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Regents Biology Homework Packet

Unit 6: Cell Growth and Division

Use your Biology by Miller & Levine textbook to complete and help with the following homework assignments.

(1) Read the assigned pages, (2) Define the vocabulary, and (3) Answer the questions.

Neatness counts. Number the definitions. Write the page and number of the questions. Do your work in ink or even type the homework. Staple the definitions and questions to the HW packet.

The homework assignment is due the day before the test. We will use the HW packet as a test review. The completed and corrected HW packet will be collected on the day of the test. Late homework assignments receive no credit (0). If the assignment is not turned in by the last day of the quarter the zero grade (0) will change to -5.

Chapter 10: Cell Growth and Division

Read pages 272 – 304

p. 274 Vocab (3)p. 279 Vocab (13)p. 286 Vocab (5)p. 292 Vocab (7)

p. 278 #1cp. 284 #3a, 4b p. 290 #2ap. 297 #2a, 3a

Regents Review:Pgs. 300 – 303#1 – 28

Chapter 11.4: Meiosis

Read pages 323 – 329

p. 323 Vocab (7)p. 329 #1b, 3a

Regents Review:#1, 5, 9, 10

TEST DATE: __________

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

p. 275 Quick Lab:#3DATA CHART: Surface Area to Volume

3-cm Cube

4-cm Cube

5-cm Cube

6-cm Cube

#4 Calculate (or do it) the number of 3-cm cubes that would fit into the volume of the 6-cm cube.

Calculate the total surface area of all the 3-cm cubes. Show all work.

Analyze and Conclude:#1

#2

MitosisIf cells continued to grow without dividing the cell’s volume would increase at a rate greater than the

surface area. The cell would not be able to exchange nutrients and wastes quick enough to survive. Cell divisions are complex series of events to copy the nucleus and separate the cytoplasm.

MITOSIS: • method of cell division in non-sex cells (somatic cells) • involves one replication and one division of chromosome material so the chromosome number in the two cells produced is the same as in the parent

CELL CYCLE:1. Interphase • apparent "resting phase” cell carries on all normal metabolism • the chromosomes exist as chromatin; chromosomes are NOT distinguishable under the microscope • often not classified as a mitotic stage • 3 parts of interphase (takes up about 90% of cell cycle)

G1 - growth one phase -

S - synthesis phase -

G2 - growth phase two -

2. Prophase: • ________________ begin to separate; they are connected by spindle fibers made of protein • chromosomes can now be distinguished• nucleus breaks apart with nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappearing • chromosomes appear coiled; sister _____________• _______________ = kinetochore: holds the chromatids together

3. Metaphase: • centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell connected by the spindle• each doubled chromosome moves to the _______________ of a cell along a spindle fiber 4. Anaphase: • centromeres replicate and each doubled chromosome separates to form two chromosomes• in late Anaphase cytoplasmic division begins = _______________• cell membrane begins to pinch in

5. Telophase: • spindle apparatus disappears• ____________________ reforms around 2 new nuclei containing the diploid number of chromosomes• centrioles replicate in late Telophase• cell division occurs in late Telophase

How does mitosis differ in plants?1. No centriole in plants. 2. Plant cells do not pinch in half. Cytoplasmic division is accomplished by a forming between 2 daughter cells.

Results of Mitosis1. The same chromosome number is retained from generation to generation. 2. Each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the chromosomes of the parent cell. 3. The ratio of cellular surface area to cytoplasmic volume is much improved.    Diffusion and osmosis can occur much more easily.

Cancer: uncontrolled cellular mitotic divisions

Identify each phase of mitosis and a distinguishing characteristic of that phase 1. _________________

6. _________________2. _________________

5. _____________

3. _________________4. _________________

MITOSIS PHASES

1. How are the daughter cells similar to each other?

2. How are the daughter cells similar to the parent

cell?

3. How are the daughter cells different from the

parent cell?

