Challenges in the human environmentSection C: The challenge of resource management

GLOBAL INEQUALITIES

Learning objectives:

Food, water and energy are fundamental (essential) to human development:

The significance of food, water and energy to economic and social well-being.

An overview of global inequalities in the supply and consumption of resources.

Resources

If food, water and energy are our most important resources, what is a resource?

FoodIf people have a good supply of food, water and energy, their quality of life and standard of living both improve.

Use the website below to find a definition of:a) Quality of life b) Standard of living

http://www.coolgeography.co.uk/GCSE/AQA/Development_Gap/Quality_of_life/Quality_of_life.htm

Your health is affected by how much you eat and the food’s nutritional value.

Use this website to answer the questions below:http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Malnutrition/Pages/Introduction.aspx

a) What malnutrition means

b) The two different types of malnutrition.

c) How does malnutrition affect a person? Hint: Look at the ‘signs and symptoms’ section.

d) Using the information above, how would malnutrition affect the economic development of a country?

Using the numbers in Figure 21.2 below, draw a bar graph to show this information: You can do this by hand or on Excel. Remember to add a title (Bar graph to show…..), label each axis, choose a suitable number range up the Y axis, add numbers to the bars.

WaterWater is not only essential for people and animals to drink, but is vital for crops and food supply. It is also important as a source of power for producing energy. As the world’s population grows, more people are faced with a shortage of water.

Using the pie charts below, compare the water use of high-income countries with low and middle-income countries.Hint: use comparative connectives and numbers in your answers. Do some simple maths – e.g. the difference between the numbers. Comparison of agricultural use of water:

Comparison of industrial use of water:

Comparison of domestic use of water:

Using the graphs above, what do you think is the biggest difference between the water usages of high-income countries compared to low and middle-income countries? Explain your answer.

Skills practise: Use the information below to make two pie charts. Hint: Put this information into Excel to create the pie charts (or do it by hand but it must be accurate).

Pie chart 1: Water use in the UK

Water used for: Percentage:Agriculture 2.9Domestic (water used in the home) 21.7Industry 75.4

Pie chart 2: Domestic water use in the UK

Water used for: Percentage:Toilet flushing 30Baths and taps 21Clothes washing 13Showers 12Washing up 8Outdoor 7Other 5Drinking 4

Pie chart 1: Water use in the UK

Pie chart 2: Domestic water use in the UK

A water footprint is the amount of water you use in and around your home, school or office throughout the day. It includes direct and indirect uses of water. Use the internet to give a definition and examples of direct and indirect uses of water

Definition Examplesa) Direct uses of water

b) Indirect uses of water

Water is used to make products. See if you can guess the amount of water needed for each of the products in the table below. Choices of numbers are below (you can just guess – you don’t have to look each one up but you can if you want to get them right…..)

10 10 40 7080 91 120 1401 300 10 855 15 500 16 600

EnergyEnergy is required for economic development. It is used to make the bricks for our houses, to heat our homes, transport us, power machinery and process food. Energy consumption is increasing as the world becomes more developed and demand increases.Using the graph below, answer these questions:Hint: This is a compound line graph which means they are separate graphs stacked on top of one another. You can look at it as a whole (global) and then look at each individual section as its own graph.

What was global energy consumption in 1970? TWhWhat was global energy consumption in 2012? TWhCalculate the change in global energy consumption between 1970 and 2012.

______ 000 TWh

Have a go at this and show your working out. Don’t worry if you cannot do it but have a go:

Calculate the percentage increase in global energy consumption between 1970 and 2012.The USA’s energy consumption has remained steady between 1970 and 2012. Describe how China’s energy consumption has changed between 1970 and 2012. Hint: Use numbers to gain the highest marks.Other than the USA, which areas of the world have had very little change in their energy consumption?

The amount and type of energy used depends on a variety of factors, such as where people live and how wealthy they are.

Using the pie charts below, answer these questions:Describe the global consumption of energy by source. Hint: Use numbers and look at each source (type) of energy.Which is the most used renewable energy source?Remember to always include numbers if given a resource like a pie chart.

