Rishi Aurobindo Memorial Academy

134 P. K. Guha Road DumDum Kol-28

Study Material of 19/5/2020

For Class Nursery to XII

Class Nursery

Subject

Topic

Execution

English

· Reading book Pg 4,5,7,8

· Humpty Dumpty

· Read and repeat

· Learn

Math

· Number ‘23’

· Write in copy

Hindi

· Worksheet

· Check WhatsApp for the worksheet

Bengali

· ই, ঈ বর্ণ দুটি ১০ লাইন লেখ

· Write in copy

Class KG I

Subject

Topic

Execution

English

· Cursive writing Pg 20, 21

· Write in book

Math

· Draw circles for each numbers

· Check whatsapp for the worksheet

Colouring

· Work Book Pg 141

· Colours in book

Class KG II

Subject

Topic

Execution

English

· Cursive letters worksheet

· Check whatsapp for the worksheet

Math

· Worksheet

· Check whatsapp for the worksheet

Bengali

· সাহিত্য কুসুমঃ Pg – 19

· নীচের ঘর গুলিতে একটি করে (ি)ই-কারান্ত যুক্ত বর্ণ বসাওঃ Write in book

Hindi

· Worksheet

· Check WhatsApp

Computer

· Pg 7 – A

· Answers:

1. Television, telephone

2. Computer is an elctronic machine that makes our work easier.

3. Washing Machine – Learn

Class I

Unit 2

Subject

Topic

Summary

English 2 semester book

Chapter 4 the thief

This is a story of a small boy, Manu. On a Sunday morning after breakfast Manu walked out of his house, he walked across the fields to the river.There he saw a big mango tree and he climbed up the tree.At the end of the big branch there was a bird’s nest, he saw 2 brown eggs in the nest.He took the eggs and put them in his pocket and when he started climbing down, he slipped and fell into the water and there was a big crocodile.It caughtManu’s leg, Manu started crying but the crocodile pulled him down under the water.Then Manu saw a big Palace under the water.There was a king sitting on a throne, he said you are a thief and I will punish you because you stole the birds egg.Then Manu trembled in fear. The king asked the crocodile to give this thief 20 lashes on his back with its tail, as it lifted its tail to strike Manu’s back.A sharp cry came out of Manu’s mouth.Just then Manu woke up and it was only a dream.

*** Read the lesson

Maths

Chapter 5 numbers from 10 to 20

Book page 203,204

Write in words :-

10 – TEN 11 – ELEVEN 12 – TWELVE

13 – THIRTEEN 14 – FOURTEEN 15 – FIFTEEN

16 – SIXTEEN 17 – SEVENTEEN 18 – EIGHTEEN

19 – NINETEEN 20 – TWENTY

Class II

SUBJECT- MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER- NUMBER NAMES

Less Than and Greater Than

The "less than" sign and the "greater than" sign look like a "V" on its side, don't they?

To remember which way around the "<" and ">" signs go, just remember:

BIG > small

small < BIG

The "small" end always points to the smaller number, like this:

greater than sign

Example:

10 > 5

"10 is greater than 5"

Or the other way around:

5 < 10

"5 is less than 10"

Or Equal To

Sometimes we know a value is smaller, but may also be equal to!

These are the important signs to know:

=

When two values are equal

we use the "equals" sign

example: 2+2 = 4

<

When one value is smaller than another

we use a "less than" sign

example: 3 < 5

>

When one value is bigger than another

we use a "greater than" sign

example: 9 > 6

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Eng literature

Poem New Shoes

Refer pg 38

Write in the copy and learn .

Learn 8 lines rom the poem.

Meanings –

1. Squeaky- making a short high sound.

2. Creaky – making a sound like that of a door when it opens or shuts

3. Leaky – having holes or cracks through which liquid can flow.

Class III

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Eng literature

Poem – Robin

Children the name of this poem is Robin.

Whi is Robin? Is he a boy? No it is the name of a small bird. The robin sings sweetly all throughout the year, during all the season.Now let us understand what the poem is all about-

1st stanza- The Robin is singing sweetly and praising and thanking God for its summer. He is singing with all his strength for the beautiful and bright days.

2nd stanza-The Robin continues to sing in autumn which comes between summer and winter. In autumn all the leaves fall down but there are still enough friuits left for everyone and we should praise God for that.

3rd stanza- Next comes the winter season and it is very cold everywhere. But the Robin did not stop singing .It is saying that if it stops to sing the winter will seem long .It is telling us not to loose hope and soon there will be bright days back.

4TH stanza- lastly comes the spring which comes between winter and summer. The trees blossoms new flowers ,there are new leaves and there is happiness all over. The Robin is singing and reminding us that he had said that the good days will come back and it has.

***Children from this poem we can learn that we must be happy always and contiinue doing our work no matter how bad the time is , good days will always come back.Just as we are having our bads days now due to COVID -19, we should continue with our studies and our regular works and soon these days will also pass away and we will be back with our happy days!!!

Read and learn 8 lines from the poem and learn the difficult spellings.

Subject : MATHEMATICS

Ch 4: Subtraction

Exercise – 16

16. Find the difference between 825 and 946.

Solution: 9 4 6

Note: While finding the difference, we write the greater of two given numbers on the top and then subtract

- 8 2 5

1 2 1

Exercise – 18

13. H T O

4 9 13

5 0 3

- 2 7 6

14. H T O

3 9 10

4 0 0

- 1 9 3

15. H T O

8 15 14

9 5 4

- 8 6 7

2 2 7

2 0 7

0 8 7

Fill in the boxes:

20. 5 8

- 2 3

2 8

Solution: 5 8 1

- 2 5 3

3 2 8

Class IV

Subject: English literature

Topic: The storyteller by Nicholas Horsburgh

The storyteller is a poem which talks about the love children have for stories and how much they learn from stories which are narrated to them by their elders. The poem has been supported with certain questions and answers which explain the poem in a thorough manner. Each stanza has been taken into account while framing the questions.

It’s a poem about the pleasure of listening to storing when young. The use of the past tense indicates that this is a memory. The speaker remembers the great stories told by him – so great that they are still told today (which we see in the last stanza).

Class: IV Subject: MATHEMATICS

Date: 19/05/2020 Ch: 5 (Subtraction)

Ch 5: Subtraction(Word Problems)

Exercise-14

· Solve the following:

10. 4523 – 2312 + 684

· Solution: Here some numbers have ‘+’ sign or no sign (first number only) before them and there is one which has ‘-‘sign before it.

1st step: Adding numbers with ‘+’ sign or no sign before them we get,

4523

+684

5207

2nd step:

Now subtract the number with ‘-‘sign from the first sum

5207

-2312

28954523 – 2312 + 684 = 2895.

12. Rohit collected 20815 stamps. 936 were from U.S.A. and 18390 from India. How many are from other countries?

· Solution:

Rohit collected stamp from U.S.A. 936

from India + 18390

19326

Rohit’s total collection of stamps was 20815

And collection of stamps U.S.A. & India was -19326

Collection of stamps from other countries are 01489 1489 stamps are from other countries.

13. A shopkeeper has 27040 oranges. He sold 12285 on Monday and 9806 on Tuesday. How many oranges does he have now?

· Solution:

On Monday a shopkeeper sold 12285 oranges

On Tuesday he sold + 9806 oranges

In these two days he sold 22091 oranges

The shopkeeper has total 27040 oranges

He sold – 22091 oranges

Oranges left 04949 oranges He has now 4949 oranges.

14. From 83025m long wire, two pieces measuring 38239m and 23728m were cut off. Find the length of the remaining wire.

· Solution:

1st piece measuring 38239m

2nd piece measuring + 23728m

In total 61967m

Now, The actual length of the wire is 83025m

The length of two pieces of wire is – 61967m

The length of the remaining wire is 21058mThe length of the remaining wire is 21058m.

Class V

SUBJECT: ENGLISH LITERATURETOPIC: ROBINSON CRUSOE – DANIEL DEFOE

ROBINSON CRUSOE

The next day he went back across the sea and brought more stores from the ship. Every day he toiled. He bought tools, wood, rope, nails, sails and clothes; guns and ammunition; and sugar and flour and bread. In one of the wooden boxes I found gold and silver coins. The sunshine made them sparkle. However, they were of no use to him, even though everyone in the world desires it.