MeiosisIn sexually reproducing organisms, meiosis is responsible for forming with half the number

of chromosomes of a normal cell. It is said that the sex cells have the haploid number, n, of chromosomes. This is a necessary process because during fertilization the nuclei of 2 sex cells combine. This combination, n + n, restores the diploid number of chromosomes and maintains the correct species number.

Meiosis ONLY occurs in the gamete producing cells of the gonads (ovaries: female testes: male). Gametogenesis is the formation of gametes (eggs and sperms).

Chromosomes: • Chromosomes exist in pairs in body cells. Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes. For humans 2n = 46 chromosomes. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes • homologous chromosomes: the 2 members of a pair of chromosomes; contain genes for the same traits • diploid number: the number of chromosomes found in the double set of chromosomes found in all body cells (2n) • haploid (monoploid) number: 1/2 the diploid number of chromosomes found in the egg and sperm cells of a species The diploid chromosome number of a species is maintained from one generation to the next through the processes of and .

Meiosis: • Meiosis is a division. The number of chromosomes is reduced in half, 2n n. This results because the cell divides twice. • Same phases as mitosis, it just happens .

First Meiotic Division:1. Each single stranded chromosome is replicated during the non-dividing resting period. This results in double stranded homologous chromosomes being formed. 2. Chromosomes shorten and thicken with the spindle apparatus being formed. 3. chromosomes pair up side by side in a double line at the center of the cell

These homologous chromosome pairs are called tetrads. Synapsis and crossing over occurs. : the meeting of two homologous chromosome pairs : the two pairs of homologous chromosomes : the exchange of chromosome pieces in the tetradCrossing over increases the variability of the offspring. This is why the offspring of sexual reproduction show many variations.

4. Homologous pairs of chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell. : the separation of the homologous chromosome pairs during the first division of meiosis : the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate

results from the nondisjunction of chromosome 21 - this results in the afflicted individual having an extra 21st chromosome. Changes in the chromosome number of an individual usually results from nondisjunction.

5. Cytoplasmic division of the cell occurs; ends the first stage of meiosis; each daughter cell contains the diploid number of chromosomes.

Second Meiotic Division: • similar to mitosis but no replication occurs • the diploid number of chromosomes is reduced to the number in this division 1. Spindle apparatus is synthesized with homologous chromosomes lining up at the equator. 2. Centromeres are replicated3. Each single stranded chromosome separates and moves toward opposite poles of the cell. 4. Cytoplasmic division of the cell occurs.

Results of Meiosis:1. The diploid number (2n) of chromosomes is reduced by 1/2 to the monoploid number. (n) 2. Specialized reproductive cells (eggs and sperms) are formed. 3. The distribution of homologous chromosomes is random -- thus variations frequently occur. Variations rarely occur in . Variations often occur in .

Mitosis is associated with growth and asexual reproduction. Meiosis is associated with sexual reproduction. Meiosis and fertilization are necessary for reproduction.

Gametogenesis: • Spermatogenesis - the production of sperm (one successful meiotic division produces 4 sperm) After 2nd division the cells grow flagella Sperm structure: smaller than the egg or ovum but capable of locomotion with its flagellum • Oogenesis - the production of ova or eggs 1 egg and three polar bodies are produced in one meiotic division The egg is much larger than polar bodies; cell conserving materials

Asexual Reproduction: all methods of asexual reproduction involve mitosis1.  binary fission - involves an equal division of both the organism cytoplasm and nucleus to form two identical organisms

2.  budding - involves one parent dividing its nucleus (genetic material) equally, but cytoplasm unequally

3.  sporulation (spore formation) - is reproduction involving specialized single cells coming from one parent

4. regeneration – involves the formation or re-growth of an organism from a piece of the parent organism.

5. vegetative propagation – natural and non-natural processes by with plats can reproduce asexually.

