Nombre: ________________________Unidad 2 Etapa 1: Pensemos en los demás: Vocabulario Nuevo

A. Verbos

colaborar con to collaborate withconservar más to conserve more

consumir menos to consume lessconvivir to live together, to get along

crear to createcuidar de to take care of

donar to donateeducar al público to educated the public

embellecer to beautifyestar a favor de to be in favor of

hacer un esfuerzo to make an effortjuntar fondos to fundraiseluchar contra to fight against

B. Más verbos

participar to participatepermitir to permit

pertenecer to belongpreservar to preserve

recoger to pick upresolver (o-->ue) to resolvesembrar (e-->ie) to plant

trabajar de voluntario(a) to volunteervalorar to valuevotar to vote

C. Gente y Cosas de la comunidad

los ancianos elderlylos árboles treesla basura garbage, trash

la campaña campaignel (la) ciudadano(a) citizen

los enfermos the sickla gente sin hogar homeless

los jóvenes young peoplelos minusválidos (this is a horrible thing to call someone and I am

pretty sure most places stopped using it. Use “incapacitado(a, os, as)”physically challenged

D. Partes de la comunidad

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el centro de la comunidad community centerel centro de rehabilitación rehabilitation center

el comedor de beneficiencia soup kitchenlos derechos humanos human rights

el desarollo developmentla discriminación discrimination

la pobreza povertyel prejuicio prejudice

el ser humano human beingel servicio social social service

la solución solution

E. Preguntas y Respuestas

¿Cómo puedo ayudarte (lo, la)? How can I help you?¿Podría(s) darme una mano? Could you give me a hand?

¿Puede(s) ayudarme? Can you help me?¿Puede(s) hacerme un favor? Can you do me a favor?

Estoy agotado(a) I'm exhaustedLo siento mucho, pero... I'm very sorry, but...

Me es imposible It's just not possible for meNo, de veras, no puedo No, really, I can't

¿Por qué no? Sure, why not?Sí, con mucho gusto Yes, gladlySi pudiera, lo haría If I could, I would (do it)

Trabajemos de voluntario Let's do volunteer workAyudemos a los demás Let's help the others

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Gramática: La condicional~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The Conditional Tense(pg 119 del texto)

1. Used to express what “would” happen.2. Used to make polite requests.

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The -AR, -ER, and –IR regular verbs take the same endings! So in order to form the conditional tense, you

take the infinitive and add the following endings:

Yo -ía Nosotros -íamosTú -ías X (-íais)

Él, ella, usted -ía Ellos, ellas, ustedes -ían

Example: Hablar:

Unos ejemplos:

I would go tomorrow. = Yo iría mañana.

1. Carlos would take out the trash. = ________________________________________2. We would be comfortable on the beach! = ________________________________________3. Would you prefer to pay in cash (efectivo)?

_____________________________________________________

Obviamente hay irregulares *: same as the future tense!

Los verbos irregulares en la condicional

1. Verbs that drop the “e” of the infinitive:Verb Dropped Conditional FormationCaber Cabr cabría, cabrías, etcHaber Habr habría, habrías, etcPoder Podr podría, podrías, etcQuerer Querr querría, querrías, etcSaber Sabr sabría, sabrías, etc

2. Verbs that change the vowel (e or i) of the infinitive to “d” :

Verb Dropped Conditional FormationPoner Pondr pondría, pondrías, etcSalir Saldr saldría, saldrías, etcTener Tendr tendría, tendrías, etcValer Valdr valdría, valdrías, etcVenir Vendr vendría, vendrías, etc

2. Verbs that drop the e and c of the infinitive:Verb Dropped Conditional FormationDecir Dir diría, dirías, etc.Hacer Har haría, harías, etc.

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HablaríaX (-íais)

* The compounds of the irregular verbs are also irregular:

contener = contendría (I would contain, from “tener.”) satisfacer = satisfarían (They would satisfy, from “hacer.”)

When making polite requests, you can use the conditional tense:

¿Me podría traer un café? = Would you please bring me a coffee, sir?

¿Me pasarías ese libro? = Would you pass me that book?

ALSO:

I would love to go to the dance with you. = Me encantaría ir al baile contigo.

I would like to volunteer. = Me gustaría trabajar como voluntario.

Juliana would like to donate clothes. =A Juliana le gustaría donar ropa.

The conditional can come after various past tenses of decir:

Dije

Decía + que asistiría

Había dicho

(I said / I had said that I would attend)

*Just as the future tense is used for probability (might happen) the conditional can be used to mean “could have, must have.”

