How to become a bicultural person

Graduation Thesis

Presented to

The Faculty of the Department of

English Language and Literature

Notre Dame Seishin University

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirement for the Degree

Bachelor of Arts

by

Shiori Yamaguchi

2013

ContentsAbstract 3

Chapter One: Introduction

1.1 Introduction 4

1.2 What is bicultural, biculturalism? 5

1.2.1 The definition of bicultural, biculturalism 5

1.2.2 Benefits of being bicultural 6

1.2.3 Different types of being bicultural 6

1.2.4 Different stages of being bicultural (Acculturation) 9

1.2.5 Different stages of being bicultural (Bennett scales) 12

1.3 Bi-cultural's attitude to bi-culturalism 14

1.4 Research Questions 14

1.5 Summary 15

Chapter Two: The Study

2.1 Introduction 16

2.2 The Questionnaire 16

2.2.1 Aim 16

2.2.2 Subjects 17

2.2.3 The Questionnaire 17

2.2.4 Procedure 17

2.3 Result 18

2.3.1 Introduction 18

2.3.2 The Background and Results 18

2.4 Language and Culture 21

2.4.1 Introduction 21

2.4.2 The best way 23

2.5 Summary 29

Chapter Three: Discussion

3.1 Introduction 30

3.2 Summary of the questionnaire 30

3.3 Discussion of the results 30

3.4 Discussion of the questionnaire 31

3.5 Limitations of the questionnaire 37

3.6 Conclusions 38

References 39

Appendices 40

Abstract

As the world is becoming globalized, we have many chances to go abroad for

business and meet people from all over the world. We also have chances to meet

foreign people in Japan more than before. This paper incorporates how to have and

combine the understanding of different cultures and become a bicultural person. We

will discuss the results with the subjects’ experiences and thinking.

In Chapter One, we looked at what it is generally said about a bicultural,

bicultural person, the benefits of being a bicultural person, the challenges to become

a bicultural person and the different stages of feeling and reacting when people are

in different countries and cultures.

In Chapter Two, we looked at the results of the questionnaire given to people

who have never been overseas, those who have been overseas, and those who

already have become bicultural. The subjects’ overseas experiences are stated. The

results of the subjects’ thinking about different language, culture, motivation,

attitude and nationalism and the results of the questionnaire were stated.

In Chapter Three, we discussed the results of the questionnaire in detail also

we discussed the research questions. We found out that people who have never been

overseas are less interested in understanding different languages, cultures than other

people who have been overseas and those who already become bicultural. Also, the

motivation of people who have been overseas and already become bicultural are

higher than other people who have never been overseas. The results of case studies

were stated and we discussed each research question. We found that getting much

information before going overseas would help you not to stay “Denial of Difference”

stage, “Defense against Difference” stage or getting culture shock in the foreign

countries.

Chapter One: Introduction

1.1 Introduction

Nowadays, many Japanese people go abroad for various reasons. For example, they go

abroad to study English, for business, sightseeing and so on. Some people live in foreign

countries for a few months or over a year. They learn languages and a lot of new cultures. On

the other hand, many people from all over the world also come to Japan for the same

reasons. There are many chances to meet and communicate with foreign people in Japan and

also in foreign countries. Also, some people migrate to different countries and communicate

with people from different cultures. They may feel some cultural differences, culture shock

and cultural stress. To deal with it, and overcome difficulties and have a good relationship

with foreign people in Japan or in foreign countries, the best way is to know, understand,

accept different cultures and finally respect them. To become a bicultural person would help

us to understand different cultures.

However, some people have never been abroad or have no chance to go to foreign

countries. Even if they are interested in foreign countries and try to understand different

cultures, they probably don’t know other cultures that much. So we are going to investigate

whether there are any differences about thinking and motivation to become bicultural

between people who have been abroad, and those who have never been. Also we will look at

some people who have already become bicultural.

Moreover, we are going to look at the best way to become biculturals. Even if we are

in Japan, we would be able to become bicultural because the world is globalizing. We are

going to look at what people have already said so far about being biculturals in this chapter.

1.2 What is bicultural, biculturalism?

1.2.1 The definition of bicultural, biculturalism

Biculturalism has been defined in a number of ways. There are some examples.

Biculturalism is more than being functionally competent in two cultures, it is both a

behavioral and psychological orientation in life. Willgerodt, Miller, and McElmurry (2002)

Most generally, biculturalism represents comfort and proficiency with both one's

heritage culture and the culture of the country or region in which one has settled. It is

applicable not only to immigrants who have come from other countries, but also to children of

immigrants who – although they are born and raised in the receiving society – are likely

deeply embedded in the heritage culture at home with their families. Schwartz Unger (2010)

People define biculturalism in various ways. Approximately, biculturalism means

having and combining two different cultures. There are many Japanese people who have

been working, studying in foreign countries or got married to a foreign person and live in

Japan or foreign countries. They all have different reasons, however, they live with their own

Japanese culture and different cultures. Foreign people who go to different countries have the

same situation as well. Sometimes they have to comply with reasons of different cultures

when they are in foreign countries, but they have to accept them and try to do it and behave

the same things like people do in different countries. Also, most of them don’t forget their

own cultures when they come back to their home country. However, some people need more

time than others to get into the different cultures and some people lose their own culture

easily. They experience many things and try to acculturate them on their own pace.

Biculturals handle their own culture and also different cultures. Biculturals would

intermingle their heritage and cultural things and pay attention to practices, values, and

identifications. This means that biculturalism implies not only behaving in ways consistent

with the two cultural contexts but also holding values from one's heritage and receiving

cultural streams as well as identifying with both cultures.

1.2.2 Benefits of being bicultural

Having more than two different cultures to handle is not easy, however, there are

many benefits to becoming bicultural. McCarty (2011) says that bicultural make society and

people affluent. Biculturals have flexible ways of thinking because they experience a lot of

things and know something what non-biculturals don’t know. It helps people when they

make decision or discuss something.

Corey, (2010) says that there are a lot of things you never thought that you could do or

find opportunities to try, but add another culture to the mix and we are bound to discover

hidden talents. There are other examples. Bicultural have a more diverse friendship than non-

bicultural. They will have and enjoy new foods, clothes and will meet people they would

never have had the chance before. We can find a lot of benefits of being bicultural in many

situations.