When he got back to the island he noticed that the sky was black. Great clouds rolled up from the west, the rain poured down. He saw the ship out at sea rise and then sink beneath a huge wave. During the next few months he busied himself in makinga house with a strong stock round it.He used one of the sails from ship for the roof. He cut down tree trunks and carried them to the house, and slowly built a strong stockade to keep out wild animals.

The months passed in hard work, and one day he set out to explore the whole island. The journey took him three days, and when he got to the other side of the island he found a delightful valley. There were wild grapes and limes, and he collected and took them back to his house. One day in the forest not far from his house he found some wild goats. When he was just about to shoot one he saw a baby goat at his feet. He picked it up and carried it home with him. In a few days it became quite tame and after that it never left his side.

After a year or two on the island he decided to make a small boat. He chose the wood carefully and cut and worked the timber for many months. He made a sail from some of the canvas he had brought on shore from the ship, and with a good wind the boat sailed well. He taught himself how to make pots out of mud and how to make them hard and durable by burning them.He grew some corn and rice and also some wheat and he also taught himself to make bread. His life on the island was a happy one; he had a good house, plenty to eat and plenty of work to do. One day he was walking along the shore thinking about his home across the sea, when he suddenly looked down. On the sand in front of him was a clear footprint; it was not his but the footprint of another man.

Class: V Subject: MATHEMATICS

Dt: 19/05/2020 Ch 4: Multiplication & Division

In math, to multiply means to add equal groups.

When we multiply, the number of things in the group increases. The two factors and the product are parts of a multiplication problem.

Exercise – 14

Multiply:

8. 234567 173

· Solution: 234567

173

703701 (2345673)

16419690 (2345677)

23456700 (2345671)

40580091 (234567173)

11. 72809 365

· Solution: 72809

365

364045 (728095)

4368540 (728096)

21842700 (728093)

26575285 (72809365)

17. Using 82946499 = 41390054, find

(a) 82947499

· Solution:

82947499 = (82946+1)499

= 82946499 + 1499

= 41390054 + 499

= 41390553

18. Fill in the boxes:

(a) 3 9 5 2 9

2 7 7 4

3 6 3 2 0

3 9 9 4

· Solution: 3 9 5 2 9

8 6

2 3 7 1 7 4

3 1 6 2 3 2 0

3 3 9 9 4 9 4

Class VI

SUBJECT: ENGLISH LITERATURE

TOPIC: IN THE TUNNEL-E NESBIT

IN THE TUNNEL-E NESBIT

It was not yet quite dark in the tunnel when Phyllis caught Bobbie's skirt, ripping out half a yard of gathers, but no one noticed this at the time. She said, she wants to go back as it will be pitch dark in a minute. Peter scolds her saying not is silly and that he has got candle end and matches with him. Suddenly they heard a low humming sound on the railway line, a trembling of the wires beside it, a buzzing, humming sound that grew louder and louder as they listened.

‘It’s a train', said Bobbie.

‘Which line'?

‘Let me go back', cried Phyllis, struggling to get away from the hand by which Bobbie held her.

‘Don’t be a coward', said Bobbie; it’s quite safe. Stand back.

‘'Come on', shouted Peter, who was a few, yards ahead. ‘Quick Manhole'

The roar of the advancing train was now louder .Peter shouted and Bobbie had heard him. She dragged Phyllis along to the manhole. Phyllis stumbled over the wires and grazed both her legs. But they dragged her in, and all three stood in the dark, damp, arch recess while the train roared louder and louder. It seemed as if it would deafen them. And in the distance they could see its eyes of fire growing bigger and brighter every instant.

‘'It is a dragon- I always knew it was- it takes its own shape in here, in the dark'. Shouted Phyllis.

With a rush and a roar and a rattle and a long dazzling flash of lighted carriage windows, a smell ofsmoke and blast of hot air, the train hurtled by, clanging and jangling and echoing in the vaulted roof of the tunnel.

Phyllis and Bobbie clung to each other. Even Peter caught hold of Bobbie's arm. And then slowly and gradually, the tail- lights grew smaller and smaller, and so did the noise, till with one last whiz the train got itself out of the tunnel, and silence settled again on its damp walls and dripping roof.

SUBJECT- PHYSICS

CHAPTER - (Physical quantities )

Example: What is the area of this rectangle?

The formula is:

Area = w × hw = widthh = height

We know w = 5 and h = 3, so:

Area = 5 × 3 = 15

Example: What is the area of this circle?

Radius = r = 3

Area

 

= π × r2

 

 

= π × 32

 

 

= π × (3 × 3)

 

 

= 3.14159... × 9

 

 

= 28.27 (to 2 decimal places)

Example: What is the area of this triangle?

Height = h = 12

Base = b = 20

Area = ½ × b × h = ½ × 20 × 12 = 120

Accuracy: How close a measured value is to the desired value. 

Approximation: An estimate or rough calculation; a measured value that is very close to the desired value. error: The difference between a measured value and a desired value.

Class- VII

SUBJECT- English Literature The North Ship

Line wise explanation:

All the three ships start from the harbour equipped for a long journey. With their sails high they set forth in the morning sky. The first stanza of this poem begins with the speaker, ‘I’, introducing a story that he saw three ships go sailing. One of the ships was rigged for a long journey. Read More Poetry in this line, he introduces the ship that he focuses on in the following stanzas. It is ‘the north ship’ that he means. It can be identified since it ‘was rigged for a long journey’. Later in the poem, the last three stanzas are dominated by the explanation of ‘the north ship’. In this stanza, he also tells that the nature is beautiful with ‘the wind rose in the morning sky’:

“I saw three ships go sailing by,

Over the sea, the lifting sea,

And the wind rose in the morning sky,

And one was rigged for a long journey.”

The first ship turns towards west and running through the sea having favouring wind with it, reaches and enriched physical destination of ‘a rich country’. The second stanza delineates the first ship among the three that the speaker introduces in the preceding stanza. This ship sailed to the west that the speaker indicates as ‘a rich country’. Again, according to him, the nature is still beautiful and friendly as ‘the running sea’ directed it powerfully and ‘the wind’ blew and carried it to ‘a rich country’:

“The first ship turned towards the west,

Over the sea, the running sea,

And by the wind was all possessed

And carried to a rich country.”

Class VIII

SUBJECT: ENGLISH LITERATURE

TOPIC: WHERE THE MIND IS WITHOUT FEAR- RABINDRANATH TAGORE

WHERE THE MIND IS WITHOUT FEAR- RABINDRANATH TAGORE

LINES 5 – 8:

Where words come out from the depth of truth

Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection

Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way

Into the dreary desert sand of dead habit

In these lines, the poet says that in the India of his dreams, everyone should speak the truth. No person should lie for his own advantage. Every man should make an effort to improve himself and keep trying till he reaches a stage of self-perfection. Next, he imagines the reason to be an unsullied stream of water, through which one can progress easily and without encountering too many obstacles. On the other hand, he imagines habit to be a desert. The stream of reason seems to him to be lost in the sands of habit. This means that he is saying that the people of his country blindly believe in their superstitions at present, and he would like them to question these beliefs through the application of logic.

LINES 9 – 11:

Where the mind is led forward by thee

Into ever-widening thought and action

Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake.

In these lines, the poet speaks directly to God. He wants his countrymen to be led by Him so that they broaden the horizon of both their thoughts and their actions. If they were to do so, then India would be transformed into heaven – a heaven where all its citizens would be truly free.

This concludes the line by line summary of  Where The Mind Is Without Fear by Rabindranath Tagore.

Class IX

SUBJECT- English Literature

Television

Line wise explanation:

The most important thing we’ve learned,

So far as children are connected,

Is never, NEVER, NEVER let

Them near your television set-

Or better still, just don’t install

The idiotic thing at all.

Dahl advises from his experience that people should never ever allow their children to go near the television set. It is even better not to install ‘the idiotic thing’ called television. But why is a television an idiotic thing according to the poet? Throughout the entire poem, Dahl attempts to answer it.

In almost every house we’ve been,

We’ve watched them gaping at the screen.

They loll and slop and lounge about,

And stare until their eyes pop out.

(Last week in someone’s place we saw

A dozen eyeballs on the floor.)