Global inequalities in essential resources

The consumption (use) of resources varies greatly throughout the world. Generally, High Income Countries (HICs) consume more resources than Low Income Countries (LICs). We have enough essential resources in the world but they are unevenly distributed . As the wealth of LICs grows, the demand for resources also grows which means there is a shortage or scarcity of these essential resources. Global inequalities in the supply and consumption of food

Use this website to explore global inequalities in the consumption of food. Answer the questions below:http://www.nationalgeographic.com/what-the-world-eats/

On average, what is the daily calorie intake of the world’s population?Click on some of the pie charts to the right of the website – why does the size of the pie chart change?What is the calorie intake for Somalia?What is the calorie intake for the USA?What is the difference between Somalia’s calorie intake compared to the world average? Work out the exact difference by subtracting the smaller number for the larger number.What is the difference between the USA’s calorie intake compared to the world average? Work out the exact difference by subtracting the smaller number for the larger number.By how much has the world’s daily calorie intake changed between 1960 and 2011? Look at the slide ruler under the pie chart.Which category of food is the generally the largest proportion of the daily diet? Categories – meat, sugar, grain, other, produce, dairy/eggs.Why are these pie charts a useful way to easily show the break down of foods eaten by a person?

Using the maps below:How has food consumption changed between 1997 and 2005 – 06?

Which areas of the world have not had a change in food consumption between 1997 and 2005-06?

Where do you think might suffer malnutrition?

Where do you think might suffer obseity?

Topological maps

Complete these sentences using these words:scale simplified example information lines

Topological maps are ________________ so only the relevant _____________________ remains. These maps lack _______________. The London underground map is a good ____________________of a topological diagram because the routes are shown as simple straight __________ rather than the reality as the underground tunnels would have more bends in them.

How the London underground actually looks:

The topological map of the London underground:

Topological map to show levels of undernourishment.

According to this map, which continents/countries are suffering the most from undernourishment?

If you don’t know, circle them on the map.

According to this map, which continents/countries are suffering the least from undernourishment?

If you don’t know, circle them on the map.

Global inequalities in the supply and consumption of water

Look at the map below and answer these questions:This is a choropleth map – why is it so easy to read this map?Which areas of the world have little or no water scarcity?Which areas of the world have physical water scarcity?Which areas have economic water scarcity?What is the difference between physical and economic water scarcity?https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-physical-water-scarcity-and-economic-water-scarcityHint: If you don’t understand the words in the answer, use a dictionary to look them up rather than just ignoring it as otherwise your answer won’t make sense to you.

Global inequality in global water usage

A country’s water footprintUse this website to complete the tasks below:http://waterfootprint.org/en/resources/interactive-tools/national-water-footprint-explorer/

Click on a country and you’ll see this information:

Name the country you think has the highest water footprint PER CAPITA (per person) in the world.

Country:Water footprint per capita: ____________ litre/day

Name the country you think has the lowest water footprint PER CAPITA in the world.

Country:Water footprint per capita: ____________ litre/day

What is the difference between the water footprint per capita for the highest and lowest country you have chosen?

________________ litre/day

Why do you think there is a difference between the water footprints? Use your own geographical knowledge to answer this question.

I think _____________ has a higher water footprint per capita than _______________ because…..

Your water footprint – optional task

Click on the link below and find out what your water footprint is:Hint: This is an American website so here are some pointers:Faucets = tapsGarden size – ask someone at homeMiles per week – ask someone at homeState – choose Washington as it’s a similar climate to hereElectric – choose utility (unless you have an energy source at home such as solar or wind turbines).

http://www.gracelinks.org/1408/water-footprint-calculator

My water footprint is ______________ gallons/day.

Changes I could make to lower my water footprint:

What links are there between water scarcity and undernourishment? Use the maps below to answer the questions:

Where there is little or no water scarcity, what are levels of undernourishment like?Where there is physical or economic water scarcity, what are levels of undernourishment like?Are there any unusual examples that don’t fit the pattern you have described above?Explain your answers.

Global inequalities in the supply and consumption of energy

Use the graphs above – a proportional diagram above and the line graph at the bottom – to answer these questions:

Which continent has the largest coal consumption?Which has the smallest coal consumption?Do you think the line graph or the proportional diagram is the easiest to read? Justify your answer (explain why one is easier to read than the other).What does the line graph show you that the proportional diagram does not?

Global inequalities in the supply and consumption of energy

Using the map above, answer these questions:Which countries consume the most energy? Use numbers.Which countries use the least energy? Use numbersExplain why some countries use more energy than others. Use your geographical knowledge to help you with this. If you have no ideas, use the internet to help you.

Summary task (optional):

Read back through this homework and summarise what you have found out for each key learning objective:Hint: The typed information is useful for this.

1. Food, water and energy are fundamental (essential) to human development:2. The significance of food, water and energy to economic and social well-being.3. An overview of global inequalities in the supply and consumption of resources.