1.2.3 Different types of being bicultural

As we saw before, people have different paces to acculturate and also different

character, attitude, motivation, thinking, actions and so on are influenced on their

acculturation and being bicultural. According to Schumann (1976) and Brown (1994), we

can separate people into three different types to become bicultural. People have different

characters, attitudes and thinking so we are different from each other. Here are the three

different types of being bicultural and average of their character, thinking and so on.

First, Schumann (1976) said that circumstances affect their adaptation into the

different cultures. He also said that people who don’t try to adapt to the different cultures and

those who are unsociable can’t become bicultural easily. These type of people are said to

have a Perservation Pattern.

Even if they go to foreign countries, they tend to withdraw into their shell and live

unsociably. Japanese tourists and some business men who take up posts in foreign country

shortly, leaving their families behind in their home country, are often fall into this pattern.

They try to gather into their own culture as much as possible in different cultures. For

example some Japanese people who study abroad gather with other Japanese and they

believe that Japanese culture is better than other cultures. They don’t try to communicate

with foreign people so that their English skills don’t improve at all. They often eat Japanese

food and speak Japanese all the times except their business or studying times. This is the way

they try not to get culture shock and how to defend. This pattern of people focus on bad or

inconvenient culture of different countries and compare them with only Japanese good and

convenient culture. They speak broken English, which means they have some English skill

so that they won’t have any troubles when they go shopping and they can live in English

speaking countries without having problems. But even if they live in foreign countries over

ten years, some people can’t read newspapers or catch what the speaker says in the radio.

Second, Schumann (1976) also said that some people who adapt to the different

cultures easily lose their own culture. These kinds of people usually forget and lose their own

culture and they said to be in Assimilation Pattern.

These people try to study English really hard and keep away from other Japanese

people for example they go to foreign countries which are really far from Japan and there are

no other Japanese people there. There are other examples; people who marry foreign person

who can’t speak Japanese and live in foreign country where there are no Japanese people.

They are put in the different cultures all the time so they behave like a native and tend to

believe that the target culture is better than the home one or believe that the different culture

suits them. In this case, they are put in the different culture so their English skill will

improve more than others. However, they don’t communicate with home culture people that

much. So they generally forget about the home culture so they feel it is hard to go back to

and adapt to the home people and culture. Moreover, they sometimes lose their common

sense and home culture people would keep away from them. They don’t have much

communication with home culture people, so they would be alone. Also, when they can’t get

along with foreign people, they would feel stress and their English skill would not be better.

Japanese people who fall into this pattern lose Japanese culture, common sense and

furthermore ignore that kind of things. Cummins, (1980) says that this pattern of people who

are studying abroad can speak daily English, and talk about concrete things, which is used in

a bar or beach, however, they can’t talk about their own idea, their learning or abstract things

in English. They are called Gypsy students.

Finally, Brown, (1994) said that if people have small cultural stress, they try to adapt

to the different cultures. It means a small cultural stress motivates them. These people are

very neutral and are said to be in Acculturation. These people stay neutral by learning

different cultures as much as they can and keeping their own culture, which means that they

don’t refuse different culture unsociably and try not to lose their own culture and try to keep

their own language and culture consciously even if they are in different country and studying

language.

1.2.4 Different stages of being bicultural (Acculturation)

When people go abroad, they see, learn and experience different cultures. Some

people may feel cultural stress and experience each stages (see Table 2, Table 3), however,

some people would skip some stages because they already have been abroad and know the

different cultures. Some of their experiences would them help to acculturate. Table 2 shows

us the different stages and feelings, thought and actions of people who go abroad and

experience different cultures and how people adapt to the different cultures following

different stages which are separated to 4 stages or 6 stages.

Many people would feel some stress when they go abroad and experience the

different cultures. They feel disconnected or depress in this stage and this stage is called

Isolation stage. However some people have a stage before Isolation stage. It is called

Euphoria stage. At this stage, people are enamored by the new culture, sights, foods,

experiences and so on. They may look unconfused and distracted. Table 1 shows us the

stage, descriptor and example.

Table 1: Euphoria stageStage Descriptor ExampleEuphoria “Honeymoon Period” people

are enamored by the new culture-its sights, foods, experiences.

When people go abroad and see the new culture, they would be excited and enjoy the different cultures.

Source: www.ldldprojects.net

People who have been abroad to study English for a short term or who went abroad

for their travel and business for a few days must have experienced the euphoria stage. They

saw new cultures and learned different things overseas which they had never experienced

before. They would be surprised and excited in the new cultures. Usually they will accept

new cultures.

After a while, however, they would see and notice not only good things but also bad

things. They notice some differences and that cause stress or difficulties. They move to next

stage. Table 2 shows us four stages and feelings, thought and actions and examples at this

stage. From the Table 2, we will learn what the different stages, feeling, thought and actions

and finally there are some examples about each stage.

Table 2: Acculturation ContinuumStage Feeling, Thought, Actions Examples

Isolation 1. Feeling disconnected2. Feeling depressed3. Culture shock4. Marked language difficulties

When you go abroad, you will feel isolation because you are in the new place, don’t speak English that much and can’t communicate with native people well.Also you will find it is difficult to get a job there because you don’t speak the language which people speak in the place.

Adaptation 1. Increased comfort with immediate surroundings

2. Maintaining own traditions3. Increased ability to teach

others from one’s own culture about mainstream culture

You would feel comfortable in the new culture gradually. When you are in the class and your teacher tells you something, you would try to accept it and adapt to it.On the other hand, if you were asked about your home country and culture, you would tell and teach them.

Biculturalism 1. Feeling equally comfortable in one’s own group and the mainstream culture

2. Maintaining important traditions from one culture group and incorporating new traditions from mainstream culture

In your home, you speak in your first language, but outside of the house you speak different language.Also, you communicate with people in different languages. You are getting good at handling two different cultures and languages. You would still maintain your own country’s important traditions.

Assimilation 1. No language practicing traditional culture activities

2. Language of origin Is not the language most spoken at home

3. Surroundings and social group reflect majority culture

When you are in a foreign country, you would celebrate that country’s cultural traditions and holidays.

Some people would have no connection with their homeland or distant relatives there.

You would speak the language at home which you learned in the new country.

In the Isolation stage, people feel depress or have culture shock because their

circumstances change right after they arrived in the different country. However, if people

have already been abroad and see, learn and experience different cultures, they would feel

less isolation than the people who have never been abroad. In other words, some people

would not be in this stage as it depends on their experiences and how they feel and think

about the different cultures.

In Adaptation stage, after people felt depressing had culture shock, they would start

trying to understand the different cultures. They would increase comfortable with

immediate surroundings. If people had never been abroad, some of them would take long

time to accept and adapt into the different culture than the people who have been abroad.