The poet shares his experience here. In almost every house he has visited, he atched children gaping at the screen. They were staring with their eyes wide open and with absolute concentration of mind. For sitting a long time before the television set, they become tired. Sometimes they sit or lie in a lazy and casual manner (loll and slop and lounge about) and get sloppy. But still, they stare at the television until their eyes are too tired to watch any more (their eyes pop out). All these are not Dahl’s imagination. He indeed saw a dozen eyeballs, i.e., half a dozen children sitting on the floor at someone’s house vey recently, say last week.

Subject: Commercial studies

Nature and types of industries:

Industry is concerned with the process of extraction, multiplication, processing, conversion, fabrication and construction of products. Industry is a following type.

1. Primary Industries: Industries which are involved in the extraction and multiplication of natural resources are known as Primary Industries. This industries are original occupations of people. They provide raw materials for secondary Industries. Primary Industries are of two types: Geneticindustries and Extractive industries.

a) Genetic Industries: The term genetic has been derived from the word Genetics which refers to the study of heredity. Genetic industries are engaged in the reproduction or multiplication of certain species of plants and animals to earn profits from their sale.

Examples: plant nurseries, poultry farms, animal husbandry etc.

b) Extractive industries: These industries are engaged in the extraction of useful materials from beneath the surface of the earth and sea. In these Industries the product gifted By Nature are extracted and collected for the benefit of human beings.

Examples: Mining, farming, fishing, forestry, hunting etc.

2. Secondary industries:The industries which are engaged in the conversion of the materials provided by Primary Industries are called secondary industries. Manufacturing and construction industries are the two types of secondary industries.

Example: The mining of iron ore and coal is a primary industry. The conversion of these into steel is known as secondary industry

a) Manufacturing industry: These industries are concerned with the processing or transformation of raw materials and semi finished products into finished products. Such Industries change the shape and form of materials produced by genetic and extractive industries.

Example: engineering, cement, sugar Textiles, fertilizer etc. Manufacturing industries are of following types

I) Analytical industry:In an analytical manufacturing industry a basic raw material is broken into several useful materials. For example in an oil refinery, crude oil is separated into kerosene, petrol, and diesel and lubricating oil.

II) Synthetical industry:In this type of manufacturing industry two or more materials are mixed to form a new product. Example: concrete, gypsum and coal are mixedto produce cement.

III) Processing industry:In this industry material is processed through various stages. For example in the cotton textile industry, cotton is passed through the spinning, weaving dying, a bleaching and printing process to produce cloth.

IV) Assembly industry: In this type of industry, manufactured components or parts are combined together mechanically or chemically to produce a new product. Example, manufacture of radios, TV set, watches and automobiles are assembling industries.

b) Construction industries: These industries are engaged in the construction of buildings, bridges, roads, dams etc. These Industries create the basic infrastructure for economic and social development of the country through the process of fabrication.

3. Tertiary industries: These industries are concerned with the provision of services to facilitate and assissts the primary and secondary industries. These industries are collectively known as the service sector. Transportation, warehousing, insurance, banking, advertising and packaging are examples of services provided by the tertiary industries.

Class X

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

অমলকান্তি(কবিতা)

নীরেন্দ্রনাথচক্রবর্তী।

প্রশ্ন)“অমলকান্তি আমার বন্ধু“

ক) কার লেখা ? কোন কবিতার অংশ ?

খ)অমলকান্তি কে ?

গ)তাদের ইস্কুল জীবনের পরিচয় দাও।

ঘ)অমলকান্তি পড়া না পারার কারণ কী তা লেখ।

উত্তর)ক) আলোচ্য অংশটি নীরেন্দ্রনাথ চক্রবর্তীর লেখা ‘অমলকান্তি‘ কবিতার অংশ।

খ) অমলকান্তি হল একজন ছাত্র। অমলকান্তি স্কুলে পড়াশুনো করে। কবিতায় কবি নীরেন্দ্রনাথ চক্রবর্তীর সহপাঠী অমলকান্তি। এছাড়াও তার আরও অনেক বন্ধু আছে যারা ভবিষতে ডাক্তার, উকিল, মাষ্টার হতে চায়। অমলকান্তি ক্লাসে শব্দ রূপ বলতে না পারায়, জানলার দিকে তাকিয়ে বসে থাকে।

গ) কবি ও তাঁর বন্ধুদের স্কুল জীবন ছিল খুবই মনোরম। তারা সকলে একসঙ্গে মনোযোগ সহকারে পড়াশুনা করত। তাদের মধ্যে একজন অমলকান্তি ছিল ভিন্ন ধরনের। সে ছিল কিছুটা উদাস প্রকৃতির। অপর ছাত্র ছাত্রী গণ লেখা পড়ায় মনোযোগী, তাদের ভবিষৎ সম্পর্কে ভাবনা চিন্তার লক্ষ নথাকলেও অমলকান্তি ছিল সম্পূর্ণ ভিন্ন প্রকৃতির। পড়াশুনাতে সে অমনোযোগী। প্রকৃতির প্রতি তার টান। ভবিষ্যৎ ভাবনা তার নেই। সে রোদ হতে চায়, প্রকৃতির সাথে সে একাত্ম হতে চায়। তার পড়ানা পারার কারনে লেখক ও অন্য বন্ধুদের ভারী কষ্ট হত।

ঘ) কবি ও তার বন্ধুদের মধ্যে একমাত্র পড়াশুনা অমনোযোগী ছাত্র ছিল অমলকান্তি। যে ছিল প্রচলিত ঘরনার বাইরে অন্য মানসিকতার অধিকারী। লেখা পড়াতে তার মন বসতনা। উদার প্রকৃতি তাকে প্রতিনিয়ত আকর্ষন করত। স্কুলের পড়াতে তার মন বসতনা। শব্দ রূপ বলতে পারতনা। স্কুলের জানলার ভিতর দিয়ে সে সূর্যের রৌদ্দুরের দিকে একান্ত মনে তাকিয়ে থাকত। তার মন অবাক উদাস হয়ে উঠত। ফলে পড়াশোনা তার পক্ষে সম্ভব পর হয়ে উঠতনা। তাই সে লেখাপড়া পারতনা।

Math(x)

Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable

Study item : Some solved sums from exercise 5.2

7)(ii) 3(x – 2)2 = 147

Or, (x –2)2 = 147/3

Or, (x – 2 )2 = 49

Or, x2 – 4x + 4 – 49 = 0

Or, x2 – 4x – 45 = 0

Or, x2 – 9x + 5x – 45 = 0

Or, x(x – 9) + 5(x – 9 ) = 0

Or, (x – 9 )(x – 5 ) = 0

Therefore, x – 9 = 0 or, x – 5 = 0 (zero- product rule)

Therefore, x = 9 or x = -5

Hence, the roots of the given equation are 9, -5.

8)(i) 1/7(3x – 5 )2 = 28

Or, (3x – 5 )2 = 28×7 = 196

Or, 9x2 – 30x + 25 – 196 = 0

Or, 9x2 – 30x –171 = 0

Or, 9x2 – 57x + 27x – 171 = 0

Or, x(9x – 57 ) + 3(9x – 57 ) = 0

Or, (9x – 57 )(x + 3) = 0

Therefore, 9x –57 = 0 or x + 3 = 0 (zero- product rule )

Therefore, 9x = 57 or x = -3

Therefore, x = 57/9 = 19/3 or x = -3

Hence, the roots of the given equation are 19/3 , -3.

9)x2 – 4x – 12 = 0 when x belong to N

Solution : x2 – 4x – 12 = 0

Or, x2 – 6x + 2x – 12 = 0

Or, x(x – 6) + 2(x – 6 ) = 0

Or, (x – 6)(x + 2) = 0

Therefore, x – 6 = 0 or x + 2 = 0(zero- product rule)

Therefore, x = 6 or x = -2

Here, 6 belong to N but -2 not belong to N ,then

The root of the equation is 6.

10) 2x2 – 8x – 24 = 0 when x belong to I

Solution : 2x2 – 8x – 24 = 0

Or, 2x2 – 12x +4x – 24 = 0

Or, 2x(x – 6) + 4(x – 6) = 0

Or, (x – 6)(2x + 4) = 0

Therefore, x – 6 = 0 or 2x + 4 = 0(zero-product rule)

Therefore, x= 6 or 2x = -4

Therefore, x = 6 or x = -2

The roots of the equation are 6 and -2.

English Language

Articles

Articles come before nouns

There are two kinds of Articles.