6. cloning – a laboratory technique using a single cell from an organism to produce a genetically identical organism.

Mitosis & Meiosis Review Questions:1. Why is it important to ensure that the DNA of each cell is copied before celldivision takes place?

2. Explain the relationships between DNA, a gene, a chromosome, and the nucleus of a cell.

3. At one time, interphase was called the “resting phase”. Why do you think scientists gave this name to that particular phase of the cell cycle? Explain why the term is somewhat misleading.

4. What is meant by the term “homologous chromosomes?”

5. Distinguish clearly between:a) centrosome and centromereb) chromatin and chromosomec) chromosome and chromatidd) haploid and diploid numbers

6. Explain why the process of meiosis is necessary for sexual reproduction.

7. List and describe five ways in which meiosis differs from mitosis.

8. With respect to meiosis, what is crossing over and synapsis? Why are they important?

9. In what two ways is genetic variety ensured in the formation of gametes duringthe process of meiosis?

10. A mule is the offspring of a donkey and a horse and is sterile. Go to Google and type: “mule chromosomes” into the search box and explain: why?

Mitosis DiagramsDiagram the actions of 3 homologous pairs of chromosomes (6 chromatids) during mitosis. Show the actions of the chromosomes during each phase of mitosis and describe the key events of each phase.

Interphase [G1]

What is the key event of the S phase?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

What are the key events of Prophase?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Interphase [S] Prophase

Metaphase

What is the key event of Metaphase?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Anaphase

What are the key events of Anaphase?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Telophase and Cytokinesis

What are the key events Telophase?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Understanding the Conceptes: Answer each of the following questions.1. List the four stages of mitosis in their proper sequence.

2. Describe what happens in metaphase of mitosis.

3. How is mitosis in plant cells different than in animal cells?

4. How is telophase of mitosis the reversal of prophase?

5. Where in the cell does most of the activity occur during mitosis?

6. What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

7. What is the disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

8. What is the purpose of mitosis?

9. List five methods of asexual reproduction.

Reading Enrichment:Cancer

There are hundreds of billions of cells in the body of a human adult. Every minute several billion of these cells die. While these cells are dying, the body, through asexual reproduction, is producing an equal number of new cells. The production of new cells is, therefore, a controlled process that keeps the total number of living cells in a healthy adult constant. Like normal cells, cancer cells also reproduce by asexual reproduction. However, unlike normal cells, the reproduction of cancer cells goes on at an uncontrolled rate. As more and more cancer cells are formed, they invade the surrounding tissue and interfere with the normal functioning of the organs that are formed from the tissue. Cancer is among the most dreaded of diseases because it disfigures and disables its victims, and in many cases kills them after a long and difficult treatment. However, when cancers are detected early, a person's chances of recovering completely increase greatly. The graphs show cancer death rates for men and women from 1969 to 1981. Look at the graphs and answer the following questions.

1. What is the most common form of cancer in men?

2. What is the most common form of cancer in women?

3. Did a greater number of men or women die of cancer during the period from 1969 to 1981?

4. For what type of cancer in men has the death rate increased the most from 1969 to 1981?

5. For what type of cancer in women has the death rate increased the most from 1969 to 1981?

6. For which group did cancer of the lung and bronchus increase the most from 1969 to 1981? Explain how you arrived at your answer.

There are two methods for determining the increase: Method 1-Determine the lncrease by Subtraction: For a particular group, subtract the death rate in 1969 from the death rate in 1981. By this method, the greatest increase occurred among black males: 93 (per 100,000 in 1981) - 63 (per 100,000 in 1969) : 30 (per 100,000)Method 2-Determine the Percentage lncrease in the Death Rate: Divide the difference obtained by Method 1 by the death rate in 1969, and multiply the result by 100'/'. By this method, the greatest increase occurred among females:

Modified True/False: Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the sentence or statement true.