The time people need to adapt to the new culture depends on their experiences.

In Biculturalism stage, after staying or living in a foreign country for a while, people

would start to have their feeling equally and feel comfortable in the new culture. They

maintain their important traditions from their own culture, however, they incorporate the

new traditions from mainstream culture.

In Assimilation stage, people would start speaking the native language in that

country. It means that language of origin is not the language most spoken at home anymore.

Also, they have already remembered the traditional cultural activities in the new culture.

1.2.5 Different stages of being bicultural (Bennett scale)

The Bennett scale is called the DMIS (for Developmental Model of Intercultural

Sensitivity). This is also different stages when people feel and react in different country and

experience different cultures. This scale was developed by Bennett(1986).

Table: 3 Developmental Model of Intercultural SensitivityStage Examples

1 Denial of Difference People think that their own culture is the best and only “real” one because they didn’t know the different cultures and can’t accept them easily.

2 Defense against Difference People have overt negative stereotypes. Because of it, they are threatened by cultural differences and likely to be acting aggressively against it.

3 Minimization of Difference People recognize cultural differences in food, customs and so on. They start assuming that they are no longer ethnocentric.

4 Acceptance of difference People accept the existence of culturally different ways of organizing human existence, although they don’t necessarily like or agree with every way.

5 Adaptation to Difference People are able to expand their own worldviews to understand other cultures and behave in a variety of culturally appropriate ways. They try to understand and be understood across cultural boundaries.

6 Integration of Difference People experienced many things and their worldviews are expanded. They have a definition of self to any other cultures and make themselves allow and shift smoothly to another culture.

At Stage 1

People tend to avoid different cultures when they are put in the new culture because people

think that their culture and individual experiences are their own culture as the only real one.

They are generally uninterested in cultural differences, but when they need to confront them,

they change to aggressive attempt to avoid or eliminate it.

At Stage 2

People believe that their own culture is experienced as the most evolved or the best way to

live. People are openly threatened by cultural differences and negative stereotyping and more

likely to be aggressive against it. On the other hand, we can see this stage in opposite. Some

people evaluate their own culture and other cultures are romanticized as superior.

At Stage 3

People recognize cultural differences in various things gradually. They tend to overestimate

their tolerance while underestimating the effect of their own culture. They see many different

things and start trying to understand them. Finally, the number of things people defended would

be decreased.

At Stage 4

Even if people don’t like some idea or they don’t agree or disagree with it, they try to accept

the existence of cultural differences. Moreover, people can identify how culture affects a wide

range of human experience.

At Stage 5

People would be able to expand their own worldviews to understand different cultures. They

try to understand and behave in a variety of culturally appropriate ways. They are trying not

only trying to understand the different cultures, but also to be understood cultural differences.

At Stage 6

People have their own cultures. On the other hand, they have seen, learned and experienced

many different cultures. They have already experienced the different stages like denial, defense

against difference, minimization and so on to this stage. So they would be able to shift to any

different cultures smoothly.

1.3 Bi-cultural’s attitude to bi-culturalism

People who have been abroad and lived in foreign countries learned different cultures

and become impervious about many things. They are able to adapt to the different cultures

easily. Also they have their own culture and handle them with different cultures case by case.

Honda (1999) says that the environment is important to have equal thinking of each country. If

people think that their own country; especially about culture, economy, technology or

government, is better than others, they would look down them. To keep their own culture in

them and also handle other cultures are difficult, however, knowing other cultures would help

them to have their thinking about everything equally.

1.4 Research Questions

We have looked at the different stages of feeling and reacting when people feel in

different countries and cultures. We could know that people have different stages of feeling

and reacting in foreign countries and most of them are depend on their experiences. Also

people who have never been overseas, those who have and those who have been already

biculturals, have different experiences, so all of them feel differently. In order to investigate

the more details, we made research questions.

Research question 1: Is there a difference in motivation, attitude and sense of nationalism

between those who have and haven’t been overseas?

Research question 2: What is the best way to become a bicultural person?

Research question 3: Is there a difference in one’s stage of bicultural adaptation between people

who have been overseas and those who haven’t?

Research question 4: Does going overseas make someone bicultural?

1.4 Summary

In this chapter, we looked at the definition, benefit and challenges of being bicultural,

different types of people to become bicultural and some different stages of feeling and

reacting in foreign countries and new cultures. In Chapter Two, we will look at the results of

the questionnaire. In Chapter Three we will discuss the differences between people who have

been abroad and those who haven’t.

Chapter Two: The Study

2.1 Introduction

In Chapter One, we looked at the definition of bicultural, benefit of having more than

two cultures and handle them, different types of becoming bicultural and different stages of

getting used to different cultures. We go abroad with various reasons and experience, see and

learn different things. We would think about it and have different views of thinking after we

come back to home country. As the society becomes international, being bicultural would

help people to communicate with people and cultures from all over the world.

In this chapter, we will look the results of questionnaires to find out how their experiences in

foreign counties have an effect on being bicultural. We also look the best ways to become a

bicultural.

2.2 The Questionnaire

2.2.1 Aim

This aim of the questionnaire was to find out if the subjects have been overseas or not, and

which countries they have been. The other aims were to find out how differently people

think about the different countries, what different attitude people have about foreign

countries and how their experiences in foreign country affect to become bicultural. In this

questionnaire, we will look what people think about the different languages, culture, attitude,

motivation and their feelings about nationalism following their experiences. Some of the

subjects are studying English and the others are not, so I made the questionnaire as easy as

possible to understand and answer.

2.2.2 Subjects

The 55 subjects were students and Japanese professors of Notre Dame Seishin University.

Some of the students are in the department of English language and literature and others are

in different departments. The students who are in the English language and literature

department are mainly studying English and have many chances to speak English. The

Japanese professors are also teaching English. The students who are in different departments

are not studying English and don’t have many chances to use English that much.

In this questionnaire, 32 subjects have been abroad and the rest have never been abroad.

They have different backgrounds from people who are studying English mainly to who are

not. The subjects were Japanese professors, classmates, younger students, friends and people

who could volunteer for this questionnaire.

2.2.3 The questionnaire

The questionnaire was made to find out which countries, how long they have been to,

and what was the purpose of their visit and stay. How much do they agree or disagree about

different languages, culture, attitude, motivation and nationalism. The subjects were also

asked what they think are the best ways to become bicultural. These questions were asked to

find out if there is a difference between people who have been abroad and who haven’t.