· Indefinite Article

· Definite Article

Omission of articles:

· Before names of substances and abstract nouns used in a general sense.

· Before plural countable nouns.

· Before names of metals.

· Before languages.

· Before school, college, university, church, hospital, prison, when they are used for their primary purpose.

Fill in the blanks with Articles- Exercise 3.

1. ___ Rich are happy.

2. I have ___ black cat.

3. Dr. Hill is ___ European.

4. Wisdom is ___ gift of heaven.

5. ___ Elephant is a useful animal.

Hindi 2nd Lang

नया रास्ता

भाग -2

दयाराम जी ने मेहमानों के स्वागत के लिए एक मध्यम श्रेणी के व्यक्ति की हैसियत से बैठक को खूब सजाया विभिन्न व्यंजन मंगाए गए और मिठाइयां बाजार से मंगाई मीनू की मां को आशा थी कि इस बार मीनू का रिश्ता हो जाएगा मेरठ सेमीनू को देखने के लिए अमित उनके पिता मायाराम जी और माता जी व छोटी बहन मधु आए थे स्वागत सत्कार के बाद मीनू को बुलाया गया सांवले रंग पर गुलाबी साड़ी पहने हुए वह बहुत सुंदर लग रही थी अमित के प्रश्नों में मुख्य प्रश्न यह था “क्या तुम संयुक्त परिवार में मेरे माता पिता व बहन के साथ रहना पसंद करोगी शर्म से झुकी हुई मीनू ने स्वीकृति दी जी हां” कहकर अमित उसके इस उत्तर से प्रसन्न हुआ सांवले रंग के होते हुए भी उसका भोला चेहरा अमित को भा गया तभी मीनू की छोटी बहन आशा व भाई रोहित कमरे में प्रवेश किया सभी की नजरें आशा के सुंदर चेहरे की ओर जम गई।वहरंग रूप से मीनू से कहीं सुंदर थी। अमित और उसके माता-पिता ने आशा से कुछ प्रश्न किए जिसका उत्तर उसने हंस हंस कर दिया आशा की मां ने उसे तुरंत दूसरे कमरे में बुला लिया और डांट लगाई कि तुम क्यों बाहर गई आशा मां का मंतव्य ना समझ पायी। कुछ समय रुककर मेरठ वाले लोग यह कह कर विदा हुए कि घर जाकर विचार करके जवाब देंगे मीनू के हृदय में एक अंतर्द्वंद होता रहा कि इस बार परीक्षा में भी वह सफल हो पाएगी या नहीं। उसके चेहरे पर उदासीनता व घबराहट स्पष्ट दिखाई दे रही थी।

शब्दार्थ –

यथा स्थान- ठीक स्थान पर

सुसज्जित- सजा हुआ

व्यंजन-पकवान

बेताबी से- बेसब्री से

अंतर्द्वद -मन के विचारों में उथल-पुथल

संयोग-मालूम होना मेल

आभास- मालूम होना

ECONOMICS

ELEMENTARY

THEORY OF DEMAND

Today let us start our class by recalling the topic learnt in the previous class i.e. Individual demand schedule and keeping it in mind along with the demand schedule let us discuss a new topic ‘Market demand schedule’

Market demand schedule shows the quantities of a given commodity which all individual households in the market would demand at different prices. In other words, market demand schedule is the aggregate demand schedule of all individuals buying that commodity.

Hypothetical Individual and Market demand schedules

Price of Sugar Rs(per Kg)

Demand by consumer A (Kg per Month)

Demand by consumer B (Kg per Month)

Demand by consumer C (Kg per Month)

Market Demand (Kg per month)

A+B+C

30

1

2

3

6

29

2

3

4

9

28

3

4

5

12

27

4

5

6

15

26

5

6

7

18

Table 2

Now let us follow the above Table 2 and consider the changes occurring in price and quantity demanded.

Market demand schedule also depicts the same picture, i.e., it also testifies the law of demand. EG; when price falls from Rs.30/- to Rs.29/- per kg, market demand increases from 6kg to 9 kg at a price of Rs.28/- market demand rises to 12kg and so on.

Question:

1. What is Market demand schedule?

Answer: Market demand schedule shows the quantities of a given commodity which all individual households in the market would demand at different prices. In other words, market demand schedule is the aggregate demand schedule of all individuals buying that commodity.

Computer Application

Chapter – 2

Java Programming

…..continue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screen:

a)5

44

333

2222

11111

Ans:

class Sol27

{

static void main()

{

int i,j;

for(i=5;i>=1;i--)

{

for(j=i;j<=5;j++)

{

System.out.print(i);

}

System.out.println();

}

}

}

ii. *

**

***

****

*****

Ans

class Sol27

{

static void main()

{

int i,j;

for(i=1;i<=5;i++)

{

for(j=1;j<=i;j++)

{

System.out.print(“*”);

}

System.out.println();

}

}

}

Subject- Commercial StudiesTopic – Final Accounts

Question:

Prepare a Trading Account and a Profit & Loss Account for the year ended 31st March 2020 and a Balance sheet of Mr. Rai Bahadur.

TRIAL BALANCE

Particulars

Rs.

Particulars

Rs.

Drawings

Purchases less returns

Rates & taxes

Salaries

Lighting & Heating

Carriage

Electric Power

Commission

Insurance

Advertising

Bad Debts

Postage.Telegram etc.

Opening Stock

Wages

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery

Furniture and Fittings

Sundry Debtors

Cash at Bank

Rent

Machinery

Furniture

Sundry Debtors

Stationery

4,240

15,610

388

1,612

164

754

384

414

206

214

62

826

6,160

7,962

15,840

4,034

378

6,082

5,268

5,000

5,000

2,500

70,598

Capital

Sales less returns

Sundry Creditors

32,000

34,176

4,422

70,598

The value of stock on 31stMarch 2020 was Rs. 8,760

Solution:

In the books of Mr. Rai Bahadur

Trading Account

For the year ended 31st March 2020

Dr. Cr.

Particulars

Rs.

Particulars

Rs.

To opening stock

To purchase less returns

To Wages

To carriage

To Lighting & Heating

To Electric Power

To Gross Profit c/d

(transfer to P/L A/c)

6,160

15,610

7962

754

164

384

11902

42,936

By Sales

By Closing Stock

34,176

8,760

42,936

Profit & Loss Account

For the year ended 31st March 2020

Dr.Cr.

Particulars

Rs.

Particulars

Rs.

To salaries

To Rates

To Commission

To Insurance

To Advertising

To Postage & Telegrams

ToBad Debts

To Net profit c/d

(transfer to Balance Sheet)

1,612

388

414

206

214

826

62

8,180

11,902

By Gross Profit b/d

(transferred from trading A/c)

11,902

11,902

Balance sheet

As at 31st March 2020

Liabilities

Rs.

Assets

Rs.

Capital 32,000

Add:Net Profit _ 8,180

40,180

Less: Drawing4,240

Sundry creditors

35,940

4,422

40,362

Cash at Bank

Closing Stock

Sundry Debtors

Furniture & Fittings

Plant & Machinery

Land & Building

5,268

8,760

6,082

378

4,034

15,840

40,362

Class XI

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

EVS

Chapter-2 Ecology 

Types of Interaction between species

1)Predation 

2)Competition 

3)Parasitism 

4)Mutualism 

5)Commensalism

Q. Define the following terms –

1)Predation 

2)Competition 

3)Parasitism 

4)Mutualism 

5)Commensalism

Ans -

1)Predation 

Predation is an interaction between species in which one species use another species as a food. The species which is taken as a food is called the prey and the species which takes the prey ( eg – deer ) as a food are called Predator ( eg. Tiger ) 

2)Competition 

It is a phenomenon where the association of two or more species, is adversely affected by the presence of the other species in respect of the resources. 

3)Parasitism 

It is an interaction between a parasite and host in which the former( parasite) obtains benefit at the cost of the latter( host).  

4)Mutualism 

In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted.  

5)Commensalism

In this type of relation one organism get benefitted from other without affecting it .

Accounts

Bank Reconciliation statement

Today let us discuss how Bank Reconciliation Statement is prepared when Cash Book is given with Debit Balance.

CASE 1: When Cash Book is given with Debit Balance it isknown as favourable Cash Book, adjustments are made for entries are added to or deduted from the Cash Book balance as follows:

Following items are to be added:

(i) Cheques issued but not presented for payment.

