful eradication of pests from the site, potentially reducing long-term pest

management costs. Fencing is particularly successful for managing wild dogs and cats.


5.4.5 Harbour Destruction

Harbour destruction is particularly relevant to the control of rabbits. Ripping rabbit warrens reduces the

risk of re-population of an area following baiting or other control methods. Destruction of warrens

includes the use of bulldozers, excavators and backhoes to destroy the rabbit warren system in its

entirety. Consideration must be made of the presence of native flora when undertaking warren ripping

(DAFF 2011d).

5.4.6 Preventing Introduction and Spread

An additional component of pest animal management is preventing the introduction and/or spread of

pests within the Project site. A range of measures can be employed to help prevent the introduction

and infestation of pests. These measures include ensuring that landfill areas are adequately covered

and rubbish is inaccessible by pests. This is particularly important for food waste, which can become a

source of food for feral animals.

Sightings of pests by staff and contractors should be reported internally. Class 1 or suspected pests

should be reported to DAFF.

Pest animal management and awareness should be incorporated into the Staff Induction Program.

Staff will be taught to identify and report pest animal species found on the Project site. Field staff will

be provided with booklets or cards for pest identification.

All imported construction materials should be systematically inspected for ‘hitchhiker’ pests, such as

animal eggs and ants that are not currently established in the area and introduced species.


6.0 MOSQUITO MANAGEMENT PLAN

A Mosquito Management Plan (MMP) for the Elimatta Project has been developed in accordance with

the Mosquito Management Code of Practice 2012 developed by the Local Government Association of

Queensland (LGAQ), and the Queensland Health ‘Guidelines to Minimise Mosquito and Biting Midge

Problems in New Development Areas’.

In accordance with the Code of Practice, an integrated approach to mosquito management will be

adopted. An integrated approach utilises a combination of control methods which also seeks to

minimise environmental harm. Alternatives to insecticides will be identified and pursued where

possible.

The Code of Practice recommends that the following components are included in the MMP:

Development of a strategy for the management of mosquitoes;

Development of a mosquito surveillance program to support management strategies;

Development of strategies to minimise the risk of environmental harm; and

Review and evaluation of the MMP (LGAQ 2012).

6.1 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the MMP are:

To ensure consistency with the WDRC Pest Management Plan and their mosquito

management objectives by coordinating with WDRC;

To identify potential mosquito breeding sites and determine appropriate strategies for

management;

To reduce the risk of disease spread and outbreaks associated with mosquito vectors; and

To minimise or, where possible, avoid adverse environmental effects by insecticides or other

methods of control.

6.2 INITIAL SURVEY AND MONITORING

No monitoring or survey of mosquitoes has been conducted within the Project area.

6.2.1 Likely Mosquito Species and Breeding Sites

Potential mosquito breeding sites on the Project site include:

Dams, which may facilitate mosquito breeding due to their expansive surface area and the

presence of stagnant water;

Areas or containers where water may pool;

Wetland areas, such as Blue Gum Palustrine Wetland (RE 11.3.2b) and Poplar Box-Brigalow

Oxbow Lake Wetland (RE 11.3.2 and RE 11.3.17);


Stormwater drains; and

Low-lying areas subject to flooding.

Freshwater mosquito species that may occur on the Project site are outlined in Table 9.

Table 9 Mosquito species potentially occurring on the Project site

Species Public Health / Pest Significance

Aedes aegypti Vector of Chikungunya and Dengue Fever.

Ochlerotatus notoscriptus Vector of Barmah Forest virus and Ross River virus and significant domestic pest.

Ochlerotatus vittiger (also known as Aedes vittiger)

A major pest species.

Culex annulirostris A major vector in Australia of viruses including Barmah Forest, Japanese Encephalitis, Kunjin, Murray Valley Encephalitis and Ross River.

Culex quinquefasciatus Isolated Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus and occasional pest.

Anopheles annulipes Possible pest in proximity to extensive wetlands.

Coquilletti dialinealis Barmah Forest virus and Ross River virus and potential Chikungunya vector. Potential serious pest in proximity to extensive wetlands.

