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Modern World History Comprehensive Final

Read the following and answer the questions below:

“Altogether, his genius was so wonderfully inspired by the grace of God, his powers of expression were so powerfully fed by a willing memory and intellect, and his writing conveyed his ideas so precisely, that his arguments and reasonings confounded the most formidable critics. In addition, he used to make models and plans showing how to excavate and tunnel through mountains without difficulty, so as to pass from one level to another; and he demonstrated how to lift and draw great weights by means of levers and hoists and ways of cleaning up harbors and using pumps to suck up water from great depths.” Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Artists

1. According to the passage, what did Leonardo da Vinci use to study engineering?

A. sculptures B. books

C. models and plans D. astrolabes

____________________Read the following and answer the questions below:

Those who believe that they can be certain of their salvation because they have indulgence letters will be eternally damned, together with their teachers.

Men must especially be on their guard against those who say that the pope’s pardons are that inestimable gift of God by which man is reconciled to him. Ninety-five Theses, Martin Luther, 1517

2. According to the passage, who will be eternally damned?

A. those who think they can buy salvation through indulgence letters

B. those who deny the authority of the pope

C. those who speak against the Church

D. those who deny the authority of Martin Luther


________________Read the following and answer the questions below:

“As every individual, therefore, endeavours as much as he can both to employ his capital in the support of domestic industry, and so to direct that industry that its produce may be of the greatest value; every individual necessarily labours to render the annual revenue of the society as great as he can. He generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention. Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was no part of it. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it.” Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776

3. According to the passage, how does a person increase the public wealth?

A. by pursuing his own interests

B. by voting for government regulation

C. by investing abroad

D. by sharing his wealth with his fellow-citizens

_______________________ Read the following and answer the questions below:

Liberty consists of the power to do whatever is not injurious to others; thus the enjoyment of the natural rights of every man has for its limits only those that assure other members of society the enjoyment of those same rights; such limits may be determined only by law. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, French National Assembly, 1789

4. What is the best definition of the word injurious from the passage?

A. harmful B. helpful C. beneficial D. pleasing


_____________________Read the following and answer the questions below:

The first principle to be followed by the monarchs, united as they are by the coincidence of their desires and opinions, should be that of maintaining the stability of political institutions against the disorganized excitement which has taken possession of men’s minds. . . . The first and greatest concern for the immense majority of every nation is the stability of the laws, and their uninterrupted action—never their change. Therefore, let the governments govern, let them maintain the groundwork of their institutions, both ancient and modern; for it is at all times dangerous to touch them. From Prince Klemens von Metternich, Alexander Napler, trans., Memoirs, 1881.

5. What does Metternich describe as the most important concern for a nation?

A. its monarch B. the public’s desires and opinions

C. the stability of its laws D. none of these


The most horrible things happened to you as well as to others. Later, . . . I learned about the strange experiences, protective mechanisms, called “derealization” and “depersonalization.” Derealization is when reality is not experienced as reality: this cannot be true; this doesn’t exist. And depersonalization, that is the phenomenon of a split of the personality: I stood to the side—and saw myself simultaneously walk on; object and subject at the same time. You are the object of your own observation, and at the same time, you are the subject who walks off, or who is hungry, or who is suffering. Bloeme Evers-Emden, “Surviving the Nazi Concentration Camps”

6. According to the passage above, what are derealization and depersonalization?

A. mental disorders B. imaginary illnesses

C. protective mechanisms D. horrible things that really happened



We have no wish to war with the Soviet Union—for we are a peaceful people who desire to live in peace with all other peoples.

But it is difficult to settle or even discuss these problems in an atmosphere of intimidation. That is why this latest Soviet threat—or any other threat which is made either independently or in response to our actions this week—must and will be met with determination. Any hostile move anywhere in the world against the safety and freedom of peoples to whom we are committed—including in particular the brave people of West Berlin—will be met by whatever action is needed. — John F. Kennedy, speech, 1962

7. What did President Kennedy imply that the United States would do to protect the people of West Berlin?

A. discuss the problems with the Soviets

B. take military action if necessary

C. settle the problems by intimidating the Soviet Union

D. attempt to live in peace with Germany and Russia

________________________ Read the following and answer the questions below:

During my lifetime I have dedicated my life to the struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for, and to see realized. But, my lord, if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die. From Nelson Mandela, in a speech given at his trial in South Africa, 1964.