(ii) Cheques or cash deposited directly into the bank

(iii) Cheque deposited but not credited.

(iv) Interest allowed by the bank.

(v) Interest and Dividened collected by the bank.

(vi) Bills of Exchange realized.

(vii) Wrong credit granted by the bank.

Following items are to be deducted:

(i) Cheque deposited but not collected (credited) by the bank.

(ii) Cheque or Bill of Exchangedishonoured.

(iii) Bank charges charged by bank.

(iv) Interest charged by bank.

(v) Direct payment by the bank as per standing instructions e.g., life insurance premium paid.

(vi) Wrong debit by the bank.

(vii) Cheques recorded in Cash Book but not deposited.

CASE 2:When Cash Book is given with Credit Balance it isknown as unfavourable Cash Book

Following items are to be added:

(i) Cheques deposited but not collected( credited) by the bank.

(ii) Deposited cheques or Bills Receivable dishonoured.

(iii) Bank charges charged by the bank but not recorded in Cash Book.

(iv) Interest charged by the bank not recorded in Cash Book.

(v) Direct payment by the bank as per standing instructions, say for insurance premium.

(vi) Bills Payable paid by the bank but not recorded in Cash Book.

(vii) Wrong debit by Bank.

(viii) Chequesrecorded in the Cash Book but not deposited.

Following items are to be deducted:

(i) Cheques issued but not presented for payment.

(ii) Cheques deposited directly into the bank.

(iii) Interest allowed by the bank but not recorded in the Cash Book.

(iv) Dividend collected.

(v) Bill of Exchange realized.

(vi) Wrong credit by the bank

(vii) Cheques deposited into bank but not recorded in the Cash Book.

Hindi 2nd Lang

सारा आकाशपूर्वार्ध भाग 5

मुन्नी ज्यादातर चुप रहती थी, खाना देते समय उसने पूछा भैया भाभी से तुम जरा भी नहीं बोले ?मैंने सपाट उत्तर दिया नहीं दूसरी शादी करोगे वह चूल्हे के सामने बैठी है ।कोयले से यूं ही जमीन पर कुछ निरर्थक काटती रही हां हां एक शादी करा कर तो उसे गला रही हो दूसरी करके रोएगी अचानक मुझे विचार आया कि कहीं प्रभा नहीं तो दुखी होकर दूसरी शादी के लिए लिख दिया हो अपनी उत्सुकता दबाकर मैंने पूछा तुमसे कौन कह रहा था मां मुन्नी बात को टालते हुए बोली नहीं मैंने तो यूं ही पूछ लिया मुन्नी मुझे कुछ बताना ही चाहती थी तभी भाभी आ गई और कहने लगी इस दीपावली को तुम्हारी शादी को 6 महीने हो जाएगी सोचा कितनी जल्दी गुजर गया यह समय घर में एक आद पत्र तो आया ही होगा सोचा बाद में मुन्नी से पूछ लूंगा लेकिन मुन्नी मुझसे क्या कहना चाहती है आज यह सब शादी की बातें क्यों कर रहे भाभी फिर गहरी सांस लेकर बोली तुम्हारी शादी भी क्या हुई लाला जी अपना आक्रोश भाभी पर ही निकाला तू ही मारी जाती थी कि बहू ऐसी है वैसी है लो सुनो लालाजी की बातें मैं क्या उसके पेट में घुसकर देखा ही मैंने इतनी घमंडी औरत अपनी जिंदगी में नहीं देखा मैं ऊब गया रोटी छोड़ कर उठ कर बोला भाभी मुन्नी ने ज्यादा डाल दिया था कॉलेज कॉलेज से आ कर खा लूंगा भाभी निकली हंसी में बोलीआ रही है। लालाजी लेकिन दबाकर रखना कह देती हूं कसम से पछताओगे बोर्ड की फीस मांगने अम्मा के पास गया तो अम्मा ₹25 का नाम सुना कर उनका मुंह खुला रह गया है मेरे पास इतने रुपए कहां है अपने बाबूजी से मांगना बाबू जी के पास गया तो बाबूजी कल बोर्ड की फीस भरनी है मेरा स्वर इतना मरियल था। जैसे शराब पीने के पैसे मांग रहा हूं ₹25 सुनकर उदास होकर बोले यह मेरी पेंशन के ₹25 आए हैं तो तू ले ले करम में लिखा कर लाए हैं लड़के भी ग्रेट हो जाए तब तक खिलाना कमाने वाला वहीं एक धीरज है तो तुम उसे चूस कर खाओगे उन्होंने बिना गिने रुपए चारपाई पर फेंक दिया मेरी रुपए उठाने की हिम्मत नहीं हुई मुझे यूं ही खड़ा देखकर एकदम बदले हुए स्वर में बोले कितनी परेशानियां हैं समर बताओ मैं क्या करूं कहीं दुबारा नौकरी करने को हाथ पैरों में दम नहीं है अपनी बहू को लिवा लाओ अब मुन्नी को भी यही रहना है सारी बिरादरी वालेथूकते हैं।सारी स्थिति को देखकर मुझे बाबूजी की मजबूरी पर दया आई बेचारे कहां तक करें किसी प्रकार साहस करके कहा बाबूजी अमर को भेज दीजिए मैं नहीं जाऊंगा वह एकदम कड़क कर बोले तुम्हारा तो दम निकलता है बहू का नाम सुनकर मैं रुपए उठाकर विना एक क्षण रुके चुपचाप चला आया मन ही मन करता रहा जो यह कहे शो करो कहे शादी करो तो शादी कर लो, कहे उसे पहुंचाओ लिवा लाओ, तो पहुंचा ली लिवाली। वहां भागदौड़ करके फीस माफ कर वाली कॉपी किताब के पैसे भी नहीं मांगता फटे कपड़े पहन कर जाता हूं।

शब्दार्थ

अविभाज्य- जो भी विभक्त ना हो

उत्कंठा -जानने की इच्छा

दूरनिवार –अनुचित

कटखने -काटने वाले

बिरादरी -समाज

BUSINESS STUDIES

Authority, Responsibility and Accountability

Topic: Delegation of Authority

Today let us start our class by discussing Delegation

Delegation of authority takes place when a manager assigns a part of his work to others and gives them the authority to perform the assigned tasks. The manager who delegates authority holds his subordinates responsible for proper performance of assigned tasks.

Now let us discuss the characteristics:

The characteristics of delegation of authority:

1. Delegation involves sharing of work and authority of others. A manager does not pass on his entire work and authority to his subordinates.

2. It is based on the elementary principle of division of work. No manager can perform the entire work assigned to him.

3. Delegation is always done with certain limits. The manger defines the limit within which subordinates can exercise their authority.

4. It never means abdication of responsibility. A manager remains responsible for the work which he has assigned to the subordinates.

5. Delegation does not imply reduction in the authority of the superior. He can any time take back or reduce the delegated authority.

6. A superior can exercise control to ensure that the subordinates are using their authority in the proper manner.

A.What do you mean by delegation?

Answer: Delegation of authority takes place when a manager assigns a part of his work to others and gives them the authority to perform the assigned tasks. The manager who delegates authority holds his subordinates responsible for proper performance of assigned tasks.

B.What are the characteristics of delegation of authority?

Answer: Characteristics of delegation of authority:

1. Delegation involves sharing of work and authority of others. A manager does not pass on his entire work and authority to his subordinates.

2. It is based on the elementary principle of division of work. No manager can perform the entire work assigned to him.

3. Delegation is always done with certain limits. The manger defines the limit within which subordinates can exercise their authority.

4. It never means abdication of responsibility. A manager remains responsible for the work which he has assigned to the subordinates.

5. Delegation does not imply reduction in the authority of the superior. He can any time take back or reduce the delegated authority.

6. A superior can exercise control to ensure that the subordinates are using their authority in the proper manner

Commerce

Introduction to business organizations

Topic: Choice of the form of business organization

Let us start the class by discuss the following:

The choice of the most suitable form of business organization is a crucial decision because it affects the rights and liability of the owners. Therefore the choice should be made with the great thought and deliberations.

Factors affecting the choice of the form of business organizations:

1. Nature of business: the nature of business has an important bearing on the choice of the form of ownership. Businesses providing direct services eg; small retailers hairdressing salons, tailors etc., and professional services eg; doctors, lawyers etc, depend for their success upon personal attention to customers and the personal knowledge or skill of the owners and are generally organized as proprietary concerns.