First, the subjects were asked about their backgrounds, then about their agreement

about all questions. The questionnaire had General Questions and Main Questions and The

best ways. In the Main questions and the best ways, the subjects had to choose their

agreement based on a scale of 1 to 5. 1 means their complete agreement and 5 means their

disagreement. The full questionnaire is in the Appendix.

2.2.4 Procedure

The questionnaires had three sections. The first one was made to ask about their

previous experiences abroad. The second one asked what the subjects think about different

countries; languages, cultures, attitude, motivation and nationalism. We compared them and

researched if there are any differences between people who have been overseas and those

who haven’t about their thinking for each questions. The last one was made to find out the

best ways to become a bicultural person and to find if there are any different views of

thinking between people who have been overseas and those who haven’t.

2.3 Results

2.3.1 Introduction

First we will look at the data for the backgrounds of the subjects. After that, we will

look at the results of other question. To begin with, we will look at the questionnaire about

Language and Culture; “Do you like to study languages?”

Also we are going to look at the questionnaires about Attitude, Motivation and Nationalism;

“Do you think Japan is the best?” Finally, we will look at their thinking of the best ways to

become a bicultural person.

2.3.2 The Background and Results

In terms of their backgrounds, we asked which countries they have been to. Also we

asked how long they stayed in each countries, and what was the purpose of their visits. As

the result, 23 of the subjects have never been abroad and 32 of the subjects have been

abroad.

Figure 1: Overseas experience

No23 of the subjects

Yes32 of the subjects

Have you ever been abroad?

55 subjects were asked this question first. Some of the students who were in the

English language and literature department and others were in the different departures. Even

if some people who are in the English language and literature department, some of them

have never been abroad. However, without any connections with their department, most of

them are interested in foreign countries, cultures and we can learn from Table 1 that they

have high attitude and motivation about different cultures.

The subjects who have been abroad tended to choose high agreement about many of

questions. On the other hand, the subjects who have never been abroad tended to choose low

agreement or disagreement about some questions. From this result we can learn that their

previous experiences influence their thinking, attitude, motivation and so on. We will look at

it later.

Figure 2: The number of their overseas experiences

18

3

3

4

31

1 country 2 countries 3 countries4 countries 5 countries over 6 countries

As we learned from Figure 1, 32 of the subjects have been abroad. From Figure 2, we

can see that how many countries they have been before. The purposes of their visits were

various such as travelling, studying abroad, home stay, volunteering, business and so on.

18 of the subjects have been to one country before. Many of them went to Asian

countries like Beijing, Shanghai in China, Seoul, Pusan in Korea for their trip with friends or

family. Some subjects have been to Australia, New Zealand and Canada to study English for

a short term. The subjects who went abroad to study English stayed with their host family

about 3 weeks to 7 months. A few subjects have been overseas in more than 5 countries; for

example, China, Korea, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, America, Italy, German, Singapore

and so on. They stayed each country about 3 to 7 days for their business and travel.

Now we are going to look at their reactions to some of the questions which are

connected to their previous experiences and the different stages of being bicultural as we

learned in Chapter One.

2.4 Language and Culture

2.4.1 Introduction

From the background question, we found that 32 of the subjects have been abroad and 23

of the subjects have never been abroad. Also, we found which and how many countries they

have been. Even if some of them have never been abroad, they are interested in foreign

countries and different cultures. To become a bicultural, learning language and know the

culture are important. We are going to look at four questions which are related to language

and culture.

・Do you like to study languages?The subjects were asked if they like to study languages or not. Even though some of

the subjects have never been overseas or don’t study English mainly, Table 1 shows 60% of

the subjects chose 5, which means the highest agreement and 35% of the subjects chose 4

and 5% of subjects chose 3 for their agreement of this question. 1 is expressing their

complete agreement and 5 is expressing the opposite. It means almost all the subjects like to

study languages and also they are positive about studying languages, especially English.

・Are you interested in foreign clothes, movies, music and so on?

67% of the subjects agreed with this question. 22% of the subjects 4, which means

they agree with it mostly. 5% of the subjects chose 3. Other subjects were not interested in

foreign cultures that much. Most of the subjects who chose 5 and 4 were in the English and

literature department and others were not. Some of them have been abroad and others have

not. On the other hand, some of the subjects who chose 1 or 2 were mostly in the different

department like Japanese and literature department. As we can see from Table 1, many of the

subjects try to understand different cultures, want to make friends with foreign people.

・I’m interested in Japanese culture.

From Table 1, 38% of the subjects chose 5, which means they are interested in Japanese

culture. 31% of the subjects chose 4 and 27% the subjects chose 3, which means they take a

moderate stand on this question. 4% of the subjects disagreed with this question, which

means they are not interested in Japanese culture. 38% of the subjects who chose 1 have

been abroad before. One of them went abroad more than half a year and others had

experiences staying in foreign countries for 2 weeks to 1 month.

The subjects were also asked about some questions related to Japanese culture as we

can see from Table 1. The subjects who chose 1 about a question “I’m interested in Japan”,

chose 1 or 2 about most of all questions about Japanese culture.

・Do you think Japan is the best?

When the subjects were asked if they think Japan is the best or not, some of the

subjects answered Japan is the best, however, some of the subjects did not agree with that

question. 40% of the subjects chose 3, 22% of the subjects chose 4, 15% of the subjects

chose 2, 5 and 9% of the subjects chose 1. The subjects who have been abroad tended to

choose 3, 4 or 5. 1 is expressing their complete agreement and 5 is expressing the opposite.

It means that the subjects who have been overseas saw many different things so they don’t

think Japan is the best. If we experience something new in foreign countries and see Japan

from other countries, we will have and feel something different.

Figure 3: How much the subjects think Japan is the best

9%

15%

40%

22%

15%

Do you think Japan is the best?

12345

*1 is expressing their complete agreement and 5 is expressing the opposite.

From Figure 3, we can see that 40% of the subjects chose 3. The next highest

percentage was 22%, which was 4. 15% of the subjects chose 2 and 5. 9% of the subjects

chose disagree. Some of the subjects who chose 1 and disagree with this questionnaire have

been abroad, and others have never been abroad. Most of the subjects who chose 3 have

been abroad. They saw and learned different cultures when they were overseas so they don’t

think Japan is the best.

2.4.2 The best way

In this section we are going to look at the best way to become a bicultural person.