Coquilletti diaxanthogaster An occasional pest.

Source: LGAQ 2012

6.3 ONGOING SURVEILLANCE

Monitoring and surveillance of mosquito populations will involve regular inspection of locations which

have the potential to support mosquito breeding.

Breeding sites located in areas with sensitive or significant environmental values will be identified

through surveillance. Control methods that will cause the least actual or potential environmental harm

will be selected for these areas.

6.4 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AND CONTROL METHODS

Available methods to control the impact of mosquitoes and/or eradicate mosquito populations include:

source reduction, biological control, chemical control, design alternatives and personal protection.

Application of control measures should be limited to mosquito breeding sites identified through

monitoring and surveillance.

6.4.1 Personal Protection

Strategies to ensure Project personnel are protected from mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases

include the following:

Appropriate clothing will be worn by personnel when working outdoors, including hats, socks,

long pants and long sleeves. Collars and sleeves will remain buttoned and trousers tucked

into boots. Gloves and head mesh may be worn if necessary; and

Personnel will be informed of mosquito biting issues and the appropriate management

strategies, including personal protection, through the Staff Induction Program.


6.4.2 Design

Design should incorporate measures to manage the impact of mosquitoes. Strategies may include:

Installation of screens with a suitable mesh size to prevent the intrusion of mosquitoes into

indoor areas;

Use of lighting that does not attract mosquitoes, such as red or yellow lighting. White lighting

will be used in areas away from Project personnel or occupied areas; and

Landscaping and drainage systems will be constructed to ensure pooling of water does not

occur, including avoiding the accumulation of silt;

Water impoundments should be more than 60 cm deep to reduce suitability for mosquito

breeding (Queensland Health 2002).

6.4.3 Source Reduction

Source reduction involves the identification and removal of container breeding sites (e.g.

inappropriately stored tyres) that are associated with human activities. Equipment or containers that

have potential to trap rainwater or stormwater runoff will be stored appropriately. Tanks will be fitted

with insect screens at inlets and overflows.

6.4.4 Chemical Control

Chemical control includes the use of insecticides to assist in controlling mosquito numbers. Ground

and aerial application of insecticides is used to control mosquito populations. Insecticides may target

larvae (larvicides) or adult mosquitoes (adulticides).

Spill and waste management need to be considered when implementing chemical control methods.

Areas in which insecticides are being applied (such as wetlands) are often vulnerable to spills of

chemicals. Waste generated by the use of chemicals needs to be disposed of in an environmentally

sound manner (LGAQ 2012).

Where required, operators of chemical control measures should hold any necessary licenses as

required under Queensland legislation. Where licenses are not required, operators should be

appropriately trained prior using chemical control methods.

Larvicides

Widely used mosquito larvicides in Queensland include microbial insecticides based on Bacillus

thuringiensis subsp. Israelensis (Bti), and Methoprene, an insect growth regulator. Larvicides should

have low toxicity to non-target species and minimal adverse environmental impacts. Ground-based

methods allow the application of insecticides to be confined to mosquito breeding sites.

Adulticides

Common adulticides include pyrethrins and synthetic pyrethroids, which are less toxic to mammals

and birds than organophosphates. Aerial adulticiding should only be conducted where there is a public

health risk or emergency situation arising from the prevalence of mosquitoes. Land-based adulticiding

is not considered an alternative to larvaciding, biological control methods, or habitat modification

(LGAQ 2012).


7.0 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

NHG will actively engage in the prevention and management of mosquitoes, pest weeds and animals.

The roles and responsibilities of stakeholders in relation to the PWMP are outlined below:

All employees and contractors will be obliged to report sightings and outbreaks of declared

animals and plants;

All employees and contractors will be responsible for the regular check and wash-down of

vehicles, machinery and equipment. Vehicle and machinery operators are responsible for

ensuring the acceptable condition of vehicles; and

The Senior Environmental Advisor will be responsible for managing pest and weed

contractors, maintaining records, conducting regular weed and pest inspections of the Project

site, and reviewing and evaluating the effectiveness of the PWMP.

Staff Induction Program

Pest and weed management and awareness will be incorporated into the Staff Induction Program.