2. Size and area of operations: large scale enterprises catering to national and international markets can be organized more successfully as private or public companies. The reason is that larged sized enterprises require large financial and managerial resources which are beyond the capacity of a single person or few partners.

3. Degree of control desired: a person who desires direct control of business prefers proprietorship rather than the company because there is a separation of ownership and management in the latter case.

4. Amount of capital required: the funds required for the establishment and operation of a business have an important impact on the choice. Enterprises requiring heavy investment i.e iron and steel etc should be organized as joint stock companies.

5. Degree of risk involved: the volume of risk and the willingness of owners into bear it is an important consideration.

6. Division of surplus: a sole trader receives all the profits of his business but he also bears all the risks.

Questions:

A.What is the factors affecting the choice of the form of business organizations?

Answer: Factors affecting the choice of the form of business organizations:

1. Nature of business: the nature of business has an important bearing on the choice of the form of ownership. Businesses providing direct services eg; small retailers hairdressing salons, tailors etc., and professional services eg; doctors, lawyers etc, depend for their success upon personal attention to customers and the personal knowledge or skill of the owners and are generally organized as proprietary concerns.

2. Size and area of operations: large scale enterprises catering to national and international markets can be organized more successfully as private or public companies. The reason is that larged sized enterprises require large financial and managerial resources which are beyond the capacity of a single person or few partners.

3. Degree of control desired: a person who desires direct control of business prefers proprietorship rather than the company because there is a separation of ownership and management in the latter case.

4. Amount of capital required: the funds required for the establishment and operation of a business have an important impact on the choice. Enterprises requiring heavy investment i.e iron and steel etc should be organized as joint stock companies.

5. Degree of risk involved: the volume of risk and the willingness of owners into bear it is an important consideration.

6. Division of surplus: a sole trader receives all the profits of his business but he also bears all the risks.

Economics

Agriculture

Today let us discuss the role of Agriculture in Indian economy:

Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economic system and economic activity. About two-third of Indian population depends on it directly or indirectly.

1. Share in National Income: agriculture is the main source of national income. At present it contributes 17.4% to India’s GDP(2011-2012 price)

2. Share in employment: Agriculture is the largest employment providing sector. It provides employment to around 48.9% of the total labor force.

3. Basis for industrial development: Agriculture plays a vital role in the industrial sector. Raw materials like cotton, wood, sugarcane, jute, oilseeds etc are supplied by agriculture.

4. Importance in Foreign Trade: Agriculture plays an important role in country’s international trade. The contribution of this sector in total export earnings was around 12.3 %. The main exported items are spices, raw cotton and marine products etc.

5. Importance in Household consumption: In India since per capita income is low most of the income is spent in food grains.

6. Significance for trade and services: A large proportion of country’s trade and services depends upon agricultural operations. Most prominent of these are transport, banking, cold storage, warehouse etc.

A.What is the role of agriculture in Indian economy?

Answer:

Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economic system and economic activity. About two-third of Indian population depends on it directly or indirectly.

1. Share in National Income: agriculture is the main source of national income. At present it contributes 17.4% to India’s GDP(2011-2012 price)

2. Share in employment: Agriculture is the largest employment providing sector. It provides employment to around 48.9% of the total labor force.

3. Basis for industrial development: Agriculture plays a vital role in the industrial sector. Raw materials like cotton, wood, sugarcane, jute, oilseeds etc are supplied by agriculture.

4. Importance in Foreign Trade: Agriculture plays an important role in country’s international trade. The contribution of this sector in total export earnings was around 12.3 %. The main exported items are spices, raw cotton and marine products etc.

5. Importance in Household consumption: In India since per capita income is low most of the income is spent in food grains.

6. Significance for trade and services: A large proportion of country’s trade and services depends upon agricultural operations. Most prominent of these are transport, banking, cold storage, warehouse etc.

English Language

Composition/ Essay

A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subject.

Structure of the composition:

· Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)

· Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)

· Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)

Kinds of essay/ composition:

· Narrative composition

· Descriptive composition

· Argumentative composition

· Reflective composition

Argumentative writing is the art of forming reasons, making inductions, drawing conclusions and applying them to the topic of discussion. It clearly uses the process of your reasoning from the known to the unknown. Without this, your composition would not have an argument, it will have only an assertion. You have to present a point of view in such a way that you can persuade and influence your readers.

Write a composition on the topic :

“ Use of plastic carry bags should be banned to protect the environment. Give arguments in favour and against the proposition”.

Guidelines for writing this essay:

Arguments for the view:

· Plastic carry bags are creating havoc with environment and thus have become a cause for human and animal life.

· Plastic bags are hazards for pets and stray animals. If swallowed this bags block the intestine of the animals as a result of which the animals die A painful death. It thus, results in indirect cruelty to animals.

· Plastic carry bags toxify food and other items carried in them and make them unfit for consumption.

Arguments against the view:

· Plastic carry bags are a wonderful invention of modern science and technology. Because of their light weight and flexibility they serve many purpose.

· plastic carry bags are used for packing cloth, readymade garments and other valuable articles.

· Plastic carry bags are an inexpensive way of taking things home; they are a substitute for shabby cloth or paper bags which are often unhygienic and dirty. They should therefore, not be banned.

English Literature

Salvatore

Answer the following questions:-

1) Discuss the theme of love and affection as depicted in the story “Salvatore”.Ans:- Salvatore is the main protagonist of Maugham’s story. The story is focused on Salvatore in all his lineaments. The character of Salvatore evolves into an epitome of true love and goodness.

Salvatore being the eldest bother used to take care of his two younger brothers as a responsible guardian. It is out of a sense of duty and love. He would not let them venture too far in the sea. He would also dress them when they had to climb the hot hill for the mid-day meal. Salvatore had a pleasing personality. He had a pleasant word for everyone even he was assailed by terrible hardships of life.

Salvatore fell madly in love with a pretty girl. They were affianced but they couldn’t marry till Salvatore had done his military service. When he became a sailor in the navy he wept like a child. He felt dreadfully homesick and parting from the girl was too much with him. When he came back home he was happy to see his parents and brothers waiting for him on the jetty. As soon as they met there was a great deal of kissing. Boundless was Salvatore’s love for his family, home and the girl he loved. When Salvatore was away as a sailor, he used to write long passionate letters telling her how much he missed her and how much he longed to see her. When he fell ill with rheumatism that made him unfit for further service, his heart for he could go home and meet the girl who was waiting anxiously for him.

......to be continued

- HISTORY

-

TOPIC – EMERGENCE OF COLONIAL ECONOMY

SUB TOPIC – Development of Modern Industries

Development of Modern Industries: Industrialization was started in mid 19TH Century with the expansion of railways that linked different cities.

As there were plentiful cheap labours and raw materials could be transported through Railways, it was easy to establish industries.

1. Question: Which community dominated West Indian Cotton Industry?

Answer: The Parsee Community of Western India took the lead of setting up Cotton mills in India.

2. Question: How did the British colonialism helped industrial development of India?

Answer: One of the important impacts of the British rule was the development of Modern industries in India. The British entrepreneurs made the full use of the cheap labour supply and raw materials of India for building up Jute and cotton mills. They made agricultural industries like cotton, cotton threads, cotton textiles, jute products, sugar tea etc. These British owned industries in spite of its colonial character helped industrialization of India. The first Jute mill in India was founded in Rishra, near Calcutta, in 1855. Foreign capital was also invested in the growth of tea, coal and iron industries.

The Parsee Community of Western India took the leads of selling up cotton mills. Sir Cowashji Jejangir opened the first cotton mill in Bombay.

The expansion of railway increased demand for coal. Thus coal industry also developed and expanded. The tea industry also flourished in Bengal and Assam.