1. As a cell's size increases, its ratio of surface area to volume increases. _________________________

2. As a cell's size increases, it places more demands on its DNA. _________________________

3. An imaginary cubic cell with a side length of 10 mm would have a ratio of surface area to volume of 6 : 10. _________________________

4. A cell's chromosomes are duplicated during interphase. _________________________

5. Typically, the longest phase of mitosis is metaphase. _________________________

6. A cell splits into two daughter cells during telophase. _________________________

7. Normal cells stop growing when they come into contact with other cells. _________________________

8. The structure shown in Figure 10-2 is a duplicated chromosome. _________________________

Figure 10-2

9. Proteins called cyclins help regulate the cell cycle. _________________________

10. Lack of control over mitosis is the cause of all cancers. ______________________________

Multiple Choice: Identify the letter of the choice that best answers the question.

____ 11. As a cell becomes larger, itsa. volume increases faster than its surface area.b. surface area increases faster than its volume.c. volume increases, but its surface area stays the

same.d. surface area stays the same, but its volume

increases.

____ 12. As a cell grows, ita. places more demands on its DNA.b. uses up food and oxygen more quickly.c. has more trouble moving enough materials across

its cell membrane.d. all of the above

____ 13. All of the following are problems that growth causes for cells EXCEPTa. DNA overload.b. excess oxygen.c. obtaining enough food.d. expelling wastes.

____ 14. Unlike small cells, large cells have more troublea. dividing.b. producing daughter cells.c. moving needed materials in and waste

products out.d. making copies of their DNA.

____ 15. The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is calleda. cell division.b. metaphase.c. interphase.d. mitosis.

____ 16. Which of the following is NOT a way that cell division solves the problems of cell growth?a. Cell division provides each daughter cell

with its own copy of DNA.b. Cell division increases the mass of the

original cell.c. Cell division increases the surface area of

the original cell.d. Cell division reduces the original cell's

volume.____ 17. If a normal cell divides, you can assume thata. its surface area has become larger than its

volume.b. its volume has become larger than its surface

area.c. it has grown to its full size.d. it has grown too large to meet its needs.

____ 18. If a cell's DNA were not copied before cell division, the cell coulda. have a DNA overload.b. become cancerous.c. fail to exchange materials.d. divide.

____ 19. Which of the following happens when a cell divides?a. The cell's volume increases.b. It becomes more difficult for the cell to get

enough oxygen and nutrients.c. The cell has DNA overload.d. Each daughter cell receives its own copy of

the parent cell's DNA.

____ 20. When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible?a. only during interphaseb. only when they are being replicatedc. only during cell divisiond. only during the G1 phase

____ 21. Which of the following is a phase in the cell cycle?a. G1 phaseb. G2 phasec. M phased. all of the above

____ 22. Which pair is correct?a. G1 phase, DNA replicationb. G2 phase, preparation for mitosisc. S phase, cell divisiond. M phase, cell growth

____ 23. When during the cell cycle is a cell's DNA replicated?a. G1 phaseb. G2 phasec. S phased. M phase

____ 24. Which event occurs during interphase?a. The cell grows.b. Centrioles appear.c. Spindle fibers begin to form.d. Centromeres divide.

____ 25. Which of the following is a correct statement about the events of the cell cycle?a. Little happens during the G1 and

G2 phases.b. DNA replicates during

cytokinesis.c. The M phase is usually the

longest phase.d. Interphase consists of the G1, S,

and, G2 phases.

____ 26. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about the events of the cell cycle?a. Interphase is usually the longest phase.b. DNA replicates during the S phase.c. Cell division ends with cytokinesis.d. The cell grows during the G2 phase.

Figure 10-1

____ 27. Cell division is represented in Figure 10-1 by the lettera. A.b. B.c. C.d. D.

____ 28. The cell cycle is thea. series of events that cells go through as they

grow and divide.b. period of time between the birth and the

death of a cell.c. time from prophase until cytokinesis.d. time it takes for one cell to undergo mitosis.