¡Practiquemos!

First, we will focus on the uses of the conditional tense for what “would” happen.

1. Mis tíos me ________________________(visitar) en julio.

2. Tu escuela ________________________________(ganar) dinero.

3. Yo no_______________________________(comer) en ese restaurante.

Traduce:

1. You would need to beautify the city!

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2. Would you prefer to help the homeless or the sick?

3. You said that you would develop a tree-planting campaign.

4. Benjamin would do the homework well.

5. You would tell him the truth, seriously? !

6. Máximo would participate with a smile on his face.

____________________________________________________________________________

7. Sofía would like to travel.

____________________________________________________________________

8. Your mother would have to fundraise.

___________________________________________________________________

9. A bird would consume fewer seeds (semillas) than a hamster.

___________________________________________________________________

10. Sara would hate (odiar) to see such discrimination.

___________________________________________________________________

11. Manuel would collect trash for fun.

___________________________________________________________________

12. Rosa and Eva would plant trees next week.

___________________________________________________________________

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13. Guillermo and Paco would buy shirts with sequins.

___________________________________________________________________

14. Memo and Tatiana would mow the lawn.

___________________________________________________________________

15. Lola and I would give presents to children.

___________________________________________________________________

16. You would have to walk very far! I would leave at 9:00 pm.

~~~~~~~~~~~~Gramática: ¡Mandatos! (commands) ~~~~~~~~~~~~

Positive “tú” / informal commands

Commands are used when ordering, or telling someone to do something. This is often referred to as the "imperative" form of the verb. In Spanish, a “tú” command is for someone with whom you are familiar (family, friends, peers, etc). Positive “tú” commands tell the person to do something.

As you may remember, regular affirmative tú commands are formed by taking the _____________________form of the verb.

(hablar - ar + a = habla) (comer - er + e = come) (escribir - ir + e = escribe)

Examples:

Compra (tú) el anillo. Come (tú) la papa. Escribe (tú) la carta.(You) Buy the ring. (You) eat the potato. (You) Write the letter.

Try these!

1.Prepare the dinner. _____________________________________

2. Learn quickly. _________________________________

3. Order the book. _________________________________

Irregular Affirmative Tú Commands :

You still use these commands when you are telling a person to do something. The difference is that these verbs don’t follow the regular rules above. These irregular rules must be memorized.

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Irregulars:

1. Be careful! _______________________________

2. Be good. _________________________________

3. Come to my house. ________________________________

4. Tell the truth. _______________________________

5. Set the table. ______________________________

6. Go to your room! ____________________________________

7. Leave from here! _______________________________________

8. Do the homework. _________________________________

Negative Tú commands (No! Don’t do it!)

When you want to tell someone NOT to do something, use a negative command.

Negative tú commands are formed by taking the _________ form of the present tense, dropping the _________, and adding the opposite “tú” ending.

If you start with an –AR verb, use the –ER/-IR verb ending for “tú.”

HABLAR -> Hablo -> Habl -> Hables. Final = __________________= don’t talk.

If you start with an –ER or –IR verb, take the AR verb ending for “tú.”

ESCRIBIR-> Escribo -> Escrib -> escribas. Final = _____________________ = don’t write.

If the yo form is irregular, the same rule applies.

Tener -> tengo -> teng -> Tengas. Final = _____________________ =don’t be scared.

1. Don’t eat the cake. ____________________________

2. Don’t cook the enchiladas. ____________________________________

3. Don’t return to the school. _____________________________________

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Infinitive Affirmative Tú Command

Decir

Hacer

Ir

Poner

Salir

Ser

Tener

Venir

4. Don’t buy the boots. _________________________________________

5. Don’t repeat the question. _____________________________________

6. Don’t study for the test. ______________________________________

7. Don’t do all the homework. ______________________________________

8. Don’t wear sequins! _________________________________________

9. Don’t wash the car! _________________________________________

Irregular Negative Tú Commands :

Some verbs have irregular forms for negative tú commands. None of the yo forms here end in yo, which is why they have special forms. Can you guess which infinitive goes with each command below?

Infinitive Negative tú command

des

estés