Mathematics

Linear inequalities

Graphical Solution of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables:In earlier section, we have seen that a graph of an inequality in one variable is a visual representation and is a convenient way to represent the solutions of the inequality.Now, we will discuss graph of a linear inequality in two variables.We know that a line divides the Cartesian plane into two parts. Each part is known as a half plane. A vertical line will divide the plane in left and right half planes and a non-vertical line will divide the plane into lower and upper half planes. A point in the Cartesian plane will either lie on a line or will lie in either of the half planes I or II. We shall now examine the relationship, if any, of the points in the plane and the inequalities ax + by < c or ax + by > c.Let us consider the line ax + by = c,a ≠ 0,b ≠ 0There are three possibilities namely:(i) ax + by = c (ii) ax + by > c (iii) ax + by < c.In case (i), clearly, all points (x, y) satisfying (i) lie on the line it represents and conversely. Consider case (ii), let us first assume that b > 0. Consider a point P (α,β) on the line ax + by = c, b > 0, so that aα + bβ = c.Take an arbitrary point Q (α , γ) in the half plane II (Fig)

Now, from Fig, we interpret, γ > β or, b γ > bβ or aα + b γ > aα + bβor, aα + b γ > ci.e., Q(α, γ ) satisfies the inequality ax + by > c.Thus, all the points lying in the half plane II above the line ax + by = c satisfies the inequality ax + by > c. Conversely, let (α, β) be a point on line ax + by = c and an arbitrary point Q(α, γ) satisfying ax + by > c so that aα + bγ > c ⇒ aα + b γ > aα + bβ ⇒ γ > β (as b > 0)This means that the point (α, γ ) lies in the half plane II.Thus, any point in the half plane II satisfies ax + by > c, and conversely any point satisfying the inequality ax + by > c lies in half plane II.In case b < 0, we can similarly prove that any point satisfying ax + by > c lies in the half plane I, and conversely.

Hence, we deduce that all points satisfying ax + by > c lies in one of the half planes II or I according as b > 0 or b < 0, and conversely.Thus, graph of the inequality ax + by > c will be one of the half plane (called solution region) and represented by shading in the corresponding half plane.

Example : Solve 3x + 2y > 6 graphically.Solution: Graph of 3x + 2y = 6 is given as dotted line in the Fig

This line divides the xy-plane in two half planes I and II. We select a point (not on the line), say (0, 0), which lies in one of the half planes (Fig) and determine if this point satisfies the given inequality, we note that 3 (0) + 2 (0) > 6or 0 > 6 , which is false.Hence, half plane I is not the solution region of the given inequality. Clearly, any point on the line does not satisfy the given strict inequality.In other words, the shaded half plane II excluding the points on the line is the solution region of the inequality.

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

ওরা কাজ করে

রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর

কবিতার উৎস ও রচনা কাল-

‘ওরা কাজ করে’ কবিতাটি ‘আরোগ্য’ কাব্য গ্রন্থের ১০ সংখ্যক কবিতা। পরে এই কবিতাটি ‘সঞ্চয়িতা’ সংকলনের সময় নাম করন করা হয় ‘ওরা কাজ করে’।

কবিতার প্রেক্ষাপট-

এই কবিতাটি কবি রচনা করেন পরিণত বৃদ্ধ বয়সে আসন্ন মৃত্যুর রক্তিম আলোয় উদ্ভাসিত প্রজ্ঞা- প্রখর দৃষ্টিতে। সকল মানব সংসারই কাব্যের আশ্রয় স্থল। এখানে সকলের স্থান আছে। কারুর কোন বিধি নিষেধ নেই। প্রকৃতি ও মানুষের মধ্যে চলছে বিচিত্র প্রানের লীলা। অতীত-বর্তমান, চাষের ক্ষেত- কলকার খানা, বৃদ্ধ বনস্পতি-ভুট্টার খেত, জন্ম –মৃত্যু কিছুই এই বিশ্ব সংসার থেকে বাদ পড়েনা। কবি এই অস্তিত্বের মাধুর্য প্রানের গভীরে অনুভব করেছেন। মাটির দিকে তাকিয়ে কবি জীবনকে নতুন ভাবে অনুভব করেছেন। সদ্যরোগ মুক্ত কবি মর্ত্য জগৎ থেকে চির বিদায়ের পূর্বে পৃথিবীর সবার কাছে ঋণ স্বীকার করে কৃতজ্ঞতা প্রকাশ করতে চান। ‘ওরা কাজ করে’ কবিতায় কবি প্রবহ মান ইতিহাসের বিচিত্র দৃশ্যপটের মধ্যে জীবনের মহামন্ত্র ধ্বনি পাঠ করেছেন। ভারতের মধ্য যুগের ইতিহাসের পরিচয় দিতে গিয়ে তিনি ইতিহাস চেতনার পরিচয় দিয়েছেন।

Subject

PoliticalScience

Topic

Law

Summary

Law:-

Law is commonly understood as a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate conduct, although its precise definition is a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and the art of justice. State-enforced laws can be made by a collective legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes, by the executive through decress and regulations, or established by judges through precedent, normally in common law jurisdictions. Private individuals can create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process. The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people.

Legal systems vary between countries, with their differences analysed in comparative law. In civil law jurisdictions, a legislature or other central body consolidates the law. In common law systems, judges make binding case law through precedent, although on occasion case law may be overturned by a higher court or the legislature.Historically, religious law influenced secular matters, and is still used in some religious communities.

I) Advantages of Law -

1) Uniformity and Certainty:

                           Law provides Uniformity and certainty to the administration of justice.  The same law has to be applied in all cases. There can be no distinction between one case and another case if the facts are the same.

2) Protection against arbitrary, biased and dishonest decisions:

         If the administration of Justice is left completely to the individual discretion of a judge, improper motives and dishonest opinions could affect the distribution of justice. Law as Fixed Principles of the law of justice avoids the danger of arbitrary, biased and dishonest decisions.

3) Freedom from errors of individual judgement:

                 The fixed principles of law protect the administration of justice from the errors of individual judgement. Commenting on this aspect of law, the Greek Philosopher Aristotle observed that "to seek to be wiser than the law is the very thing which is by good laws forbidden."  This, in other words, means that "law is not always necessarily wise but on the whole and in the long run it is wiser than those who administer it".

 4) Reliability :

             There is another advantage of law is its reliability. It is more reliable than the individual judgements of the Courts. The human mind is fallible and judges are no exception. The wisdom of the legislature which represents the wisdom of the people is safer and more reliable means of protection than the momentary fancy of the individual judge.

 

II) Disadvantages of Law:

      Law has not only advantages but some disadvantages also, Disadvantages of law are as follows:

1) The rigidity of law: 

            An Ideal legal system keeps on changing according to the changing needs of the people. But because of the rigidity of law, it is unable to keep pace with the fast-changing society. There is always a gap between the advancement of society and the legal system prevailing in it. The lack of flexibility in law results in hardship and injustice to the people.

2) Conservative Nature:

           Another disadvantage of law is that its Conservative Nature. Law is conservative in its approach. The Bar and Bench are generally conservative in their approach to the dispensation of justice. The result is is that very often the law is static. This is not conducive to a progressive society.

3) Formalism :

            The Law suffers from excessive formalism greater emphasis laid on the form of law rather than its substance. Undue formalism causes unnecessary delay in dispensation of justice.

4) Complexity :

       Another disadvantage of law is its Complexity. It is true that every law effort is made to make law as simple as possible but it is not possible to make every law simple. That is due to the Complex nature of modern society.

       Commenting on the advantages and disadvantages of law Salmond observed that if the benefits of the law are great, the evils too are not small. Be that it may, it cannot be denied law serves as an effective instrument of social change. Law must change to the changing condition.

Execution

Answer the following questions:-

Definition:-Law.

Advantages and disadvantages of Law

Homework:-learn.

Class XII

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Business Studies

Staff Training

Today, we will learn about the importance of training.

Training is beneficial both to employers and employees.

A well-trained employee is an asset to the enterprise because his efficiency and productivity is high.

· Importance of Training.

The main importance or advantages of Training are as follows:

1. Higher productivity:

Training helps to improve the job performance of employees. Well-trained employees are more efficient and as a result the quantity and quality of performance increases.

2. Reduced Supervision:

Well-trained employees are self-reliant. They do not need continuous and intensive supervision. Thus supervisor can solve time and energy.

3. Better Safety:

Human error or negligence is the major cause of accidents in industries. Training makes employees proficient and reduce accidents. It ,makes employees safety conscious and enables them to make better use of safety.

4. Economy:

Trained employees make better and economical use of the materials and machinery. Proper handling of machineries reduces wastage, spoilage and breakage.

5. Higher Morale:

Effective training improves job attitudes and self-confidence of employees. They feel that management cares for them. Trained employees can work better and thereby earn reward.