Staff will be taught to identify and report pest animal and weed species found on the Project site. Field

staff will be provided with booklets or cards for pest identification. The Staff Induction Program will also

include mosquito management to inform the workforce of the issues associated with mosquitoes and

the appropriate management strategies to be implemented.

Records

Electronic and hard copies of pest and weed management activities will be kept centrally onsite for a

minimum of five years to allowreview of the PWMP. Control activities undertaken will record, as a

minimum, the following:

Date;

Location of activity;

Species targeted;

Method(s) utilised;

Amount of herbicide, bait or insecticide applied;

Area treated; and

Numbers or area successfully controlled.


8.0 MONITORING AND EVALUATION

Monitoring is the systematic collection and analysis of observations or information over time, as it

relates to progress of pest control activities. Monitoring provides a basis for evaluation and facilitates

improvement in the effectiveness of pest control methods. The purpose of monitoring is to:

Identify priority areas of weed and pest management;

Allow for early detection and eradication of pest or weed species;

Assess the effectiveness of management and eradication strategies; and

Allow trends to be observed over time.

Evaluation is the comparison of outcomes to the original targets to indicate the difference between

desired outcomes and the actual outcomes that were achieved. The Mosquito Management Code of

Practice states that the MMP should be reviewed and evaluated every three years.

Monitoring will be conducted at short- and long-term scales. Short-term monitoring should take place

immediately following the implementation of weed or pest controls to gauge the success of these

measures, and modify the treatment method where required to treat remaining weeds or pests. Long-

term monitoring should be conducted after periods of pest and weed control to ensure the

management plan is successful in achieving its objectives and followed by modification of the PWMP.

Regular site inspection should be undertaken to maintain an up-to-date inventory of the weed and pest

species present on the Project site, in addition to their distributions and densities.


9.0 REFERENCES

DAFF 2008, A model for assessing the relative humaneness of pest animal control methods –

Humaneness matrices, Commonwealth of Australia, viewed 13th November 2013,

http://www.daff.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/2036781/appendix-humaneness-matrices.pdf

DAFF (Australia) 2009, Problems with Current Animal Protection – Sentient Animals Slipping Through

the Net, Australian Government, viewed 20th November 2013, http://www.daff.gov.au/animal-plant-

health/welfare/aaws/aaws_international_animal_welfare_conference/problems_with_current_animal_p

rotection_-_sentient_animals_slipping_through_the_net

DAFF 2011a, Types of herbicides, Queensland Government, viewed 13th November 2013,

http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/plants/weeds-pest-animals-ants/weeds/control-methods/types-of-herbicides

DAFF 2011b, Safeguard and label information, Queensland Government, viewed 13th November

2013, http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/plants/weeds-pest-animals-ants/weeds/control-methods/safeguard-

and-label-information

DAFF 2011c, Feral pig control, Queensland Government, viewed 13th November 2013,

http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/plants/weeds-pest-animals-ants/pest-animals/control-methods/feral-pig-

control

DAFF 2011d, Harbour destruction, Queensland Government, viewed 2nd

December,

http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/plants/weeds-pest-animals-ants/pest-animals/control-methods/harbour-

destruction

DAFF 2012a, Declared plants of Queensland, Queensland Government, viewed 9th October 2013,

http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/72253/IPA-Declared-Plants-Qld-PP1.pdf

DAFF 2012b, Weed hygiene declaration, Queensland Government, viewed 9th October 2013,

http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/plants/weeds-pest-animals-ants/weeds/preventing-weed-spread/legal-

requirements/weed-hygiene-declaration

DAFF 2012c, Photo guide to pest animals, Queensland Government, viewed 9th October 2013,

http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/plants/weeds-pest-animals-ants/pest-animals/a-z-listing-of-pest-

animals/photo-guide-to-pest-animals

DAFF 2012d, Control methods, Queensland Government, viewed 13th November 2013,

http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/plants/weeds-pest-animals-ants/pest-animals/control-methods

DAFF 2012e, Baiting, Queensland Government, viewed 13th November 2013,

http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/plants/weeds-pest-animals-ants/pest-animals/control-methods/baiting