____ 29. The structures labeled B in the figure are calleda. centromeres.b. centrioles.c. sister chromatids.d. spindles.

____ 30. During which phase(s) of mitosis are structures, like the one shown in the previous question, visible?a. anaphase and prophaseb. prophase and metaphasec. metaphase onlyd. anaphase and interphase

____ 31. Which of the following is a phase of mitosis?a. cytokinesisb. interphasec. prophased. S phase

____ 32. The first phase of mitosis is calleda. prophase.b. anaphase.c. metaphase.d. interphase.

____ 33. During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the dividing cell?a. prophaseb. telophasec. metaphased. anaphase

____ 34. What is the role of the spindle during mitosis?a. It helps separate the chromosomes.b. It breaks down the nuclear membrane.c. It duplicates the DNA.d. It divides the cell in half.

____ 35. The two main stages of cell division are calleda. mitosis and interphase.b. synthesis and cytokinesis.c. the M phase and the S phase.d. cytokinesis and mitosis.

____ 36. One difference between cell division in plant cells and in animal cells is that plant cells havea. centrioles.b. centromeres.c. a cell plate.d. chromatin.

____ 37. During normal mitotic cell division, a parent cell having four chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each containinga. two chromosomes.b. four chromosomes.c. eight chromosomes.d. sixteen chromosomes.

____ 38. What happens when cells come into contact with other cells?a. They divide more quickly.b. They stop growing.c. They produce cyclins.d. They produce p53.

____ 39. Which of the following is a factor that can stop normal cells from growing?a. contact with other cellsb. growth factorsc. a cut in the skind. cyclin that has been taken from a

cell in mitosis

____ 40. Cells grown in a petri dish tend to divide until they form a thin layer covering the bottom of the dish. If cells are removed from the middle of the dish, the cells bordering the open space will begin dividing until they have filled the empty space. What does this experiment show?a. When cells come into contact with

other cells, they stop growing.b. The controls on cell growth and

division can be turned on and off.c. Cell division can be regulated by

factors outside the cell.d. all of the above

____ 41. Which of the following explains why normal cells grown in a petri dish tend to stop growing once they have covered the bottom of the dish?a. The cells lack cyclin.b. The petri dish inhibits cell growth.c. Contact with other cells stops cell

growth.d. Most cells grown in petri dishes have

a defective p53.

____ 42. When cytoplasm from a cell that is undergoing mitosis is injected into a cell that is in interphase, the second cella. stays in interphase.b. enters mitosis.c. stops making cyclin.d. loses its p53.

____ 43. In eukaryotic cells, the timing of the cell cycle is regulated bya. cancer cells.b. cyclins.c. the spindle.d. all of the above

____ 44. Cyclins are a family of closely related proteins thata. regulate the cell cycle.b. produce p53.c. cause cancer.d. work to heal wounds.

____ 45. Which of the following regulate(s) the cell cycle?a. growth factorsb. cyclinsc. p53d. all of the above

____ 46. Which of the following is an internal regulator of the cell cycle?a. cyclinsb. growth factorsc. the mitotic spindled. cancer cells

____ 47. Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control theira. size.b. spindle fibers.c. growth rate.

d. surface area.

____ 48. Cancer cells form masses of cells calleda. tumors.b. cyclins.c. growth factors.d. p53.

____ 49. A cell with a defective p53 gene is likely toa. divide regularly.b. stop dividing.c. accumulate chromosomal damage.

d. combat tumors.

____ 50. Cancer affectsa. plants only.b. most unicellular organisms.c. multicellular organisms.d. unicellular animal and plant cells.

ATP, Chloroplast, CO2, glucose, glycolysis, Hydrogen, H2O, Light Dependent Reactions, Light Independent Reactions(Calvin Cycle), mitochondria, pyruvic acid(pyruvate), Oxygen, Thylakoid, 34-36ATP