6. Promotion and career growth:

Training enables employees to acquire knowledge and skills for more responsible jobs. They can earn promotions quickly. Thus, training facilitates career growth of an employee.

Hindi 2nd Lang

सारा आकाश राजेंद्र यादव

उत्तरादर्रध भाग 1.

मन प्रसन्न होता है तो आसपास का वातावरण भी प्रसन्नता से भरा दिखाई देता है। इसलिए समर ने उगता सूर्य को देखकर प्रसन्नता का अनुभव किया इस रोशनी में प्रभा से बात कैसे कर पाऊंगा सीधा उसके चेहरे को कैसे देख पाऊंगा तभी ध्यान आया कि प्रभा ने पोस्टकार्ड मांगा था सुबह सुबह में दिवाकर के घर जा पहुंचा दिवाकर ने बताया कि किरण की फिल्म देखने जाने की बात पर दिवाकर की मां क्रोधित है उसकी बात सुनकर लगा कि प्रभा तो कभी बाहर निकलना ही नहीं चाहती तभी मुझे अपनी बहन मुन्नी की याद हो आई उसकी आवाज सुनाई दी भैया भाभी से बोलो उस समय मैंने ध्यान नहीं दिया मैं प्रशन स्वर मैं स्वयं से बोल उठा देख मुन्नी मैं बोला मैं तेरी भाभी से बोला लेकिन अब है कहां उसे तो गड्ढे में धकेल कर उस पर भारी पत्थर रख दिया दिवाकर ने बताया कल मेरे एक चचेरे भाई आने वाले हैं मैं चाहता हूं कि मां की नाराजगी आज ही दूर हो जाए लेकिन भाई अपनीयह चोटी चोटी कटवा आना वह मजाक बनाएंगे उन्हें यह ढोंग वह कम ही पसंद है यह ढोंग क्या अपना अपना विश्वास है तुम खाने पीने और भोग विलास में रहने वाले जीव हो तुम्हें क्या मालूम विश्वास और आत्मा का आनंद क्या होता है देखो दिवाकर यह अपने विश्वास की बात है दिवाकर ने आवेश में भरकर विरोध करते हुए कहा देशी और विदेशी की बात मैं नहीं जानता लेकिन देसी पने का नाम लेकर कार्टून जैसी सूरत बनाए रखना मुझे पसंद नहीं है मेरी बात का बुरा मत मानना तभी मुझे प्रभा का चेहरा याद हो आया मैंने कहा मुझे कुछ पत्र डालने हैं 24 पोस्ट कर दे दो दिवाकर ने कहा तुम तो फर्स्ट डिवीजन में पास होंगे दिवाकर से पूछ कर लेकर मैं घर आ गया जिस 6 के कारण मैं सुबह से आंखें चुरा था और मुंह छिपा था फिर रहा था वह संध्या तक दूर हो गई हां मैं अपनी पत्नी से बोला हूं इनमें किसी का क्या घर पहुंचते ही पिता से सामना हो गया देखते ही देखते बोले नवाब साहब कहां मटरगश्ती कर आए ना खाने की चिंता और ना पीने की दबे स्वर में उत्तर दिया दिवाकर के घर गया था नौकरी वगैरह की बात करते हुए देर हो गई बाबूजी नरम हो गए हां कुछ करो बेटा अब कैसे काम चलेगा शाम को भाभी व्यंग पूर्वक भाई साहब को बता रही थी कि अब तो दोनों बोलने लगे हैं तभी अम्मा ने कहा अपने बाबूजी को नवल किशोर जी की बैठक से बुला लाओ बाबूजी ने नवल किशोर के घर के तरसे बच्ची को लाने के लिए कहा अंदर पंडिताइन ने कहा अरे हां हमने सुना तू अपनी बहू से बोलता नहीं था अब बोलने लगा है अच्छा है बेटा अपनी बहू से तू नहीं बोलेगा तो कौन बोलेगा पर बेटा ऐसी अनीति मत उठाइए जैसे हमारे विष्णु ने उठा रखी है सारा पैसा अपनी बहू को ही देता है।

शब्दार्थ –आह्लादकारी - प्रसन्नता दायक

प्रतिध्वनिअनुगुज

अमानषिक –अमानवीय

गांभीर्य –गंभीरता

दीप -चमक

नारकीय -नरक के समान

अनीति -नीति के विरूद्ध

पतित -गिरना।

COMMERCE

Sources of Finance for a joint stock company

Kinds of Debentures

Today let us start our class by discussing the different kinds of debenture:

Debenture issued by a company can be of the following types:

1. Naked and Mortgage debentures: Naked or simple debentures are not are not secured as no property is pledged or mortgaged on their issue. On the other hand mortgage or secured debentures are issued by creating a fixed or floating charge on the company’s assets.

2. Redeemable and irredeemable debentures: redeemable or callable debentures are repayable on a predetermined date or at any time prior to their maturity at the option of the company. But irredeemable debentures are repayable only at the time of winding up of the company.

3. Bearer and registered debentures : Bearer debentures can be transferred by mere delivery as no record of such debentures is kept in the register of debenture holders. Registered debentures are recorded in the register of debenture holder.

4. Convertible and non-convertible debentures: Incase of convertible debentures, the debenture holder are given the option to convert their debenture into equity shares after a specified period and on certain conditions. Non- convertible debentures do not carry any right to be converted into equity shares.

1. Explain the different kinds of debentures?

Answer: Debenture issued by a company can be of the following types:

I.Naked and Mortgage debentures: Naked or simple debentures are not are not secured as no property is pledged or mortgaged on their issue. On the other hand mortgage or secured debentures are issued by creating a fixed or floating charge on the company’s assets.

Ii.Redeemable and irredeemable debentures: redeemable or callable debentures are repayable on a predetermined date or at any time prior to their maturity at the option of the company. But irredeemable debentures are repayable only at the time of winding up of the company.

Iii.Bearer and registered debentures : Bearer debentures can be transferred by mere delivery as no record of such debentures is kept in the register of debenture holders. Registered debentures are recorded in the register of debenture holder.

Iv.Convertible and non-convertible debentures: Incase of convertible debentures, the debenture holder are given the option to convert their debenture into equity shares after a specified period and on certain conditions. Non- convertible debentures do not carry any right to be converted into equity shares.

English Language

Composition/ Essay

A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subject.

Structure of the composition:

· Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)

· Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)

· Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)

Kinds of essay/ composition:

· Narrative composition

· Descriptive composition

· Argumentative composition

· Reflective composition

Argumentative writing is the art of forming reasons, making inductions, drawing conclusions and applying them to the topic of discussion. It clearly uses the process of your reasoning from the known to the unknown. Without this, your composition would not have an argument, it will have only an assertion. You have to present a point of view in such a way that you can persuade and influence your readers.

Write a composition on the topic :

“Use of plastic carry bags should be banned to protect the environment. Give arguments in favour and against the proposition”.

Guidelines for writing this essay:

Arguments for the view:

*Plastic carry bags are creating havoc with environment and thus have become a cause for human and animal life.

*Plastic bags are hazards for pets and stray animals. If swallowed this bags block the intestine of the animals as a result of which the animals die A painful death. It thus, results in indirect cruelty to animals.

*Plastic carry bags toxify food and other items carried in them and make them unfit for consumption.

Arguments against the view:

*Plastic carry bags are a wonderful invention of modern science and technology. Because of their light weight and flexibility they serve much purpose.

*Plastic carry bags are used for packing cloth, readymade garments and other valuable articles.

*Plastic carry bags are an inexpensive way of taking things home; they are a substitute for shabby cloth or paper bags which are often unhygienic and dirty. They should therefore, not be banned.

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-3:

The next day, Klausner goes to a park, carrying his sound machine and an axd. He strikes at a tree’s trunk with the axe and again hears a shriek. He calls Dr. Scott to test his theory. After Dr. Scott arrives, Klausner gives him the headphones and asks him if he can hear anything. Dr. Scott express he can’t hear anything but just a humming noise.

Klausner now swings his axe at the tree to recors the sound with his machine and make the Doctor hear it. But this time, a branch from the tree crashes down and destroys the machine. Klausner’s hope of proving his theory is shattered.

Greatly shaken, Klausner now asks the Doctor to put some iodine on the cut of the tree where he has struck it. Dr. Scott agrees to do that and a