DAFF 2013a, Photo guide to weeds, Queensland Government, 9th October 2013,

http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/plants/weeds-pest-animals-ants/weeds/a-z-listing-of-weeds/photo-guide-to-

weeds

DAFF 2013b, Supplying and transporting contaminated things, Queensland Government, viewed 9th

October 2013, http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/plants/weeds-pest-animals-ants/weeds/preventing-weed-

spread/legal-requirements/supplying-and-transporting-contaminated-things


DAFF 2013c, Declared Animals of Queensland, Queensland Government, viewed 13th November

2013, http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/65712/IPA-Declared-Animals-Qld-

PA2.pdf

Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations 2012, AHCBIO201A Inspect and

clean machinery for plant, animal and soil material, Commonwealth of Australia, viewed 9th October

2013, http://training.gov.au/TrainingComponentFiles/AHC10/AHCBIO201A_R1.pdf

Department of Natural Resources and Mines 2002, Queensland Pest Animal Strategy 2002-2006,

Queensland Government, viewed 13th November 2013,

http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/54296/IPA-Qld-Animal-Strategy.pdf

Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities 2012, What is a

Weed?,Australian Government, viewed 9th October 2013,

http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/weeds/weeds/what.html

Local Government Association of Queensland 2012, Mosquito Management Code of Practice 2012,

Local Government Association of Queensland Ltd., viewed 20th

November 2013,

http://www.lgaq.asn.au/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=5f9164dea975633311e59614b40102d8&gro

upId=10136

Queensland Health 2002, Guidelines to minimise mosquito and biting midge problems in new

development areas, Queensland Government, viewed 20th

November 2013,

http://www.health.qld.gov.au/ph/documents/cdb/14804.pdf

Western Downs Regional Council 2011, Pest Management Plan 2011-2015, viewed 9 October

2013,http://www.wdrc.qld.gov.au/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=a6593433-fbd9-456c-aca7-

e91ce5bd1920&groupId=12392

Pest and Weed Management Plan A January 2014

Appendix A Weed Hygiene Declaration

Weed hygiene declarationPart 1: Sale or supply of things

(Examples of ‘things’ include fodder, grain, seed, livestock, gravel, sand, soil, mulch, packing material, machinery, vehicles or water)

This declaration is valid for supplying the thing/things specified below from to (please provide dates)

1. Thing (please tick the relevant box and provide a brief description)

Grain/seeds Sand/gravelFodder Machinery Mulch Livestock Other

Amount

(e.g. weight, size of load, number of items)

Description

(e.g. cattle, hay, dozer)

2. Has the thing been moved through, stored in, come from, or used in a place infested with:

Yes No MaybePartheniumGiant rat’s tail grass, American rat’s tail grass, giant Parramatta grass, Parramatta grassPrickly acaciaOther (provide details)

3. If you answered ‘yes’ or ‘maybe’ in question 2, then what actions have been taken to remove or ensure that there is no weed reproductive material*? (please tick the relevant boxes and specify steps taken)

Nil Washing/cleaning Quarantine period Chemical treatment Certified clean Other

Steps taken

4. To the best of my knowledge the thing described above still contains a weed listed in question 2 above.

I, of

town state telephone

Date

declare that the information that I have provided in this declaration is true and correct and I have read the accompanying explanatory notes before completing this declaration.

Signature

Part 2: Transport of contaminated things(‘Vehicle’ includes anything used for carrying any thing or any person by land, water or air, and includes equipment or machinery capable of moving on land)This declaration is valid for transport and movement of vehicles and other things from to (please provide locations)

make

registration no. or engine/frame no. was clean* prior to entry to (destination)

*Please refer to the definition of ‘clean’ in the explanatory notes.

*Please refer to the definition of ‘weed reproductive material’ in the explanatory notes.

1. Movement of vehicles—The vehicle described as:

2. Transport of contaminated things—If you are transporting anything contaminated or possibly contaminated with any declared weed, what actions are being used to contain the weed reproductive material?