The subjects were asked how much they agree or disagree with each question. Almost

all of the subjects chose 3, 4 or 5 and agreed with each question. Let 1 express their

complete agreement and let 5 express the opposite.

63.6% of subjects chose 5 about the questionnaires [To live in a foreign country and

experience different cultures] and [To be an active person and try new things]. These were

the highest percentage in the questionnaires.

And the second highest one was [To have an understanding of foreign countries and

cultures]. 61.8% of the subjects agreed with this.

The subjects chose different numbers and showed us various thinking about the

questionnaire [To make friends with foreign people on the Internet]. 45.5% of the subjects

chose 3. 5.5% of the subjects chose 1 and 12.7% of the subjects chose 2 and they were

disagreed with this.

Even if some of the subjects have never been abroad, they agreed with each

questionnaire about being bicultural.

Some of the subjects also think those ways are good to become a bicultural person.

・To have a flexible thinking.

・To understand Japanese culture first and then understand different cultures.

・Going to the restaurant which foreign people run.

・To learn about law of foreign countries.

・To join some events in foreign countries.

・Don’t care about mistakes.

Table 1 Disagree Agree

<Language>1 2 3 4 5

I like to study languages. 0% 0% 5% 35% 60%

I enjoy studying English. 2% 5% 15% 47% 31%

I study English because it’s one of the school programs. 20% 27% 25% 16% 11%

I have many chances to speak English. 5% 16% 36% 25% 16%

I need English skill even if I live in Japan. 0% 4% 9% 36% 51%

If I spoke different languages, I’d make more money. 2% 7% 15% 33% 44%

If possible, I don’t want to study English. 67% 18% 11% 4% 0%

<Culture>

I’m interested in foreign clothes, movies, music and so on. 2% 4% 5% 22% 67%

I’m interested in Japanese culture. 4% 7% 20% 31% 38%

I like to introduce Japanese culture to foreign people. 5% 20% 40% 24% 11%

I’m interested in Japanese culture enough to introduce it to foreign people. 22% 42% 25% 11% 0%

Understanding different cultures makes me bicultural. 2% 0% 24% 27% 47%

To know different cultures is useful for my life. 0% 4% 2% 27% 67%

I have experiences culture shock before. 18% 13% 13% 27% 29%

<Attitude>

I try to understand different cultures.0% 0% 11% 31% 58%

I want to talk to foreign people. 4% 2% 7% 31% 56%

Staying and living in foreign countries changes my attitude and behavior. 0% 0% 2% 35% 64%

I want to make friends with foreign people. 0% 2% 5% 16% 76%

To become a bicultural person makes me have a flexible thinking. 0% 0% 9% 38% 53%

Communicating with foreign people makes me bicultural. 0% 4% 9% 45% 42%

Understanding different cultures makes me a global person. 0% 2% 7% 35% 56%

I can become a bicultural person even if you don’t go abroad. 4% 13% 33% 42% 9%

<Motivation>

I want to improve my English skill. 0% 0% 2% 11% 87%

I want to talk with foreign people in English 0% 0% 5% 9% 85%

I want to live in a foreign country in the future. 4% 18% 25% 27% 25%

I want to speak English when you work. 0% 11% 18% 29% 42%

Communicating with foreign people encourages me. 2% 2% 11% 31% 55%

Studying different languages motivates me. 4% 4% 18% 31% 44%

I would like to study abroad one day. 0% 4% 7% 24% 65%

<Nationalism>

Japanese people should go abroad and learn new things 4% 4% 18% 38% 36%

Japanese people should become a bicultural. 0% 7% 29% 33% 31%

I prefer Japanese things to foreign things. 2% 11% 51% 16% 20%

I prefer living in Japan to living in foreign country. 2% 15% 35% 24% 25%

Living in Japan is comfortable for me. 4% 4% 22% 24% 47%

Japanese people and culture are better than others. 9% 9% 45% 27% 9%

Japan is the best. 9% 15% 40% 22% 15%

Table 2 The Best Way

1 2 3 4 5

To go abroad and experience many things. 0.0% 0.0% 1.8% 40.0% 58.2%

To live in a foreign country and experience different cultures. 0.0% 0.0% 1.8% 34.5% 63.6%

To live with host family and learn their cultures. 0.0% 0.0% 3.6% 40.0% 56.4%

To have many chances to meet foreign people and make friends with them in Japan. 0.0% 3.6% 7.3% 38.2% 50.9%

To learn Japanese culture and understand different cultures. 0.0% 0.0% 14.5% 25.5% 60.0%

To watch foreign movies. 0.0% 5.5% 23.6% 40.0% 30.9%

To be interested in differences between Japanese culture and other cultures. 0.0% 0.0% 10.9% 32.7% 56.4%

To communicate with foreign people in Japan. 0.0% 1.8% 12.7% 36.4% 49.1%

To make friends with foreign people on the Internet. 5.5% 12.7% 45.5% 27.3% 9.1%

To understand Japanese culture and introduce it to foreign people. 1.8% 1.8% 29.1% 25.5% 41.8%

To be an active person and try new things. 0.0% 1.8% 5.5% 29.1% 63.6%

To have an understanding of foreign countries and cultures. 0.0% 0.0% 5.5% 32.7% 61.8%

To study foreign languages. 0.0% 1.8% 12.7% 40.0% 45.5%

To keep in touch with foreign friends who live in foreign 3.6% 5.5% 18.2% 30.9% 41.8%

To be a confident person. 1.8% 5.5% 23.6% 21.8% 47.3%

2.5 Summary In this chapter, we looked their previous experiences abroad and what they think

about each question. In Chapter Three, we are going to discuss, analyze and explain

what the results mean. Analyzing the results would help us to know how to become a

bicultural person.

Chapter Three: Discussion

3.1 Introduction

In Chapter One, we saw what being bicultural is and some different stages of

acculturation. In Chapter Two, we looked at some results of the questionnaires and what the

best ways to become a bicultural person are. Now, we will discuss the results of the

questionnaire in more detail. We will look at the difference of these three types of

interviews.

3.2 Summary of the questionnaire

In Chapter Two, we looked at the results of the study. Most subjects were

interested in foreign languages, cultures and had high attitude, motivation and nationalism

about being bicultural. However, some of the subjects who have never been abroad or don’t

study English as their major didn’t have much positive attitude about different cultures

compared with the subjects who study English as their major. Even if they have been abroad

for their trip and had a good time there, they feel the denial or defense of difference. The

results were different from each other so we are going to research it in more details in this

chapter.

