AP Euro Unit 1 Study Guide : Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Exploration

*Be familiar with these terms (especially the bold ones) and be able to either define them in a sentence or place them in the proper context. Black Death Hundred Years' War (1337-1452)Joan de Arc (1412-31)Jan Hus (1373-1415)Ciompi RevoltmysticismAugustine’s “On the Free Choice of the Will”- disordered loveGreat Schism (1378-1417)/Avignon Papacy [Babylonian Captivity]William of Ockham (1300-49)vernacular literature Dante's Divine Comedy Devotia moderna Spirituali Christine de Pisan (1364-1430)Golden BullGutenberg's printing press in 1450 Giovanni Bocaccio (1313-75)Sandro Botticelli (1444-1510)Fillipo Brunelleschi (1377-1466)Michelangelo (1475-1564)Castiglione's Book of Courtier (1528)Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)Donatello (1386-1466)humanismCivic humanismTrivium and Quadrivium (7 Liberal Arts) Studia humanitatis Leon Battista Alberti (1404-72)perspectiveChain of Being (trad and Pico’s) Niccolo Machiavelli/The Prince (1513)Petrarch (1304-74)- words that stingLorenzo Valla (philology) (1405-57)GuildsAd fontes

Eloquence as persuasionItalian city-states (Milan, Naples, Rome, Venice, Florence) women's roles/statusLeonardo Bruni (1370-1444)Vergerio Giralamo Savanarola (1452-98)Lorenzo de Medici (1449-92) Signoria, gonfaloniere and condotierrePeace of Lodi (1454)Wars of Italy (1494-1529) (Charles VIII of France invades Italy in 1494)Sacking of Rome (1527)Fall of Constantinople (1453)Florentine Platonic Academy Guelfs and GhibellinesBalboa (1475-1517)Columbus (1451-1506)conquistadoresHernando Cortes (1485-1547)Bartholomew Diaz (1450-1500)Ferdinand and IsabellaVasco de Gama (1469-1525)Prince Henry, Navigator(1394-1460)Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521)War of the Roses (1455-85)Henry VIII (1509-1547)Louis XI "the Spider" (1461-83)Castile and Aragon“New Monarchs” reconquistaCharles V (1516-56)Habsburg-Valois rivalryOttoman empireColumbian exchangeEncomienda and hacienda systemsEnds justify the means High ideals, low expectations; low ideals, high expectationsBurckhardt vs Monfasani

Man: Liberal arts>Freedom>Virtue>HappinessState: Peace through order>Freedom>Virtue>Happiness

Common good=happiness through virtueMan’s end=happiness through virtue

The difference between a monarch/aristocracy/polity and a tyrant/oligarchy/democracy

Unit OutlineLater Middle AgesMedieval Life

idea and role of universal Churchfeudal and monastic institutionstown life and guildsScholasticismGothic architecture

style: hierarchy, other-worldliness, focus on God, simplicityChallenges

dynastic conflict--changing idea of kingshipGolden Bull (1356)--7 Electors of Emperor (Pope not involved in decision

anymore) Hundred Years' War (1337-1452)--Eng. claim on Fr. throneWar of the Roses (1455-85)Divided Church

Babylonian captivity (1309-77)Great Schism (1378-1415)conciliar movement

Intellectual lifeScholasticismAquinas Faith and reason/ grace and nature (grace perfects nature)

Black Death/faminebegan in 1346killed 33-50% of Europe's populationpsychological and demographic impact

social lifeGuilds Ciompi Revolt (1378)

A New Spiritmore focus on here-and-now (active life; civic virtue) while still retaining

desire for union with Godvernacular literature--realism, national setting (Petrarch’s patriotism)less faith in instit. Church, more mysticism

Result: Strain on existing institutions, ripe for social/intellectual change [textbook idea] or fulfillment of Medieval ideas

The RenaissanceRebirth of classical past

a strong contrast with the Middle Ages? Petrarch

style: secularism, humanism, civic virtueCauses

new focus on this world after 14th centurywealth/indep. of Italian city-states (location)

new ideas/text--from Byzantine Empire (falling to Ottomans)- how we get greater access to Aristotle

urban life--cultureRenaissance Society

25% in towns, 10% elsewhere (econ. center, surr. countryside)cities ruled by wealthy elites--bankers, merchants, etc. (Medici, Sforza)luxury goodsstronger sense of community/cohesion (b/c of relative prosperity)family--patriarchal, extended (w/servants), women gain only in educ.

Idealshumanists--liberal arts (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, moral phil.)