Nil Covered with tarpaulin Enclosed within container Chemically treated Other

Actions:

I,*

*If same as Part 1 please write 'as above'

of

town state telephone

Date

declare that the information that I have provided in this declaration is true and correct and I have read the accompanying explanatory notes before completing this declaration.

Signature

MaybeNoYes

Explanatory notes

This declaration was developed in response to landholders, rural industry, community and government desire to minimise the impact of weeds on their business and on the environment. It has been developed to assist in preventing the spread of weeds and other contaminants, and to meet the requirements of section 45 of the Land Protection (Pest and Stock Route Management) Act 2002. A completed declaration provides information on the status of a ‘thing’, whether it is contaminated or free of weedy material. ‘Part 1: Sale or supply of things’ of the declaration should be completed by the supplier then given to the receiver before they receive the thing. The receiver can then make an informed decision and take precautions to prevent new infestations. It can also provide written assurance that a vehicle is clean before entering a property.

Why use this declaration?This declaration can provide:• a supplier with a way of meeting the requirements of section 45 (2) of the Act, if they are supplying any thing that is or

could be contaminated with the weeds listed below• a person obtaining a thing with information on whether the thing is clean of weed reproductive material or has been infested• assurance that a vehicle was clean* prior to entry onto a property• assurance that any contaminated or potentially contaminated thing is being moved so as not to spread the contaminant• assurance that a product is free of other weedy reproductive material.

Section 45 of the Act makes it an offence to supply a thing that is contaminated with a Class 1 weed or any of the Class 2 weeds listed below. However, for the Class 2 weeds, a person does not breach section 45 if they provide a written notice (Part 1 of this declaration) that states that the thing is or may be contaminated. The written notice must be filled and given to the receiver before the thing is supplied.

List of Class 2 species The following Class 2 pests are prescribed in section 45(1)(b) of the Act. These weeds are readily able to infest a wide range of products, from livestock to grain and vehicles. These weeds have a major effect on pasture production and have the capacity to invade large areas of Queensland.

Common name Species American rat’s tail grass Sporobolus jacquemontii Giant Parramatta grass Sporobolus fertilis Giant rat’s tail grass Sporobolus pyramidalis and S. natalensis Parramatta grass Sporobolus africanus Parthenium Parthenium hysterophorus Prickly acacia Acacia nilotica

Across Queensland, isolated outbreaks of declared plants such as those listed above are found on properties and roadsides each year. Outbreaks of these declared plants are often located hundreds of kilometres from core infestations. These outbreaks occur as a result of machinery, livestock, vehicles, fodder, grain, material and equipment contaminated with weed seeds being transported across the state. A high percentage of seed from prickly acacia and giant rats tail grass remains viable after being eaten and excreted by cattle.

*DefinitionsClean: • For vehicles, machinery and equipment, clean means that no soil and/or organic matter that may contain weed reproductive

material is on or in areas that are accessible during cleaning and maintenance work. A checklist and guidelines that show areas that are required to be clean are available at www.biosecurity.qld.gov.au

• A vehicle is considered to remain clean if it leaves its point of origin clean and only travels on sealed roads or well- maintained unsealed roads.

• For livestock, clean means that animals are internally and externally free of the reproductive material of any declared plant listed in the Land Protection (Pest and Stock Route Management) Regulation 2003. If livestock are suspected to be infested with a declared weed, then they should be quarantined within a weed-free paddock or pen for a 14-day period.

Weed reproductive material means any part of the plant that is capable of producing another plant by sexual or asexual reproduction. Examples include seeds, bulbs, rhizomes, tuber, stem or leaf cutting and the whole plant.

Well-maintained unsealed road means roads that do not have vegetation growing on or encroaching onto the area occupied by traffic.

For further information, please contact Biosecurity Queensland on 13 25 23.