3.3 Discussion of the Results

We looked at the results of the questionnaire in Chapter Two. In this section, we will

look at each question in more detail and discuss it.

3.4 Discussion of the questionnaire

Research question 1: Is there a difference in motivation, attitude and sense of

nationalism between those who have and haven’t been overseas?

From the results of the questionnaires, Most of the subjects said they were interested

in foreign countries and cultures. The subjects who studies English as their major tended to

choose high agreement about each section of questionnaire more than the other subjects

who don’t study English as their major.

From the background question and the results of the questionnaires, we found that

people have different motivation, attitude and sense of nationalism between those who have

been overseas and those who haven’t. The subjects who have been abroad tended to

research and learn about different cultures before going abroad. When they went to foreign

country, they saw, learned, experienced many new things. They saw Japan from outside and

compared Japan and foreign countries and found some differences. Thanks to that, some

people started to learn Japanese culture more and more and they try to understand the

differences and some people try to accept it and finally respect it hopefully. After they came

back to Japan, they sometimes compare with many Japanese things and foreign things. They

often think they want to go abroad again.

The more they stay in the foreign country, the more they learn and notice the

differences. Their motivation, attitude and sense of nationalism would be changed by how

long they stayed in foreign country and which stages they were in Acculturation Stage.

On the other hand, the subjects who have never been abroad, they know many things

about different culture as much as the subjects who have been overseas, however, they have

never put it into practice. If they had a chance, they would like to experience, but they feel a

little fear to try it.

There are some small differences about people’s motivation, attitude and sense of

nationalism, however, most of them depends on their interests and acculturation.

Research question 2: What is the best way to become a bicultural person?

We showed the subjects some ways to become a bicultural person and asked them

how much they agree or disagree with each questionnaire.

From the questionnaire, many of the subjects chose “To live in a foreign country and

experience different cultures.” and “To be an active person and try new things.” as the best

way to become a bicultural person.

There are many ways to become a bicultural person, however, we found that even if

people live in Japan and don’t have any chances to go abroad or to communicate with

foreign people, they can become biculturals. From the case studies for Research Question 3,

we found that some people who have purposes or high motivations for their dream, goal and

aim have improved and show us a high growth more than the other people.

Research question 3: Is there a difference in one’s stage of bicultural adaptation

between people who have been overseas and those who haven’t?

After collecting the data from the questionnaire, I interviewed 3 people who had been

overseas for longer than 6 months and also 2 people who have never been overseas for a

long term. It took about 10 minutes to interview each one of them. The purpose of this case

study was to know if there are any differences of their thinking, attitudes and stages of

bicultural adaptation. The interview was conducted face to face.

Case study-1 Tomoko Kino

She is a 22-year-old Notre Dame Seishin University student. She went to the

University of Victoria to study English for about 7 months when she was a third year of

university student. Before she went to Canada to study English, she had been interested in

foreign countries, cultures and languages since she was young. She was really looking

forward to going to abroad. On the other hand, she was worried and nervous about living in

a foreign country; especially, about food, school and many things related to her health. So

she researched many things about Canada on the internet or books and learned a lot before

she left Japan. She said she stayed at “Denial of Difference”, “Defense of Difference” or

“Minimization of Difference” stages only for a short term because she had learned a lot of

information about many things about Canada. She was able to accept and adapt to the

different cultures easily. Even if she was surprised something about new culture, she tried to

understand it all the time and treated it as a different culture.

After she came back to Japan, she still keeps in touch with her friends from all over

the world and enjoys messaging and talking with them on the internet. When she is with her

Japanese friends, she tries to say her opinions and also listen to others. On the other hand,

when she is with her foreign friends, she focus on saying her ideas more than listening to

others because she learned that saying her opinion is really important to communicate with

foreign people. She tries to understand different cultures and people most of the times.

She thinks that thanks to studying abroad, she learned many things and

communicated with people from all over the world, so she got much brave than before she

studied abroad. Now she accepts many different cultures and adapts them case by case.

Case study-2 Rina Yasuhara

She is a 22-year-old Notre Dame Seishin University student. She went to University

of Victoria last September for about 7 months and came back to Japan this April. Before she

left Japan, she read many books about Canada and learned about Canadian cultures. So she

was excited to go abroad.

When she was in Canada, especially around the first time, she was nervous to

communicate with foreign people even if she learned a lot about cultures because she

thought her English wasn’t good and she didn’t know how native people behave or

communicate with foreign people. Gradually, she learned the communication with foreign

people and had nice times. She prepared a little before going to Canada, so she didn’t stay at

“Denial of Difference” or “Defense against Difference” stages that long, but she stayed at

“Minimization of Difference” and “Acceptance of Difference” stages for a short time. She

followed each stage and finally she became bravely than before and changed not hesitate

telling her opinions.

After she came back to Japan, she found small changes. When she talks with her

Japanese professors, she often listens to them, however, when she talks with foreign

professors, she listens to them and also says her opinions back. She thinks she changes her

behavior depends on who she is with and talks with.

Case study-4 Asae Ueda

She is a 24-year-old. She graduated from a graduate school in Tokyo this September.

When she was 19-year-old, she went to Ohio to study English for about 8 months. She lived

in a share house with 2 other girls from China and Taiwan.

Before she went to Ohio, she was so excited about everything. However, she was

worried about the different cultures, especially about food and health. So she researched

about the different cultures before she left Japan, so that she felt that the term she felt

culture shock was short. Gradually she accepted and adapted to them. The reason why she

passed “Denial of Difference”, “Defense of Difference” and “Minimization of Difference”

fast was that she changed her thinking positively. She thought she should have been more

businesslike and positive. After she changed her thinking, she had great time more than

before and could understand the different cultures and became positive.

She said after she came back to Japan, she became a very optimistic person than

before. She doesn’t feel nervous at all when she speaks in front of people. Also, when she

sees her friends from different countries, she often hugs them, however, when she is with

her Japanese friends, she seldom hugs them. She changes her behavior depending on who

she is with. She still tries many new things and keeps in touch with her friends from all over

the world.

Case study-5 Maki Fujiwara

She is a 21-year-old Notre Dame Seishin University student. She has been to Korea only

for a few days, but she has never stayed in foreign country for a long term.

When she went to Korea, she enjoyed food, shopping and so on. Her trip was only about 5

days, so she was at “Euphoria Stage” (Honeymoon Stage). During her trip, she was at this

stage most of times. However, she felt “Denial of Difference” only about bathroom and

other small things. It was different from Japanese one and she was not comfortable about it.