vayas

seas

1. Don’t be bad. _________________________________

2. Don’t go! (irse)________________________________

3. Don’t be sad. _______________________________

4. Don’t give him my number! (Don’t give my number to him!)

____________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Commanding with more respect

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It is very important to be polite when traveling to other countries. When addressing people, you may need to suggest that they do something, but it needs to sound polite. There is an easy way to do this in Spanish: you use a formal command.

The Usted/ formal command is formed by taking the YO form of the verb, dropping the O and adding the opposite ending in the present-tense, third person singular:

For –AR verbs, drop the O and add E. Ex: Hablar Hablo _________________

For –ER / -IR verbs, drop the O and add A. Ex: Comer Como _________________

Ejemplo: Señor Chavez, por favor entre el museo. Mr. Chavez, please enter the museum.

Ejemplo: No coma el pastel. Do not eat the cake.

To make these negative, just add “no” before the command.

The Ustedes Command (plural) is formed by taking the YO form of the verb, dropping the O, and adding the opposite ending in the present-tense, third person plural (they ending):

For –AR verbs, drop the O and add EN. Ex: Hablar Hablo ______________________

For –ER / -IR verbs, drop the O and add AN. Ex: Comer Como ______________________

Come in, all of you. Pasen ustedes. Look, everyone! ¡ ______________________, todos!

Do the work! ¡ ______________________ el trabajo!

Verb Usted Command Ustedes CommandEstudiar

AbrirAprender

Tener TengaHacerPonerDecirSalirVenir

Obviamente hay irregulares

Verb Usted Command Ustedes CommandIr Vaya

Dar DéEstar EstéSer Sea

Saber Sepa

Commands with DOPs and IOPs = double object pronouns

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You are REPLACING the person and the item, therefore do not restate!

1. Form the Usted or Ustedes command as usual.2. For positive Usted/Ustedes commands, attach the IOP first, then the DOP. (people first)3. Accent on the FOURTH to last syllable

Example:

Pedro va a recomendar las enchiladas a nosotros. Command: Pedro, recommend the enchiladas to us!

Las enchiladas DOP = LasA nosotros IOP = Nos1. Recomiendo -> Recomiende 2. Command + IOP plus DOP = Recomiendenoslas = accent on 4th to last:3. Recomiéndenoslas = Recommend us them!

Example:Pedro va a traer el menú a Susana.Command: Sofía, bring her the menu!El menú DOP =will become “lo.”A Susana IOP = would be LE, but since you will have a le lo that’s NOT okay! Will become SE.

1. Bring in YO form = Traigo, opp. Ending = Traiga.2. Traiga + (IOP)SE + (DOP) LO = Traigaselo, accent on 4th to last =3. Tráigaselo.

Try it:

You guys are going to give the letter to my sisters. All of you, give the letter to my sisters!

Command: Dar = __________

La carta DOP = ____________

A mis hermanas IOP = _________________________

1. ___________________________2. ___________________________________3. ________________________________

Tell me the truth (la verdad).1. Command = ____________________2. IOP and DOP = _______________________3. ____________________________4.

Negative with Double Object Pronouns1. Form the tú, Usted or Ustedes command as usual.2. For negative Usted/Ustedes commands, put the NO first, then the IOP, then the DOP, THEN the

command.3. No accent needed!

Don’t serve us the potatoes, don’t serve us them.

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1. Yo form of server = sirvo, drop the O, make it an A. 2. Nos and La will be your IOP and DOP3. ¡_________________________________!

Don’t read him the story (el cuento) (usted)

1. Leer -> lea2. Le and lo will be your IOP and DOP, but Le has to become _______.3. ¡_________________________________!

Don’t buy her the chocolate. (tú)

1. Command = _____________2. IOP and DOP = __________________3. Final answer = _________________________

All of you, don’t teach the students the word.

1. Command = _____________________2. IOP and DOP= ___________________________3. Final answer = _________________________________4.

Don’t show the dog the food! (tú)5. Command = ____________________6. IOP and DOP = _______________________7. ___________________________________

Escribe en español: ¡Positivo y Negativo!

1. Buy it. (comprar / Ud. / el libro)_____________________________________

2. Don’t buy it:__________________________________________________

3. Open them. (abrir / Ud./ las ventanas)_______________________________________

4. Don’t open them.___________________________________

5. Open it. (abrir / Uds. / el libro) _________________________________

6. Don't open it. __________________________________

7. Bring it to me. (traer /Uds. / la comida) __________________________________

8. Don’t bring it to me. __________________________

9. Bring it to her. (traer / Ud. / el coche) _____________________

10. Don’t bring it to her. ______________________________________________________

11. Bring them to him. (traer / Ud. / las plumas)________________________

12. Don't bring them to him.___________________________________________