PR10_4996

Pest and Weed Management Plan B January 2014

Appendix B Humaneness Matrices

BA C D E F G H

1

2

3

6

7

8

B

5

4

KEY (EXAMPLE METHODS)

1 ground shooting – head [2A]2 ground shooting – chest [2B]3 1080 [1D – 1E]4 pindone [1G]5 mustering [4 – 5]

non-lethal method lethal method

HOW TO USE HUMANENESS MATRICES

5

Mode of death (Part B)

Wel

fare

impa

ct p

rior t

o de

ath

(Par

t A)

less suffering more suffering

less

suff

erin

g

mor

e su

fferin

g

increasing negativ

e welfa

re impact

1

3

2

4

methods in the red zone are LESS humane

methods in the green zone are MORE humane

RELATIVE HUMANENESS OF RABBIT CONTROL METHODS

BA C D E F G H

1

2

3

6

7

8

B

5

4

KEY

1 ground shooting – head [2A]2 ground shooting – chest [2B]3 1080 [1D – 1E]4 pindone [1G]5 chloropicrin [3F]6 phosphine [3D]


Wel

fare

impa

ct p

rior t

o de

ath

(Par

t A)

less

suff

erin

g

mor

e su

fferin

g


5, 8

7 padded foot-hold trap [5C – 6C]8 warren ripping [3F]9 warren blasting [3A – 3B]

10 RHDV inoculation [5F– 5G]11 baits RHDV [1F – 1G]12 warren treatment with LPG technology [3B – 3C]

10

3 4

7

21

9 12

11

6

RELATIVE HUMANENESS OF FERAL CAT CONTROL METHODS

BA C D E F G H

1

2

3

6

7

8

B

5

4

KEY

1 ground shooting – head [1A]2 ground shooting – chest [1C]3 padded foot-hold trap [5B]


less

suff

erin

g

mor

e su

fferin

g


4 cage trap – shooting [4B]5 cage trap – lethal injection [4D]6 cage trap, transport – shooting [5B]7 cage trap, transport – lethal injection [5D]

Wel

fare

impa

ct p

rior t

o de

ath

(Par

t A)

21

3,6

4 5

7

RELATIVE HUMANENESS OF WILD DEER CONTROL METHODS

BA C D E F G H

1

2

3

6

7

8

B

5

4

KEY

1 ground shooting – head [3A]2 ground shooting – chest [3D]3 aerial shooting [4C]


less

suff

erin

g

mor

e su

fferin

g


4 trap – group* [5 – 6]5 trap – single* [4]


Wel

fare

impa

ct p

rior t

o de

ath

(Par

t A)

*Note: the humaneness of trapping is highly dependent on how the subsequent stages (i.e. hold-ing in the yards, drafting, shooting or transport) are conducted. The cumulative effects of these stages will compound welfare impact.

1 2

5

4

3

RELATIVE HUMANENESS OF FERAL PIG CONTROL METHODS

BA C D E F G H

1

2

3

6

7

8

B

5

4

KEY

1 ground shooting – head [2A]2 ground shooting – chest [2D]3 aerial shooting – chest [4B]4 trapping [4A]5 1080 [1E – 1F]

6 1080 PIGOUT® [1E – 1F]7 CSSP [1H]8 warfarin [1G – 1H]9 sodium nitrite [1D]


less

suff

erin

g

mor

e su

fferin

g


78

Wel

fare

impa

ct p

rior t

o de

ath

(Par

t A)

21

34

5,69

RELATIVE HUMANENESS OF FOX CONTROL METHODS

BA C D E F G H

1

2

3

6

7

8

B

5

4

KEY

1 ground shooting – head [2A]2 ground shooting – chest [2D]3 1080 [1E – 1F]4 fumigation – CO [3A – 3C] 5 cage trapping [4B]


less

suff

erin

g

mor

e su

fferin

g


6 padded foot-hold trap – e.g. Victor Soft Catch [5B]7 padded leg-hold trap – e.g. Lanes [6B]8 ejector devices – e.g. 1080 [1E – 1F]9 ejector devices – e.g. cyanide [1C]

Wel

fare

impa

ct p

rior t

o de

ath

(Par

t A)

1 2

4

3,8

5

6

7

9

RELATIVE HUMANENESS OF FERAL GOAT CONTROL METHODS

BA C D E F G H

1

2

3

6

7

8

B

5

4

KEY



less

suff

erin

g

mor

e su

fferin

g


4 mustering* [4]5 trapping* [5]


Wel

fare

impa

ct p

rior t

o de

ath

(Par

t A)

*Note: the humaneness of mustering or trapping is highly dependent on how the subsequent stages (i.e. holding in the yards, drafting, shooting or transport) are conducted. The cumulative effects of these stages will compound welfare impact.