She tried to understand it and accept it, but she couldn’t step up to “Acceptance of

Difference” stage before she left Korea. But now, because the time passed, she understands

the differences and she thinks she would be able to understand and accept the differences

about many things when she goes next time.

She thinks that she’d be able to adapt to foreign culture because she is an optimist. Even if

she has a trouble, she is always doing her best and be positive all the times. She may feel

“Denial of Difference” stage or “Defense of Difference” stage again, but she has a

confidence that shed be able to pass those stages fast. She thinks to experience many things

help people to pass the denial or defense stages fast.

Case study-6 Maki Ogino

She is a 22-year-old Notre Dame Seishin University student. She has been abroad for her

travel, but she has never studied abroad. After she graduates from university, she wants to

go abroad to study English, so she has been studying English really hard. She bought some

books and studies English grammar and listens to many CDs. She also reads the New York

Times and the Economist to understand the current economy in the world. She researched

many things about foreign countries and culture, but she said she would feel a little bit fear

if she had to communicate with foreign people because she had no chance to communicates

with foreign people except her English teachers. She thinks that she will stay at “Denial of

Difference” stage, “Defense of Difference” stage and “Minimization of Difference” stage

long time because of her character. She often gets nervous when she talks in front of people

and talks to her English teacher. So she wants to go abroad and changer herself. She also

wants to see Japan from the outside and learn different cultures and understand them.

From these case studies, we learned that Adaptation stage depends on person and their

experiences. Going abroad helps people to know the different world and gets brave.

Research Question 4: Does going overseas make someone bicultural?

People can research and learn about different cultures with the Internet, books

and so on. However, it is difficult for them to know the real differences like how native

people react, communicate with people.

In the questions, we asked the subjects “I can become a bicultural person even if you

don’t go abroad.” 4% of the subjects chose 1, which means they disagree with this. 13% of

the subjects chose 2, which means they are almost disagree with this. 33% of the subjects

chose 3, which means they are in the middle of agreement and disagreement. 42% of the

subjects chose 4. 9% of the subjects chose 5, which means they agree with this

questionnaire. The subjects who have never been overseas tended to choose 1, 2 or 3. The

subjects who have been overseas tended to choose 4 and 5.

People can study different languages and cultures even if they are in Japan if they

try to communicate with foreign people or do some action to improve yourself. But, going

overseas makes people have flexible thinking and helps you to become bicultural person.

3.5 Limitation of the questionnaire

There were only 55 people. It needed to ask same number of people for each type

of subjects to get well results. We might have got more different and interesting results

if we had asked other people from different departures, ages, countries and Universities they

studied abroad, the number of years people have been studying English and so on.

3.6 Conclusion

We could find out various opinions from this questionnaire. People are interested in

foreign countries, different cultures regardless of their major, overseas experiences. To

understand our own culture and understand different cultures would help you to become a

bicultural person. Even if we live in Japan, there are many ways to study English,

communicate with foreign people, learn different cultures and become a bicultural person.

Being bicultural would help you to communicate with people from all over the world and

make their thinking flexible.

References

Steve McCarty, 2011 What It Means To Be Bicultural. Child Research Net. Accessed in

September 2012. From http://www.blog.crn.or.jp/report/02/129.html

Bennett, 1986 Bennett Scale. Accessed in September 2012.

From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennett_scale

Casa de edperanza, 2009 Acculturation Continuume, Accessed in September 2012.

From http://www.casadeesperanza.org/pdfs/AcculturationContinuum.pdf

Acculturation Stages, Accessed in November 2012

From http://nationalcenter.lesley.edu/userfiles/file/APPENDIX%20B.pdf

Sociocultural evolution, Accessed in November 2012

From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution

The Language Minority Assessment Project, a Lesley, 2004 University Center for Special

Education action research initiative, ELL Assessment for Linguistic Differences,

From http://www.ldldproject.net/theoretical_foundation.html

US National Library of medicine National Institutes of Health, 2010 What is

Biculturalism, and when is it adaptive? Accessed in September 2012

From http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2840244/

本田正文（1999 年）『バイカルチャルになれる人・なれない人』、

丸善ライブラリー出版

Shumann, 1976 Perservation Pattern (pp.159-164)

Brown, 1994 Acculturation (pp168-171)

奥田眞丈、牧昌見（1993 年）『国際感覚を育む』、東洋館出版社

Appendices

(1) General Question

Please tell me which countries, how long you have been and what was your purpose of

your visit.

Name Length of stay purpose

(2) Main Questions

Please circle how much you agree or disagree.

*Bicultural: Having and combining the cultural attitudes and customs of two nations and

peoples.

Language Agree Disagree

I like to study languages. 5 4 3 2 1

I enjoy studying English. 5 4 3 2 1

I study English because it’s one of the school programs. 5 4 3 2 1

I have many chances to speak English. 5 4 3 2 1

I need English skill even if I live in Japan. 5 4 3 2 1

If I spoke different languages, I’d make more money. 5 4 3 2 1

If possible, I don’t want to study English. 5 4 3 2 1

Culture Agree Disagree

I’m interested in foreign clothes, movies, music and so on. 5 4 3 2 1

I’m interested in Japanese culture. 5 4 3 2 1

I like to introduce Japanese culture to foreign people. 5 4 3 2 1

I’m interested in Japanese culture enough to introduce it

to foreign people.

5 4 3 2 1

Understanding different cultures makes me bicultural. 5 4 3 2 1

To know different cultures is useful for my life. 5 4 3 2 1

I have experiences culture shock before. 5 4 3 2 1

Attitude Agree Disagree

I try to understand different cultures. 5 4 3 2 1

I want to talk to foreign people. 5 4 3 2 1

Staying and living in foreign countries changes my

attitude and behavior.

5 4 3 2 1

I want to make friends with foreign people. 5 4 3 2 1

To become a bicultural person makes me have a flexible

thinking.

5 4 3 2 1

Communicating with foreign people makes me bicultural. 5 4 3 2 1

Understanding different cultures makes me a global

person.

5 4 3 2 1

I can become a bicultural person even if you don’t go

abroad.