8. What does Mandela say he has dedicated his life to?

A. black domination B. helping all African people

C. none of these D. white domination


_________________________Read the following and answer the questions below:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights . . . . Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status . . . Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person . . . . Everyone has the right to freedom of movement . . . . Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expressions. From the United Nations, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948.

9. A likely factor increasing support for this document was that ____.

A. the Holocaust had occurred

B. people were aware of problems in Africa

C. a nuclear bomb had just been developed

D. environmental dangers were being explored

________________________Read the following and answer the questions below:

“When the two races met on the eastern coast of America, there was unlimited potential for harmony. The newcomers could have adapted to the hosts’ customs and values . . . . But this did not happen . . . Columbus viewed the natives of America with arrogance and disdain . . . Columbus wrote of gold, . . . and of spices, . . . and ‘slaves, as many as they shall order to be shipped . . . .’” George P. Horse Capture, 1992, “An American Indian Perspective,” Seeds of Change

10. According to the passage, who “viewed the natives of America with arrogance and disdain?”

A. Cortés B. Cabot

C. Vespucci D. Columbus


________________________ Read the following and answer the questions below:

The normal working day begins at all seasons at 6 A.M. precisely and ends, after the usual break of half an hour for breakfast, an hour for dinner and half an hour for tea, at 7 P.M. . . . Workers arriving 2 minutes late shall lose half an hour’s wages; whoever is more than 2 minutes late may not start work until after the next break, or at least shall lose his wages until then. . . . No worker may leave his place of work otherwise than for reasons connected with his work. . . . All conversation with fellow-workers is prohibited . . . From Sidney Pollard and Colin Holmes, Documents of European Economic History, 1968.

11. According to the passage, how many hours did workers spend working?

A. 13 hours B. 9 hours C. 11 hours D. 8 hours

_______________________Read the following and answer the questions below:

My children, this day comes to us as a new dispensation. Are you ready to receive it? Will you be free? Will you make the effort to recover from the hated Spanish the lands stolen from your forefathers 300 years ago? —From Miguel Hidalgo

12. What does the speaker of this quote hope to accomplish?

A. None of these are correct B. to comfort his people

C. to arouse anger against Spain D. to calm his children


“He who first shortened the labor of copyists by device of Moveable Types was disbanding hired armies, and cashiering most Kings and Senates, and creating a whole new democratic world: he had invented the art of printing.” From Sartor Resartus, Thomas Carlyle, 1834

13. According to the passage, what did the invention of printing create?

A. new jobs B. wars

C. a democratic world D. unions



Neither the United States of America nor the world community of nations can tolerate deliberate deception and offensive threats on the part of any nation, large or small. We no longer live in a world where only the actual firing of weapons represents a sufficient challenge to a nation's security to constitute maximum peril. Nuclear weapons are so destructive and ballistic missiles are so swift, that any substantially increased possibility of their use or any sudden change in their deployment may well be regarded as a definite threat to peace. — John F. Kennedy, speech, October 22 1962

14. According to Kennedy, what is the difference between conventional and modern weapons?

A. Modern weapons can be deployed quickly and are very deastructive.

B. Modern weapons are easily concealed from one’s adversaries.

C. Modern weapons do not have to be fired to constitute a threat.

D. Modern weapons are cost-effective.

_________________________Read the following and answer the questions below:

Those of us who took refuge in doorways were dragged roughly down the steps and hurled back in front of the horses. When even this failed to banish us, the foot constables rushed at us and, catching us fiercely by the shoulders, turned us round again and then seizing us by the back of the neck and thumping us cruelly between the shoulders forced us at a running pace along the streets until we were far from the House of Commons. They had been told to drive us away and to make as few arrests as possible. Still we returned, until at last sixty-five women, all of them bruised, had been taken to the station. From Sylvia Pankhurst, Mark A. Kishlansky, ed., Sources of the West, 1998.