1 2

34

5

RELATIVE HUMANENESS OF PEST BIRD CONTROL METHODS

BA C D E F G H

1

2

3

6

7

8

B

5

4

KEY

1 ground shooting – small to medium birds [3A]2 ground shooting – large birds – head [3A]3 ground shooting – large birds – chest [3B]4 cage trap – CO2 with handling [5D]5 cage trap – CO2 no handling [5C]6 cage trap – CO with handling [5D]7 cage trap – CO no handling [5C]8 cage trap – cervical dislocation [5C]


less

suff

erin

g

mor

e su

fferin

g


9 net trap – CO2 with handling [4D]10 net trap – CO2 no handling [4C]11 net trap – CO with handling [4D]12 net trap – CO no handling [4C]13 net trap – cervical dislocation [4C]

Wel

fare

impa

ct p

rior t

o de

ath

(Par

t A)

1,2

4,6

3

5,7,8

9,1110,12,13

RELATIVE HUMANENESS OF RODENT CONTROL METHODS

BA C D E F G H

1

2

3

6

7

8

B

5

4

KEY

1 baiting – anticoagulants [1F – 1G]2 baiting – zinc phosphide [1E – 1F]3 trap – snap-back [1B]4 trap – glue boards, blunt trauma [6B]5 trap – live, blunt trauma with handling [4B – 4C]


less

suff

erin

g

mor

e su

fferin

g


Wel

fare

impa

ct p

rior t

o de

ath

(Par

t A)

3 12

4

5

RELATIVE HUMANENESS OF FERAL HORSE CONTROL METHODS

BA C D E F G H

1

2

3

6

7

8

B

5

4

KEY




4 mustering – without mixing social groups* [4]5 mustering – with mixing social groups* [5]6 trapping* [5]


Wel

fare

impa

ct p

rior t

o de

ath

(Par

t A)

*Note: the humaneness of mustering or trapping is highly dependent on how the subsequent stages (i.e. holding in the yards, drafting, shooting or transport) are conducted. The cumulative effects of these stages will compound welfare impact.

1 2

3

5,6

4

less

suff

erin

g

mor

e su

fferin

g

RELATIVE HUMANENESS OF WILD DOG CONTROL METHODS

BA C D E F G H

1

2

3

6

7

8

B

5

4

KEY

1 ground shooting – head [2A]2 ground shooting – chest [2D]3 cage trap & head shot [4B]4 cage trap & lethal injection [4C]5 padded foot-hold trap – head shot [5B]6 padded foot-hold trap – strychnine [5G]


less

suff

erin

g

mor

e su

fferin

g


7 padded leg-hold trap – head shot [5B – 6B]8 padded leg-hold trap – strychnine [5G – 6G]9 1080 [1E – 1F]

10 ejector devices – e.g. 1080 [1E – 1F]11 ejector devices – e.g. cyanide [1C]

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1

7

2

3 4

5

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8

6

RELATIVE HUMANENESS OF FERAL DONKEY CONTROL METHODS

BA C D E F G H

1

2

3

6

7

8

B

5

4

KEY

1 ground shooting – head [3A]2 ground shooting – chest [3D]3 aerial shooting– head [3A – 4A]4 aerial shooting– chest [3C – 4C]


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1 2

3 4

RELATIVE HUMANENESS OF FERAL CAMEL CONTROL METHODS

BA C D E F G H

1

2

3

6

7

8

B

5

4

KEY

1 ground shooting – head [3A]2 ground shooting – chest [3D]3 aerial shooting – head [3A – 4A]4 aerial shooting – chest [3C – 4C]



5 mustering* [4 – 5]


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*Note: the humaneness of mustering is highly dependent on how the subsequent stages (i.e. holding in the yards, drafting, shooting or transport) are conducted. The cumulative effects of these stages will compound welfare impact.

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