Ad fontes- CICERO GreekPetrarch--"the father of humanism"CastiglioneVergerio Valla--philologyBruni--Florentine Academy

Pico della Mirandola (Platonic philosophy of man but not a scholastic- hated eloquence [truth speaks for itself])

Machiavelli--circumstances of his writingThe Prince (1513)Political situation in Italy

Artstyle and subjects--linear, perspective, symmetry, light/darkness,

expressionsarchitecture--Brunulleschi (dome), Alberti painting/sculpture

Botticelli (Spring, Venus)da Vinci/Michelangelo (Renaissance Men)MichelangeloRaphaelTitianCaravaggio

role of Church--caveat to secularismPolitics

contests for local supremacy--Milan (despotism), Florence (republic), Venice (republic), Naples (kingdom), Papal States (pope)

stability through signoria, local elites (Council of Ten), MediciPeace of Lodi (1454)Venice--Great Council, strongest through navy/tradefall of Italian states--rise of Ottomans (affects trade), voyages of exploration,

in middle of dynastic rivalriesWars of Italy (1494-1529)sack of Rome (1527)

result: Renaissance spreads but conditions no longer favor Italy, center of Europe shifts to North and West (Spain, G.B., Low Countries)European Exploration and Empire/New Monarchsimpact: changed balance of power and intellectual universeMotives--God, gold, and glory

spices of Asiatechnological innovations, $ from bankingRenaissance mentality

ExplorersPrince Henry the NavigatorPortugal--spices and slaves (short-lived empire)Columbus sails for newly-united Spain Balboa, MagellanConquistadorestype of control/impact on indigenous peoples/disease

Impact--reassess views of themselvesEurope in 1500 (diversity of forms/states in need of unity)

East--loose Scand., Mongol/Ottomans, Russia, Poland-LithuaniaCentral--HREWest--Spain (reconquista), G.B., France

New Monarchsdifficulties--strong nobles, cult./reg'l diversity, transport, dynastic conflicts,

other powers (Church, etc.)changes in warfareG.B.

War of Roses depletes noblesStar ChamberHenry VIII-royal domains (taxes), depts. of state, coerce/kill nobles

Privy Council and Parliament increased (Reformation)France

indep. arist. and provincialismLouis XI--marriages, alliances, consumption taxes, nat'l army

Spainregional diversity (Aragon/Castile)reconquista/Inquisition--nationalism

Dynastic Strugglesmilitary technology and continuing chivalrypersonal rivalries (Henry VIII, Francis I, Charles V)Valois v. Habsburg (often in Italy)--vie for HRE titlePavia (1525), Francis captured, turns tables w/Henry/SuleimanTreaty of Cateau-Cambresis

overall trend: growing power of state, aided by econ. advances

Uber short answers MC’s (30-45)Short Answers (3); 6-7 sentences

1) Describe the differences between Burckhardt and Monfasani 2) Describe the differences between scholasticism and humanism) 3) Understand what we learn from Petrarch’s The Ascent of Mont Ventoux.

What does his journey reflect? What does this teach us about the Renaissance?

4) Explain what Pico’s Oration on the Dignity of Man is about. What is it in response to? What does it say about man’s place in the universe and man’s freedom? What does this teach us about the Renaissance?

5) Why is history the most important subject for Vergerio? How does he describe history?

6) Explain how Machiavelli differs from Aquinas. Be able to tell me Mac’s basic points such as “ends justify means”; need to be the fox and lion (man and beast); is vs. ought; realism and consequentialism.

Essay (1)- 8-10

’77: To what extent and in what ways may the Renaissance be regarded as a turning point in the Western intellectual and cultural tradition?

‘85: To what extent is the term “Renaissance” a valid concept for a distinct period in early modern European history?

‘10B: Analyze the ways in which the two works above, Perugino’s Christ Delivering the Keys of the Kingdom to Saint Peter (1481–1483) on the left, and Michelangelo’s David (1501–1504) on the right, represent the values of Italian Renaissance culture.

’79: European monarchs of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries are often referred to as the “New Monarchs.” What was “new” about them? Do their actions warrant this label?

’97: Focusing on the period before 1600, describe and analyze the cultural and economic interactions between Europe and the Western Hemisphere as a result of Spanish and Portuguese exploration and settlement.

’06: Analyze the effects of the Columbian exchange (the interchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the New World) on the population and economy of Europe in the period 1550 to 1700.

’12: Analyze various ways in which technological developments contributed to the expansion of state power in the period 1450 to 1600.