15. Who was being driven from the House of Commons?

A. horses B. women C. constables D. rioters



Some time ago a party of men came to my country . . . They asked me for a place to dig for gold, and said they would give me certain things for the right to do so. I told them to bring what they could give and I would show them what I would give. A document was written and presented to me for signature. I asked what it contained, and was told that in it were my words and the words of those men. I put my hand to it. About three months afterwards I heard . . . that I had given by the document the right to all the minerals of my country. From Louis L. Snyder, ed., The Imperialism Reader, 1962.

16. In this passage, what did the speaker expect in return for showing the men where to dig?

A. a place to dig for gold

B. the rights to all the minerals in the country

C. fair exchange

D. None of these are correct


[The] court messengers were greatly hated in Umuofia because they were foreigners and also arrogant and high-handed…. They guarded the prison, which was full of men who had offended against the white man’s law…. [The prisoners] were beaten in the prison by the kotma [guards] and made to work every morning clearing the government compound and fetching wood for the white Commissioner and the court messengers. Some of these prisoners were men of title who should be above such mean occupation. They were grieved by the indignity and mourned for their neglected farms. From Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart.

17. Why were the court messengers hated?

A. They were foolish. B. They were undiplomatic.

C. They were ignorant. D. They were foreigners and they were arrogant.



We are aggressively pursuing the agents of terror around the world, and we are aggressively strengthening our protections here at home. This week we established America’s new Office of Homeland Security, directed by former Governor Tom Ridge. Americans tonight can know that while the threat is ongoing, we are taking every possible step to protect our country from danger. Your government is doing everything we can to recover from these attacks, and to try to prevent others. We’re acting to make planes and airports safer, rebuild New York and the Pentagon. We must act to stimulate a slow economy, to help laid-off workers. And we must fund our military. U.S. president George W. Bush, one month after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, 2001.

18. What is the purpose of the Office of Homeland Security?

A. to help rebuild the economy

B. to strengthen domestic protection

C. to rebuild the Pentagon

D. to build alliances against terrorism

______________________Read the following and answer the questions below:

The Queen has reigned already twenty-six years, and during her reign Parliament has never been held. This year she enters her fifty-third year, as it is said, and she has sent orders through the whole realm to convoke Parliament. The principal cause is, I am told, that the English do not wish the King of Scotland, who is the next to the throne, to be King of England, and wish to know who after the queen’s death is to wear the crown. I have forgotten the exact date, but I believe the opening of Parliament took place on November 25th.” Leopold von Wedel, 1584

19. According to this passage, why did Queen Elizabeth order Parliament to meet?

A. to discuss the next heir to the throne B. to discuss plans for war

C. to discuss financial matters D. to discuss a recently passed law



“Hence it is evident that absolute monarchy, which by some men is counted the only government in the world, is indeed inconsistent with civil society, and so can be no form of civil government at all; for the end of civil society being to avoid and remedy those inconveniences of the state of nature which necessarily follow from every man being judge in his own case, by setting up a known authority, to which everyone of that society may appeal upon any injury received or controversy that may arise, and which everyone of the society ought to obey. Wherever any persons are who have not such an authority to appeal to for the decision of any difference between them, there those persons are still in the state of nature; and so is every absolute prince, in respect of those who are under his dominion.” John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 1690

20. According to this passage, absolute monarchy is inconsistent with ____.

A. civil society B. individual freedom

C. all forms of government D. state of nature


“There will never Queen sit in my seat with more zeal to my country, care for my subjects, and that will sooner with willingness venture her life for your good and safety, than myself. For it is my desire to live nor reign no longer than my life and reign should be for your good. And though you have had and may have many princes more mighty and wise sitting in this seat, you never had nor shall have any that will be more careful and loving.” Queen Elizabeth I, from The Golden Speech

21. Which adjective best describes Queen Elizabeth’s tone in this passage?

A. humble B. joyful C. sorrowful D. stern



“If ideas of conquest were to be the rule of our conduct, I foresee that we should, by necessity, be led from acquisition to acquisition, until we had the whole empire up in arms against us; and whilst we lay under the great disadvantage of fighting without a single ally, (for who could wish us well?) the natives, left without European allies, would find, in their own resources, means of carrying on war against us in a much more soldierly manner than they ever thought of when their reliance on European allies encouraged their natural indolence. The last battle fought against Kasim Ali Khan is a proof of this assertion, for never did the troops of India fight so well.” Robert Clive, 1765