5 4 3 2 1

Motivation Agree Disagree

I want to improve my English skill. 5 4 3 2 1

I want to talk with foreign people in English 5 4 3 2 1

I want to live in a foreign country in the future. 5 4 3 2 1

I want to speak English when you work. 5 4 3 2 1

Communicating with foreign people encourages me. 5 4 3 2 1

Studying different languages motivates me. 5 4 3 2 1

I would like to study abroad one day. 5 4 3 2 1

Nationalism Agree Disagree

Japanese people should go abroad and learn new things 5 4 3 2 1

Japanese people should become a bicultural. 5 4 3 2 1

I prefer Japanese things to foreign things. 5 4 3 2 1

I prefer living in Japan to living in foreign country. 5 4 3 2 1

Living in Japan is comfortable for me. 5 4 3 2 1

Japanese people and culture are better than others. 5 4 3 2 1

Japan is the best. 5 4 3 2 1

Best wayThe best way to become a bicultural person is　 Agree Disagree

To go abroad and experience many things. 5 4 3 2 1To live in a foreign country and experience differentcultures.

5 4 3 2 1

To live with host family and learn their cultures. 5 4 3 2 1To have many chances to meet foreign people and makefriends with them in Japan.

5 4 3 2 1

To learn Japanese culture and understand differentcultures.

5 4 3 2 1

To watch foreign movies. 5 4 3 2 1To be interested in differences between Japaneseculture and other cultures.

5 4 3 2 1

To communicate with foreign people in Japan. 5 4 3 2 1To make friends with foreign people on the Internet. 5 4 3 2 1To understand Japanese culture and introduce it toforeign people.

5 4 3 2 1

To be an active person and try new things. 5 4 3 2 1To have an understanding of foreign countries andcultures.

5 4 3 2 1

To study foreign languages. 5 4 3 2 1To keep in touch with foreign friends who live in foreigncountries.

5 4 3 2 1

To be a confident person. 5 4 3 2 1

If you have any good idea to become a bicultural person, please write here.

Thank you for your cooperation.Shiori Yamaguchi

卒業論文アンケート卒業論文のテーマとして「How to become a bicultural person」（どのようにしてバイカルチュアルな人間になるか）を研究しています。そのため、英語を勉強されている皆さんの外国の言語や文化などに対する意識についてのアンケートをお願いしています。ご協力よろしくお願いします。

（１）今までにどこの国に、どのくらいの期間、何の目的で訪れたのかを教えてください。

国名 期間 目的

（２）次のそれぞれの文章について、あなたがどのくらい賛成・反対かを数字に○をつけて教えてください。＊バイカルチュアル：2 カ国の言語・習慣・道徳などを、その国の人と同じレベルに身につけているさま。また、理解できるさま。

言語　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　賛成　　　　　　　　反対言語を学ぶのはすきである。　　　　　　　　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１英語の勉強を楽しんでいる。　　　　　　　　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１学校の教科の１つであるから英語を学んでいる。　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１英語を話す機会がたくさんある。　　　　　　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１日本に住んでいても、英語力は必要である。　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１あらゆる外国語を話すことができれば、仕事が増えてお金を寄り多く稼ぐことができる。　　　　　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１可能であれば、英語を勉強したくない。　　　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１

文化　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　賛成　　　　　　　　反対外国の服や、映画、音楽などに興味がある。　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１日本文化に興味がある。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１外国人に、日本文化を紹介することが好きである。　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１外国人に紹介できるほど、日本文化に興味がある、知っている。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１異なる文化を理解することは、私をバイカルチュアルにする。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１異なる文化を知ることは、私の人生で役に立つ。　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１

カルチャーショックを経験したことがある。　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１

態度　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　賛成　　　　　　　　反対異なる文化を理解しようとしている。　　　　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１外国人に英語で話しかけたい。　　　　　　　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１外国に滞在、住むことは、私の意識や態度を変化させる。５　　４　　３　　２　　１外国人と友達になりたい。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１バイカルチュアルな人間になることで、私は柔軟な考え方をすることができるようになる。　　　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１外国人とコミュニケーションをとることが、私をバイカルチュアルな人間にする。　　　　　　　　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１異なる文化を理解することは、私をグローバルな人間にする。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１外国に行かなくても、バイカルチュアルな人間になることができる。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１

モチベーション　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　賛成　　　　　　　　反対英語力を上げたい。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１英語で外国人と会話をしたい。　　　　　　　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１将来は外国に住みたい。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１仕事で英語をつかいたい。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１外国人とコミュニケーションをとることでモチベーションが上がる。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１外国語を勉強することは私のモチベーションを上げる。　５　　４　　３　　２　　１もう一度留学をしたい、またはいつか留学をしてみたい. ５　　４　　３　　２　　１　

ナショナリズム　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　賛成　　　　　　　　反対日本人は外国に行き、新しいことを学ぶべきである。　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１日本人はバイカルチュアルな人間になるべきである。　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１外国の物より、日本の物の方が好きである。　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１外国に住むよりも、日本に住みたい。　　　　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１外国よりも日本に住むほうが落ち着くと思う。　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１日本人、日本文化は、外国の人々や文化よりも素晴らしい。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１日本が一番であると思う。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１

Best Way

バイカルチュアルになるために、

一番良い方法は・・・　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　賛成　　　　　　　　　反対

外国に行き、多くにことを経験することである。　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１

外国に住み、異なる文化を体験することである。　　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１

ホーム捨て利をし、彼らの文化を学ぶことである。　　５　　４　　３　　２　　１

日本で外国人に会い、友達になる機会をもつ

ことである。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 ５　　４　　３　　２　　１

日本文化を学び、異なる文化を理解することである。 ５　　４　　３　　２　　１

外国の映画を見ることである。　　　　　　　　　　 ５　　４　　３　　２　　１

日本と外国の文化の違いに興味を持つことである。　 ５　　４　　３　　２　　１

日本で多くの外国人とコミュニケーションをとる

ことである。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 ５　　４　　３　　２　　１

インターネット上で、外国人と友達になることで

ある。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 ５　　４　　３　　２　　１

日本文化を理解し、外国人に紹介することである。　 ５　　４　　３　　２　　１

アクティブに、新しい事に挑戦することである。　　 ５　　４　　３　　２　　１

外国の文化についての理解をもつことである。　　　 ５　　４　　３　　２　　１

言語を学ぶことである。　　　　　　　　　　　　　 ５　　４　　３　　２　　１

外国に住んでいる友達と連絡を取り合うことである。 ５　　４　　３　　２　　１

自信のある人になることである。　　　　　　　　　 ５　　４　　３　　２　　１

上記以外に、バイカルチュアルになるために必要なことは何だと思いますか。

思いつくだけ教えてください。

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ご協力ありがとうございました。

英語英文学科４年　山口　栞