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13. Open them. (abrir / Uds. / las ventanas) ______________________________________

14. Don't open them. ___________________________________

15. Tell it to me. (decir / Uds./ el secreto) _______________________________

16. Don’t tell it to me. ______________________________________________________

17. Give it to me. (dar / Ud. / la pluma) ____________________________________

18. Don’t give it to me. _______________________________

19. Don't give it to her. (dar / Ud. / la pluma)___________________________________

20. Put them there. (poner / Ud. / los libros)_______________________________________

21. Don’t put them in there. _______________________________________

22. Serve it to me. (servir / Uds. / la comida) ______________________________________

23. Don’t serve it to me. ________________________________________

24. Sell them to me. (vender / Ud. / las revistas)_______________________________

25. Don’t sell them to me. ______________________________________________________

26. Sell them to her. (vender / Ud./ los platos) __________________________

27. Don’t sell them to her. ______________________________________

28. Look for it. (buscar / Uds./ el perro) ______________________________________

29. Don't look for it. (buscar / Ud. / el perro) ______________________________________

30. Do it for me. (hacer / Uds. / el trabajo) ___________________________________

31. Don’t do it for me. ______________________________________________________

Nosotros Commands: “Let’s….”

Nosotros commands express the idea of “let’s” do something. The speaker is included. To form these, you take the yo form and add the opposite “nosotros” ending (This is the nosotros form of the present subjunctive also!). This goes for irregular “yo” forms as well.

Comer como comamos Comamos aquí. = Let’s eat here.

Compremos leche. = Let’s buy milk.

Poner pongo Pongamos la mesa. Let’s set the table.

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NOTE: -AR and -ER verbs do not stem-change in the nosotros, so you do not change them in the nosotros commands. Pensar is e – ie but becomes pensemos

volver is o- ue but becomes volvamos

-IR verbs DO stem-change in the nosotros: either to –i or to –u : pidamos, durmamos

Ex: Contemos el dinero = Let’s count the money. (Notice that, although “contar” is a stem-changer, it does not change in the nosotros command form.)

To make a nosotros command negative, just add a “no” before it!

Let’s not eat here. = _____________________________

Let’s not do the homework = _____________________________

Verbs that end in –car, -gar, -zar are going to stem-change:

Tocar toquemos, Pagar paguemos, Almorzar almorcemos

5 irregulars:

Estar Estemos

Dar Demos

Ser Seamos

Saber Sepamos

Ir Vamos (negative is vayamos)

*You can also get the meaning “let’s” do something by using “Vamos a” but this can also mean “we are going to talk.” So to be clear, it’s best to use the nosotros command forms.

Try these!

1. Let’s do a project. ________________________________________

2. Let’s not go to the store. ___________________________________3. Let’s look for new clothes. ________________________________________

4. Let’s not cook dinner. ________________________________________

5. Let’s order food to go (para llevar). ________________________________________

Reflexive Nosotros Commands

When you are using a nosotros command with a reflexive verb, you attach the reflexive pronoun (nos) to the verb, which is conjugated in the nosotros command form. HOWEVER, you must remove the “s” from the nosotros ending and attach the “nos” directly to the end of the conjugated command:

Por Ejemplo: levantarse levantemos - s, + nos = levantémonos.

Dormirse durmamos -s, + nos = durmámonos

(note the accent: an accent needs to be placed over the vowel on the third to last syllable to keep pronunciation consistent.)

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For negative reflexive nosotros commands, you simply put the pronoun before the command:

Por Ejemplo: bañarse bañemos no nos bañemos.

Verse veamos no nos veamos.

Irse:

Remember that Vamos is the positive nosotros command: “Let’s go!” so when you make it reflexive (irse = to leave let’s leave) you attach the “nos” to this form.

With the negative nosotros command for irse, just place the pronoun “nos” before the command (vayamos).

Try these!

1. Let’s brush our teeth!____________________________________________________

2. Let’s wash our faces! ____________________________________________________

3. Let’s go to bed early! ____________________________________________________

4. Let’s have some fun. ____________________________________________________

5. Let’s love one another. ________________________________________________

6. Let’s support each other. _____________________________________________________

7. Let’s not tell each other gossip. ___________________________________________

8. Let’s not feel frustrated. ___________________________________________

9. Let’s not sit down. __________________________________________

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¡Vámonos! Let's leave/get out of here!!No nos vayamos!

Let's not leave.