22. Which word best describes Robert Clive’s attitude toward the natives of India in this passage?

A. hostile B. indifferent C. respectful D. forgiving


Complete civil disobedience is rebellion without the element of violence in it. An out and out civil resister simply ignores the authority of the state. He becomes an outlaw claiming to disregard every unmoral state law…. In doing all this he never uses force and never resists force when it is used against him. In fact, he invites imprisonment and other uses of force. From Mohandas Gandhi.

23. According to Gandhi, which is true of civil resisters?

A. They uphold the authority of the state.

B. They disregard laws that they believe are unmoral.

C. They use force.

D. They try to avoid imprisonment.



….felt tired out by the time I reached company headquarters, sweating under a pack-valise like the men, and with all the usual furnishings hung at my belt—revolver, field-glasses, map-case, compass, whiskey-flask, wire-cutters, periscope, and a lot more. A ‘Christmas-tree,’ that was called. Those were the days in which officers had their swords sharpened by the armourer before sailing to France. I had been advised to leave mine back in the quartermaster-sergeants’ billet, and never saw it again, or bothered about it. Robert Graves, “Life in the Trenches” from Good-bye to All That

24. In the passage above, what is Graves suggesting about his sword?

A. that his armourer forgot to sharpen it

B. that he needed it at the front

C. that in World War I officers as a class were no longer distinguished by carrying a sword

D. None of these are correct.


IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. President Woodrow Wilson, Fourteen Points Speech, January 8, 1918

25. Above is the fourth of President Wilson’s Fourteen Points. What is its topic?

A. arms reductions B. secret treaties

C. trade restrictions D. diplomatic resolution of conflicts

***26. Two days after Hitler’s invasion of ____, Britain and France declared war on Germany.

A. Poland B. France C. Austria D. Slovakia


___________________Review the following and answer the question below:

27. Which of the following countries is a Balkan nation?

A. Serbia B. Austria-Hungary

C. Russia D. Italy

***28. Neville Chamberlain boasted that the Munich Conference meant?

A. Great Britain had made Germany back down.

B. “peace for our time.”

C. Germany and Russia were allies.

D. “safety for Mother England.”


___________________Review the following and answer the question below:

29. From the graph above, approximately how many Jews immigrated into Palestine in 1941?

A. 186,000 B. 35,000 C. 550,000 D. 75,000

_____________Read the following and answer the questions below:

Freedom has many difficulties and democracy is not perfect, but we have never had to put a wall up to keep our people in, to prevent them from leaving us . . . . The wall is the most obvious and vivid demonstration of the failures of the Communist system . . . it is an offense not only against humanity, separating families, dividing husbands and wives and brothers and sisters, and dividing a people who wish to be joined together . . . . All free men, wherever they may live, are citizens of Berlin, and therefore, as a free man, I take pride in the words, ‘Ich bin ein Berliner.’ —John F. Kennedy, June 26, 1963

30. According to President Kennedy, why was the Berlin Wall built?

A. to stand as a symbol of Soviet strength

B. to defend against NATO invasion

C. to deter Soviet aggression

D. to stop refugees from leaving


______________________Review the following and answer the question below:

31. What was the trend in the price of a loaf of bread from 1922 to 1923?

A. rising slowly B. staying the same

C. rising rapidly D. falling rapidly

________________________________________

****32. Oliver Cromwell’s defeat of the king’s forces allowed him to

A. restore the French monarchy to the throne.

B. execute the members of Parliament that disagreed with his policies and beliefs.

C. take control of England and eventually establish a military dictatorship.

D. return England to Catholicism and establish an entirely pro-Catholic Parliament.


Review the following and answer the question below:

33. The Spanish Armada engaged in battle ____.

A. in the English Channel

B. near Portugal

C. off France’s Atlantic coast

D. off the coast of Ireland